This study examines the role of visiting relatives (VRs) travel in enabling the interdependencies between transnational sojourners and their stay-behind family members. VRs travel is found to facilitate cross-border support exchange while preserving geographically stretched family ties. This study contributes to the theory by demonstrating that the current understanding of social exchange theory does not adequately explain the dynamics of VRs host-guest interactions, because some previously unidentified factors (e.g., felt obligation and family life cycle) also shape visiting and hosting behaviors. At a practical level, the findings help both sides better understand each other's needs and respective roles in VRs travel. This study contributes new knowledge to the field of tourism planning and management, by revealing motives and patterns that lie behind VRs travel, while suggesting that the VRs travel market is more diverse than it seems to be, as parent and non-parent visitors tend to have different expectations of hosting.

Purpose This study investigates whether there is an association between business symbiosis and the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted 200 surveys, using ordered logistic regression to evaluate the results. Participants are MSME business owners in Cambridge, New Zealand. Findings The authors found that connections with banks and other businesses in the same and across different industries, positively associates with changes in MSME profitability. Additionally, operating a business as a franchisee under the regulations or headquarter issued rules is positively associated with change in net profit. Originality/value While there are limitations with cross-sectional data, the study indicates a mechanism and frameworks for policy analysis when deciding on allocation of funds to particular networks.

Purpose The aims of this paper are to share how one cohort of tourism practitioners viewed the transformative change needed within the tourism industry and to explore the implications for leadership in the future. Design/methodology/approach The research design is based on a virtual whiteboard brainstorming activity incorporating both the individual and collective thinking of 20 participants in a global cohort class. Using conversational techniques to elicit cognitive knowledge and felt experience, the methodology generates shared understandings about the opportunities and challenges of implementing regenerative tourism. Findings The conversations reported in the findings of this paper provide important insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by tourism professionals as enablers of regenerative tourism. Findings included, first, that participants within the course demonstrated characteristics of transformational leadership including a strong moral positioning, embodied self-awareness, collaboration and collective action. Second, specific points of inertia that impede regenerative tourism are identified including embedded culture, power and organisational structures. Third, professionals are calling for practical tools, new frames of reference, and examples to help communicate regenerative tourism. Research limitations/implications This is a viewpoint, not a research paper. Nonetheless, it provides a rich vein of future research in terms of disruptive pedagogy, potentially gendered interest in regenerative tourism, issues of transforming the next generation and power. Practical implications Governance, organisational, destination management strategies, planning and policy frameworks, individual issues as well as contradictions within the tourism system were revealed. Transformative change in an uncertain future requires transformational leadership, characterised by moral character and behaviours that trigger empowered responses. Originality/value This paper shares insights from a unique global cohort class of tourism professionals wherein the challenges and opportunities for regenerative tourism are identified. The methodology is unusual in that it incorporates both individual and collective thinking through which shared understandings emerge.

Educational school trips may contribute to student visitors' cultural identity by facilitating exposure to new cultural values. This study sought to analyse how native Papuan student visitors from a secondary school in Indonesia make meaning of their own cultural identity, and further, explore their responses to the cultural issues faced by young Papuan generations. The study employed a grounded qualitative methodology, which allowed respondents to voice their own opinions on cultural identity. The results include 3 themes: Becoming more Papuan; Clarifying and understanding the cultural context and; Self-reflection. This study reveals how students in the trips conceptualize cultural understanding as a bridge to their cultural identity. Furthermore, they brought the larger ideas of Papuan identity and community values and demonstrated intention to maintain it through conservation and preservation. Several recommendations are provided for future research in the tourism and education fields to foster cultural experiences for student visitors from different cultural backgrounds.

