The interior of a pigsty is a nonlinear system formed by multiple interacting environmental factors, making it challenging to reasonably and accurately assess the environmental comfort levels. To address this, we propose an environmental comfort evaluation index based on livestock farming standards. By combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM), we determine the weights of each evaluation index. Finally, the evaluation results are visualized using radar charts, and the model is validated. We apply this model to monitor and analyze environmental factors in a fattening pigsty at a farm in Central Jilin Province. The results demonstrate that the AHP-EWM multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method effectively reflects overall environmental comfort variations in the pigsty and captures interactions among environmental factors across different time periods. This study establishes a methodological foundation for comprehensive pigsty environmental assessment, precision control, and enhanced environmental comfort.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides (ASPS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury and growth performance in piglets. Our results indicated that ASPS improved the growth performance in LPS-challenged piglets, including the increase in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and the feed to gain ratio (F/G). ASPS alleviated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in piglets, accompanied by the increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VCR) and the decreased in the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that ASPS improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and increased Lactobacillus_sp._L_YJ abundance. The combined analysis of untargeted metabolomics of intestinal contents and serum showed that ASPS significantly increased the levels of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), DHA ethyl ester, and alanylalanine, and the level of HDCA is the highest among all metabolites, suggesting that ASPS regulated the metabolites of intestinal contents and serum to alleviate LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in piglets, and HDCA might play a significant role during this process. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of HDCA on growth performance and intestinal inflammation in LPS-challenged piglets. The results indicated that HDCA alleviated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and improved the growth performance in piglets. In conclusion, ASPS could alleviate LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in piglets by gut microbiota and hyodeoxycholic acid regulation. These findings might provide strong evidence for ASPS as a feed additive to improve piglet diarrhea, and reveal the therapeutic potential of hyodeoxycholic acid in preventing intestinal inflammation in piglets.

Abstract Background There is a growing focus on using various plant-derived agricultural by-products to increase the benefits of pig farming, but these feedstuffs are fibrous in nature. This study investigated the relationship between dietary fiber physicochemical properties and feedstuff fermentation characteristics and their effects on nutrient utilization, energy metabolism, and gut microbiota in growing pigs. Methods Thirty-six growing barrows (47.2 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 2 apparent viscosity levels and 3 β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios. In the experiment, nutrient utilization, energy metabolism, fecal microbial community, and production and absorption of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of pigs were investigated. In vitro digestion and fermentation models were used to compare the fermentation characteristics of feedstuffs and ileal digesta in the pig’s hindgut. Results The production dynamics of SCFA and dry matter corrected gas production of different feedstuffs during in vitro fermentation were different and closely related to the physical properties and chemical structure of the fiber. In animal experiments, increasing the dietary apparent viscosity and the β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios both increased the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and hindgut digestibility of fiber components while decreasing the AID and ATTD of dry matter and organic matter (P < 0.05). In addition, increasing dietary apparent viscosity and β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios both increased gas exchange, heat production, and protein oxidation, and decreased energy deposition (P < 0.05). The dietary apparent viscosity and β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios had linear interaction effects on the digestible energy, metabolizable energy, retained energy (RE), and net energy (NE) of the diets (P < 0.05). At the same time, the increase of dietary apparent viscosity and β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios both increased SCFA production and absorption (P < 0.05). Increasing the dietary apparent viscosity and β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios increased the diversity and abundance of bacteria (P < 0.05) and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, increasing the dietary β-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratios led to a linear increase in SCFA production during the in vitro fermentation of ileal digesta (P < 0.001). Finally, the prediction equations for RE and NE were established. Conclusion Dietary fiber physicochemical properties alter dietary fermentation patterns and regulate nutrient utilization, energy metabolism, and pig gut microbiota composition and metabolites.