Calls for a new relationship between tourism and capitalism have intensified as a result of COVID-19. The pandemic has exposed massive vulnerabilities in the tourism operating system, the effects of which have fallen unevenly across different groups and subsectors of tourism. Critics have been quick to point out capitalism's emphasis on resource exploitation, growth and profit is to blame and that tourism destinations have never been encouraged to foster diverse economic practices which would enhance resilient communities and regenerative tourism. The diverse economies framework envisages the co-existence of capitalist, alternative capitalist and non-capitalist practices and provides a pathway to more resilient and regenerative tourism practices in tourism. Tourism industry cases are used to illustrate the innovation inherent in diverse economic practices (enterprise, exchange, labour, transactions, property etc.) and illustrate their natural resilience as a result. Post COVID-19, a regenerative tourism that incorporates diverse economic practices will guide tourism practices worldwide to withstand future exigencies.

Scholars who engage in co-creative, collaborative research set out to challenge normative outcomes and nudge transformative change. This paper is a meta-analysis of a 10-year research programme which excavates the politics of worldview in knowledge creation within several cross-cultural research partnerships for tourism development. The research asks: what are the roles and actions, tensions, dynamics within research relationships and the effects of embedded power? Contextually, four studies examined enterprise aspirations from societal margins and address issues of hybridity, otherness and ‘being alongside’. Epistemologically, the research locates ‘between world-views’ in a ‘third space’ ontology. All were hybrid research collectives, and used a process constructed to resonate with cultural norms yet interact with normative research. Foucauldian narrative analysis, deep thinking techniques of critical collaborative research were triangulated with Pacific community peer review and critique. A common methodological framework was used across the four studies—the Mutuality Approach—which integrated Pacific indigeneity with academic practice to form a hermeneutic circle of critique, reinterpretation and common meaning, underpinned by indigenous voices. Following Johnson’s advisory for collaborative research, the analysis demonstrated political dimensions of problem definition, ideological affinity, role clarity, and worthy outcomes. Yet, researcher worldview (migrant, indigenous, insider/outsider other) varies even if ideological affinity is the same. Further, that role clarity needs constant reiteration throughout the research process. In addition, a picture emerges of tension and (mis)communication, offset by long-term relationships and trust. In terms of impact, findings were integrated in local government policy and targeted enterprise funding, as well as into regional development planning and governmental policy, and an NGO’s enterprise advisory programme. Further, several emerging Pacific (New Zealand-based) and Tongan scholars now carry forward the experience, skills and research outcomes in their own work lives in academic, policy and community action. The collaborative methodologies were integrated into best practice Pacific research. Whilst only one of the research projects achieved transformative social change, each study had a degree of impact on the research participants and the descent-diaspora communities which supported them. The contribution of this paper is that it builds a framework for reflection on the ephemerality of impact and the tensions and dynamics of research teams. The paper discusses sympoetic hybridity, the effects of embedded power and employment of a hybrid approach to knowledge co-creation within a series of research collectives. These generate impacts within and beyond the worldviews of the research team to the descent diaspora networks, with an enhanced 1 Cave: Politics of Worldview: A Meta-analysis of Collaborative Research Published by Digital Commons @ TRU Library, 2019

This paper identifies changes in borderland tourism and their bordering consequences on the Daluo-Mongla border in Xishuangbanna, China. It identifies three distinctive phases: (a) phase one (1991–2001)- rapid growth of organized cross-border tourist flow, (b) phase two (2002−2011)- stagnation and collapse of formal tourism sector yet emerging illegal cross-border tourist flow, and (c) phase three (2012-present)- resurrection and transition of border tourism. It illustrates the border-making agency of tourism, arguing tourism development at the border can be viewed as a re-bordering force. It analyzes an evolutionary process of changing power structures, namely a dominant control of local states and market forces, a partial power shift towards national state and border communities, and a new dominance by the Chinese state.

It is becoming increasingly clear that we need alternative and diverse ontologies of tourism to help unlock and reposition it as something more than profit, jobs, and growth. The dominant discourse...

The paper examines the political and social realities of China pertaining to its pro-poor rural tourism policies. It provides a discussion of those policies by drawing on an analysis of changes in the village of Qiyunshan, which is being developed as a tourist destination by the Huangshan authorities. It contextualises the wider policies of current rural reforms under the Xi and Li regime within the specificities of the experiences of this village based upon two sets of observations, (a) one based on several visits over a period of years and (b) a more structured period of participant observations by the first author since 2011. It points to the increased role of state owned enterprises under the Xi regime while highlighting specific differences between different actors in the process of transition toward becoming a major tourist destination.