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of optimizing the dietary energy supply of Songliao Black growing and fattening pigs on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, energy metabolism and oxidation energy supply, slaughter performance, and meat quality at a low ambient temperature. Forty-eight 75-day-old Songliao Black growing barrows with an initial weight of 33.38 ± 1.29 kg were randomized into two groups, with four replicates in each group and six pigs in each replicate. Two groups (CON group: low fat, normal energy; TES group: high fat, high energy) were fed isonitrogenous diets with different energy levels and fat contents. The experimental animals were raised at the same ambient temperature (10 ± 1 °C) all day. After 5 days of pre-feeding, the formal experiment began. Four Songliao Black barrows weighing approximately 80 kg were selected from each group for a five-day experimental period for digestibility and metabolism and respiratory calorimetry tests. All pigs (185 days of age) were slaughtered simultaneously at the end of the 110-day experimental period when their average body weight reached approximately 110 kg. The results showed that the average daily feed intake of the TES group was lower than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the feed-to-gain ratio was lower in the TES group during the fattening period (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the crude fat digestibility, deposition energy, energy deposition rate, deposition energy of fat, and fat oxidation were higher (p < 0.05), and the intake and urinary nitrogen, carbohydrate oxidation, urinary energy, and protein oxidation were lower in the TES group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the serum high-density lipoprotein concentration, low-density lipoprotein concentration, and triglyceride concentration were higher in the TES group (p < 0.05), while alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were lower in the TES group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the backfat thickness was higher in the TES group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the weight gain/digestible protein and live lean meat mass/digestible protein were higher in the TES group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the yellowness (b*45min) value of the longissimus thoracis was higher in the TES group (p < 0.05), and the shear force was lower (p < 0.05). Therefore, at a low ambient temperature, appropriately increasing the levels of dietary fat and energy was beneficial for improving the production performance and energy utilization efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions and protein oxidation, saving protein resources of Songliao Black pigs.

Ambient temperature is an important factor affecting metabolic processes in animals, and its effect on energy metabolism is becoming more evident. Yet, integrative analysis of energy metabolism in finishing pigs at different combinations of ambient temperature, energy density and energy sources, still remain underexplored. In order to determine the special characteristics of energy metabolism of finishing pigs in low-temperature environment, the effects of different combinations of ambient temperature, energy density, and energy source on underlying mechanisms were elucidated by assessing energy metabolism using integrative indirect calorimetry and non-targeted plasma metabolomics analyses. Thirty-two finishing pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace) with similar body weight of 85.44 ± 2.04 kg were allotted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (8 treatment groups, 4 replicates per group, 1 pig per replicate), which included two ambient temperatures (low temperature [10 °C] and normal temperature [20 °C]), two energy densities (normal energy density [NE, 14.02 MJ/kg] and high energe density [HE, 15.14 MJ/kg]), and two energy sources (low-oil source and high-oil source). The experiment period lasted 11 days. Increasing the energy density of the diet by adding oil changed the energy source in a low-temperature environment, improved crude fat digestibility (P < 0.001), and reduced the feed/gain ratio of pigs (P = 0.004), with a tendency for higher average daily gain (P = 0.098), which would increase energy utilization. Adding oil to the diet altered energy sources at low temperature, reducing carbon dioxide emission by 3.10%, increasing energy retention and fat oxidation (P < 0.05). Further, optimizing energy sources by adding oil significantly improved serum glucose (GLU) content (P < 0.001) and reduced urea nitrogen (UN) content at normal temperature (P < 0.001), with the same trend observed at low temperature. The metabolites in the eight groups were mainly enriched in the sphingolipid signaling pathway, insulin resistance, and glycerophospholipid metabolism (P < 0.05). Energy metabolism in finishing pigs was not only affected by ambient temperature and energy density, but also by energy source, leading to variations in metabolic pathways for different energy substances. Increasing the dietary energy density by increasing oil supplementation at low temperature is an effective way to improve the growth performance of finishing pigs while reducing pollutant emissions. The study provides a new solution for optimizing energy nutrition for finishing pigs in low-temperature environment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the optimization of dietary energy supply on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, nutrient oxidation, slaughter performance, and meat quality of growing and fattening pigs under a low-temperature environment. In this study, forty-eight 60-day-old growing barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with an initial body weight of 31.24 ± 3.56 kg were completely randomized into two treatment groups, with four replicates in each treatment group and six pigs in each replicate. The two groups were fed diets with equal protein levels and different energy levels (a conventional diet and an energy-optimized diet); the dietary energy level was increased by 8% by adding 6% fat, and the two groups were kept at the same ambient temperature (10 ± 1 °C) all day. After 5 d of prefeeding, the final weight reached approximately 110.00 kg prior to slaughter (99 days of age), and four pigs with a body weight of about 80.00 kg were selected in the two groups for digestion, metabolism, and respiratory calorimetry. The results showed that the average daily feed intake of the TES group (energy-optimized diet group, high fat and energy) was lower than that of the CON group (conventional diet group, normal fat and energy) (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the feed-to-gain ratio was lower in the TES group during the fattening period (60–110 kg) (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, fat and energy digestibility in the TES group were higher (p < 0.05), fecal nitrogen and urine nitrogen were lower (p < 0.05), the nitrogen deposition rate increased (p < 0.05), and fat oxidation and the sedimentation energy rate also increased (p < 0.05). The serum triglyceride concentration in the TES group was higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, the carcass weight, body fat content, backfat thickness, and eye muscle area in the TES group increased (p < 0.05); the L* value of flesh color also increased (p < 0.05); and the shear force was lower (p < 0.05). The dietary energy should be optimized under a low-temperature environment, and the feed conversion efficiency of fattening pigs could be improved by improving dietary energy levels by adding fat, increasing the fat oxidation proportion, promoting nitrogen deposition and sedimentation energy, and improving slaughter performance and meat quality.

In order to further reveal the special characteristics of energy metabolism and the characteristics of energy requirements of fattening pigs grown in low-temperature environments, this study used a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial array of treatments, which harnessed two temperatures (low-temperature, LT group: 10 °C; normal-temperature, NT group: 20 °C), two feed energy levels (normal-energy, NE group: 14.02 MJ/kg metabolic energy; high-energy, HE group: 15.14 MJ/kg metabolic energy), and two feed energy sources (LF group: low fat, HF group: high fat). Thirty-two Songliao black fattening pigs with an initial body weight of 85.48 ± 2.31 kg were completely randomized into eight treatment groups, with four replicates in each treatment group and one pig in each replicate. The pigs were placed in a respiratory metabolic chamber for a 6-day trial. There was one pig per respiratory metabolic chamber in a single cage. The results showed that the average daily weight gain in the normal-temperature, high-energy, and high-fat groups was higher than that of the low-temperature, normal-energy, and low-fat groups (p < 0.05). The fat deposition rate, protein oxidation, and fat oxidation of the high-fat group were higher than those of the low-fat group (p < 0.05). The energy digestibility, protein digestibility, and fat digestibility in the high-fat group were higher than those in the normal-energy group (p < 0.05). The fat digestibility and energy deposition rate in the high-fat group were higher than those in the low-fat group (p < 0.05). The respiratory quotient in the high-energy group was lower than that in the normal-energy group (p < 0.05), and the respiratory quotient in the high-fat group was lower than that in the low-fat group (p < 0.05). There was an interaction between temperature and energy sources in terms of the respiratory quotient, fat oxidation, blood urea nitrogen content, and glucose content (p < 0.05). Appropriately increasing the energy level of the diet and improving the energy structure of the feed (increasing the level of fats and oils) will benefit Songliao black fattening pigs by increasing their energy use efficiency and at the same time reducing greenhouse gas CO2 emissions, and these changes are more pronounced in cold environments.

This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary fiber level and breed on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology, slaughter performance, and meat quality of finishing pigs using fermented corn straw (FCS) as the fiber source. The experiment employed a 2 × 4 factorial design, selecting 96 Songliao Black (SLB) and Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) crossbred finishing pigs (a total of 192 pigs, with an initial body weight of 60.52 ± 4.59 kg) randomly assigned by breed to four dietary treatment groups (A: 2.92% crude fiber; B: 4.82% crude fiber; C: 6.86% crude fiber; D: 9.01% crude fiber). The results showed that DLY finishing pigs had higher final weight (FW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in both finishing stages 1 and 2 compared to SLB pigs (p < 0.05), while the ratio of feed to weight gain (F/G) showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Compared to the basal diet, increasing the dietary fiber level to 4.82% improved FW and ADG in both SLB and DLY finishing pigs (p < 0.05) and reduced F/G (p < 0.05). Additionally, SLB finishing pigs had lower ether extract (EE) digestibility but higher crude fiber (CF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility than DLY (p < 0.05). Dietary fiber level and breed exhibited an interaction effect on dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility in finishing pigs (p < 0.05). At a dietary fiber level of 4.82%, villus height, crypt depth in the jejunum, and cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were increased in both SLB and DLY finishing pigs (p < 0.05). Dietary fiber level and breed showed an interaction effect on cecal VFA production in finishing pigs (finishing stage 1; p < 0.05). The dietary fiber level of 4.82% increased loin eye area (LA) (p < 0.05) and decreased backfat thickness (BT) (p < 0.05) in both SLB and DLY finishing pigs. Dietary fiber level and breed had an interaction effect on LA in finishing pigs (p < 0.05). SLB pigs had higher muscle redness (a*), shear force, and contents of crude protein (CP), EE, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than DLY (p < 0.05). Increasing the dietary fiber level improved pH24h and reduced drip loss and shear force in both SLB and DLY finishing pigs (p < 0.05). Dietary fiber level and breed showed an interaction effect on pig meat color and drip loss (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FCS is a beneficial source of dietary fiber for SLB and DLY pigs. Its proper addition can enhance the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in fattening pigs.