This paper analyses 'top of the mind' evaluations of respondents who had visited three cultural heritage sites in New Zealand. Unlike many studies, this paper reports data derived from answers written to open-ended questions. The research sought to assess to what extent respondents are purposeful seekers of knowledge, or alternatively are simply seeking experiences that contribute to an overall satisfying visit and to their holiday experiences. While it may be suggested that the needs for relaxation, social bonding and knowledge lead to an evaluation of sites via the importance tourists attributed to factors such as uniqueness, it is found that, for the majority of tourists, uniqueness is either given little importance or is engaged with in shallow ways. The visit to the site is hence evaluated by the contribution it makes to enjoyable holiday-taking, rather than holidaymaking.

A culture of migration and return is now part of everyday life in the Kingdom of Tonga, and transnational exchange relationships are crucial to the country's economy. Despite research on the impacts of remittances and other transnational exchange activities on livelihoods in Tonga and in migrant host countries, there has been little research on the interwoven dependencies and relationships amongst home, host, local, and diasporan nodes or the impact of short-term visits in both directions. This paper explores dynamic processes within the agency of family-linked economic and social practices of migrants and their descendants in host countries as well as their homelands. These activities are theorised within transnational contexts from below' (micro), above' (macro), middling' (meso), and from above' (macro) levels. The methodology, grounded in Pacific and Western ontologies, co-creatively analyses the exchange and enterprise activities of families on a remote island of Tonga with high out-migration, compared with their relatives in Auckland, New Zealand. Key findings are that short-term visiting ensures the survival of a range of economic, social, and cultural activities that are critically important for being Tongan' in the different diasporan contexts. The originality of the research lies in retheorising enterprise alternatives for transnational Tongans, development of a Pacific-framed view of transnational enterprise, and method that captures exchange complexities. The analysis fills a gap in knowledge regarding the impact of short visits on diasporan livelihoods, with implications for labour policy in home and diasporan locations to encourage youth to stay longer and older people to return sooner. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Any tourist site open to local residents represents a point where residents and tourists become a back drop for the experiences of the other. This paper examines a specific Beijing film tourism attraction, Grand View Gardens, and the manner in which the site is used by local residents, the meanings attributed to it, and residents' role in creating an ambience for tourists. Residents have a daily connection with the site, and form audiences for events held at the Gardens. They often interact with tourists, becoming a source of information for tourists. The paper examines residents' motives for using such attractions, their attitudes towards tourists and suggests they possess a role in the creation of a sense of place that is valued by tourists. The paper fills a gap in an under-researched area, where, in the Chinese context, both residents and visitors form backdrops to each other's experience of place.

Authenticity has long been a theme within the tourism literature, but relatively little has been written about the attitudes of souvenir retailers. This paper, based on a combination of case study and micro-ethnographic approaches, reports findings derived from interviews with 25 souvenir retailers in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hoi An, Vietnam. It uses a thematic and content analysis aided by the use of textual analysis software to identify dichotomous yet holistic perceptions on the part of the retailers. They seek to sell souvenirs perceived as authentic of Hoi An, yet source both nationally and locally. The items are thus representative of Hoi An and Vietnam, and these attitudes can be justified by an appeal to the past trading heritage of the ancient city. The retailers also perceive tourists as potential ‘prosumers’ who create their own experiential authenticity.

Using Te Aroha and Rotorua as case studies, this paper explores the role of public spaces such as commercial accommodation in the dynamics of identity formation in New Zealand between 1880 and 1920.Cultural structures provide the framework within which decisions are made about what actions are acceptable and how to address deviations within the group (Andrews, 2009; Patton, 2002). Accommodation, as part of these structures, was indeed a site of contestation. Gender roles and Maori/Paheka relations determined and were determined by architecture and social display. The dynamics created still echo in modern accommodation provision and its perception by society.