Dietary fiber-rich has been widely used in pig diets, but its effects on pork quality are heterogeneous, which might be related to the interaction between dietary fiber (DF) levels and structure (soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF)). This study used a 2 × 2 factorial design to investigate the effects of DF level (L) and SDF/IDF ratio (S) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle fiber type transformation in finishing pigs. Four diets were formulated with different DF levels (high [30%DF]: L1; low [23%DF]: L2) and SDF/IDF ratios (low [0.15]: Sa; high [0.25]: Sb): L1Sa, L1Sb, L2Sa, L2Sb. In a 56-day experiment, 36 Junmu No.1 barrows (average weight 75 ± 1.6 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 diet treatments with 9 replicates per treatment, with 1 pig per replicate. Results showed that increasing the SDF/IDF ratio (0.15 to 0.25) reduced the reduction in average daily gain and the increase in feed-to-gain ratio caused by higher DF levels (23% to 30%) (P < 0.01). High DF level (Compared to low DF level), the decreases in carcass weight, slaughter rate, eye muscle area of finishing pigs and redness (a* value), intramuscular fat, and the increases in yellowness (b* value) and inosine monophosphate of their longissimus thoracis were all decreased with higher SDF/IDF ratios (P < 0.01). Increased dietary SDF/IDF (not affected by DF) decreased Shear force and fast-twitch myosin heavy chain (MyHCIIb) protein expression (P < 0.05), increased slow-twitch myosin heavy chain (MyHC I) protein expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, a higher SDF/IDF increased the ratio of total acetate and butyrate to propionate in hindgut contents (P < 0.05), promoting the expression of muscle fiber transformation regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1αand its activator (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary DF levels and SDF/IDF ratio are interacted to improve growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, and promote the transformation of muscle fibers from fast-twitch to slow-twitch, potentially driven by changes in hindgut fermentation products that alter the expression of muscle fiber regulatory factors.

Mushrooms possess antihyperglycemic effect on diabetic individuals due to their nonfibrous and fibrous bioactive compounds. This study aimed to reveal the effect of different types of mushrooms on plasma glucose level and gut microbiota composition in diabetic individuals. The effects of five different mushroom species (Ganoderma lucidum, GLM; Pleurotus ostreatus, POM; Pleurotus citrinopileatus, PCM; Lentinus edodes, LEM; or Hypsizigus marmoreus, HMM) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated in this study. The results indicated that LEM and HMM treatments showed lower plasma glucose levels. For the microbiota composition, ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson were significantly affected by PCM and LEM treatments (p < .05), while ACE, Shannon, and Simpson indexes were affected by HMM treatment (p < .01). Simpson index was affected in positive control (C+) and POM groups. All these four indices were lower in GLM treatment (p < .05). Dietary supplementation of mushrooms reduced plasma glucose level directly through mushrooms' bioactive compounds (agmatine, sphingosine, pyridoxine, linolenic, and alanine) and indirectly through stachyose (oligosaccharide) and gut microbiota modulation. In conclusion, LEM and HMM can be used as food additives to improve plasma glucose level and gut microbiome composition in diabetic individuals.

In order to improve rationality of evaluation index weight and realize the reasonable evaluation of pig farm standardization,this paper used the combination method of precise value,interval value and triangular fuzzy number to construct the judgment matrix,and adopts the fuzzy consistency matrix to avoid the consistency test and improve weight precision to improve fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.An evaluation model of pig farm standardization based on improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process,membership degree and European closeness degree was established,and comprehensive evaluation of three pig farms with different breeding scale was carried out.Pearson correlation between evaluation value and the number of fattening pigs per sow per year （MSY） was analyzed.And the sensitivity of the evaluation model is also analyzed.The results showed that the standardization of each pig farm was at different levels,and the evaluation scores were HI A =0.639,HI B =0.675,HI c =0.744.It was significantly positively correlated with MSY A =17.5,MSY B =19.15,MSY C =22.54.With MSY as the grading standard,pig farms A and B were rated at level 4,while pig farm C was rated at level 2.The evaluation results are consistent with the reality,and the evaluation model is reasonable and effective.Moreover,the changes of investment,site planning,enclosure construction,production management and biosafety factors are highly sensitive to the final evaluation results.

东北地区的地形以平原、丘陵和山地为主,东部为长白山地,北部为小兴安岭,西倚大兴安岭,在山地之间分布着东北平原.因此,人们常用山环水绕、沃野千里来形容东北地区.由于地势原因,东北地区自南向北跨中温带与亚寒带,属温带季风气候,夏季温热多雨,冬季寒冷干燥.

This study investigated the effects and alterations of dihydroquercetin on the growth performance, nutriment metabolism, antioxidant and immune function, and energy substrate utilization in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. A total of 0, 50, and 200 mg/kg of dihydroquercetin were intragastrically administered once a day for 21 days. After the pretreatment with dihydroquercetin, each group was subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge (except for the control group). After lipopolysaccharide injection, food intake, body weight, metabolic indexes of blood and liver nutrients, blood inflammatory factors, and liver oxidative stress indexes were measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Indirect calorimetry analysis was performed by respiratory gas analysis for 48 h to calculate the energy substrate metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Urinary nitrogen excretion was measured to evaluate the urinary protein metabolism to calculate the substrate utilization. The results showed that dihydroquercetin pretreatment can significantly increase the weight gain and average food intake and decrease the mortality rate in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation mice. Furthermore, dihydroquercetin pretreatment can alleviate the negative effects of lipopolysaccharides by increasing levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and by decreasing the malondialdehyde and serum inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, nuclear factor κB, and interleukin-6). Dihydroquercetin pretreatment also can relieve nutrient metabolic disorder by increasing blood glucose, serum total protein, and liver glycogen levels and reducing serum and liver triglycerides, serum cholesterol, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and serum urea nitrogen levels. Meanwhile, it increases the relative utilization of carbohydrate, reducing relative utilization of protein and lipid, alleviating the change in energy metabolism pattern from glucose-predominant to lipid-predominant caused by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In addition, the degree of metabolic pattern transformation depends on the dose of dihydroquercetin supplement. Finally, according to principal component analysis, we found that the inflammation was strongest in the mice at 24 h and was subsequently relieved in the LPS-stimulated group, whereas in the dihydroquercetin-pretreated group, the inflammation was initially relieved. To summarize, dihydroquercetin pretreatment can improve energy metabolism disorder and attenuate the negative effects of lipopolysaccharide challenge in mice from the initial stage of inflammation.

胍基乙酸是一种天然存在的氨基酸衍生物,可作为肌酸的直接前体物质,而肌酸是肌肉和神经组织能量代谢中的一种重要化合物.胍基乙酸作为一种新型的营养性添加剂,外源补充对动物无明显的副作用,在改善动物生长性能和胴体品质方面具有重要作用.文章综述胍基乙酸生物转化的基本代谢途径及其在动物生产中的应用,为胍基乙酸在畜禽养殖行业中的应用提供参考.

Arginine has a positive effect on pre-implantation development in pigs. However, the exact mechanism by which arginine promotes embryonic development is undefined. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing technology was applied to porcine in vivo pre-implantation embryos from the zygote to morula stage, it was found that that the expression of arginine metabolism-related genes clearly changed from the 2-cell stage to the 4-cell stage, when zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs in porcine embryos. Further analysis showed that arginine metabolism-related genes are significantly correlated with key ZGA genes. To determine the function of arginine in porcine embryos during ZGA, the in vitro fertilization embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium (0.12 mM arginine, Control group), a modified PZM-3 medium (0 mM arginine, Block group) and a modified PZM-3 medium supplemented with arginine (0.12 mM arginine, Block + Arg group). The results showed that the 4-cell arrest rate was significantly increased in the Block group compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). The 4-cell arrest rate in the Block + Arg group was significantly decreased than that in the Block group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of ZGA marker genes and SIRT1 protein in 4-cell embryos was significantly decreased in the Block group compared to the Control group, and their expression was significantly increased in the Block + Arg group. In addition, we observed that the glutathione (GSH), ATP levels, and lipid droplet contents were significantly increased, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was decreased in the Block + Arg group compared to the Block group. Compared with Control group, spermine content in culture medium and the mRNA expression of ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1) of embryos in the Block group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and those in the Block + Arg group were significantly increased compared with the Block group (P < 0.05). Moreover, when difluoromethylornithine (an inhibitor of ODC1) was added to the modified PZM-3 medium supplemented with arginine, the effect of arginine on ZGA was inhibited. In summary, our findings demonstrated that arginine may regulate ZGA under nutrition restriction in porcine embryos by promoting polyamine synthesis.

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,优质特色猪肉成为消费者认可的主要猪肉产品.经市场调查、产业调研等,特提出针对吉林省优质特色黑猪产业的发展建议. 1 发展现状 1.1 品种较多,育种历史较长 在生猪产业中,遗传基础(品种)的经济贡献率达到了40％,对于提高养猪经济效益、保证猪肉品质等具有重要作用.据初步统计,大概有6个猪品种具有黑色被毛,分别是民猪、松辽黑猪、吉神黑猪、东辽黑猪、吉林花猪和新吉林黑猪.这些猪品种有的是地方品种,如民猪;有的是1996年前培育的品种,如东辽黑猪、吉林花猪;有的是1996年后经过了国家畜禽遗传资源审定委员会的审定,例如松辽黑猪、吉神黑猪等;有的是正在培育的新品种,如新吉林黑猪等.这些猪品种在吉林省生猪产业中发挥着不同的作用.

The intestinal microbes do not only provide nutrients for their host, but it also contributes to the maintenance of intestinal micro ecological balance, which are essential for ensuring a healthy development of the intestine, dietary fiber is one of the substrates for intestinal microbial fermentation. This can improve the structure of intestinal microflora and is of great significance in maintaining intestinal health. The research on the efficacy of dietary fiber on pig intestinal microbes and the factors affecting the intestinal microbial utilization of dietary fibre in pigs is reviewed, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on the production practice of dietary fiber addition in pig breeding industry. As well, a good digestive physiological environment is essential for pigs to benefit from the nutrients and to increase their productivity. Adding the appropriate amounts of fiber to pig diets plays an important role in regulating the digestive physiology of pig intestinal microflora, digestive tract pH, digestive juice secretion, digestive enzyme activity, digestive tract organs and their morphology. This article reviews the effects of dietary fiber on the digestive physiology of pigs.

试验旨在基于枯草芽孢杆菌BS2和地衣芽孢杆菌BL1的组合作用下对DDGS发酵条件进行优化,以提高DDGS的饲用价值.以DDGS中的醇溶蛋白含量为响应值,通过单因素试验、Plack?ett-Burman设计、响应面试验等途径对DDGS的发酵条件进行了优化.研究结果表明,当发酵条件为麦麸含量为10％、玉米蛋白粉含量为10％、蔗糖含量为6 mg/kg、KH2PO4含量为0.5 mg/kg、FeSO4含量为0.2 mg/kg、MgSO4含量为0.1 mg/kg、温度30℃时,发酵48 h后发酵底物中的醇溶蛋白含量最低.利用凯氏定氮仪测量,发酵混合物中醇溶蛋白含量为4.88 mg/100 mL,较优化前12.69 mg/100 mL降低了7.81 mg/100 mL.因此,运用响应面试验预测的该模型有一定的实践指导意义,为后续在DDGS发酵生产中的应用提供理论基础.

使用发酵玉米秸秆(Fermented corn stalks,FCS)整体替代基础日粮,研究基础日粮与FCS的组合效应对松辽黑猪不同育肥阶段养分消化、屠宰性能、肌肉品质、生长性能以及经济效益的影响,以确定FCS的适宜添加水平.选取96头平均体质量为(60.52±4.59) kg的健康松辽黑猪,随机分为4组,每组3次重复,每次重复8头猪.试验分为2个育肥阶段:育肥l阶段(60 ～ 90 kg)和育肥2阶段(90～120 kg).1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;2组、3组、4组分别用6％、12％、18％的FCS对基础饲粮进行整体替代,饲养期为80 d(40 d+40 d).结果 表明:2组结束体质量与平均日增重显著高于4组(P＜0.05);料重比1组、2组显著低于3组、4组(P＜0.05).2组粗蛋白、粗脂肪消化率与1组相比分别提高2.27％、1.33％;粗纤维消化率1组、2组显著高于3组、4组(P＜0.05);中性洗涤纤维消化率1组显著高于4组(P＜0.05).各组屠宰率差异不显著,背膘厚随FCS添加量的增加而降低.2组24h滴水损失最低,显著低于3组(P＜0.05),熟肉率1组与2组差异不显著.经济效益计算分析表明,各组饲料成本随FCS添加量增加而升高,2组收益最高,高于1组14.17元/头.综上,日粮中使用6％ FCS替代基础日粮,调节日粮营养水平可提高松辽黑猪饲料养分消化率、肉品质、生长性能及经济效益,使用6％ FCS替代基础日粮效果最佳.