最大配注量是油田地面注水站点改造中的一个关键评估指标,该指标不仅要满足油田中后期的注水开发需求,同时还要达到降低成本的目的.为计算油田注水区块最大配注量,分析认为油藏形成有效驱替后,注水井需满足最大注水压差,油井要满足最大生产压差.按照油藏后期有效驱替时的地层压力保持水平估算油井后期的产液能力,结合水油比法推导注采比公式,从而得出最大单井配注量公式,以东西仁沟区块为例,计算该区块开发后期日注水量将达到5832 m3/d.

为明确富县地区晚三叠世烃类资源充注时间、期次及模式,利用流体包裹体定年法结合热演化史、烃源岩生烃史、K-Ar测年进行研究.结果表明晚三叠世发育两期烃类包裹体,第1期在石英碎屑颗粒及次生加大边的微裂隙中、第2期在晚期方解石胶结物中,其中第1期包裹体均一温度为80～85℃,对应烃类大规模充注时期为134～128 Ma(早白垩世中期)、第2期包裹体均一温度为90～95℃,对应烃类大规模充注时期为128～121 Ma(早白垩世晚期),与区块构造热事件发生时间及K-Ar测年时间相对应.下部烃源岩供烃,上部烃源岩及泥岩起封隔作用,烃类物质沿着裂缝及连通孔隙充注,储集于近源且储-盖配置好的砂岩中,也可储集于烃源岩内部页岩中.晚三叠世烃类两期充注时间间隔小,为一幕两期式连续充注,充注时期为早白垩世中期至晚期(134～121 Ma),为下生上储近源复合赋存模式.

Based on drilling, logging, test production and dynamic monitoring data, the control effects of low-amplitude structure on hydrocarbon accumulation and development performance of ultra-low permeability reservoirs were discussed by using the methods of dense well pattern, multi-factor geological modeling, macro and micro analysis and static and dynamic analysis. The results show that the low-amplitude structure always had a significant control and influence on the distribution and accumulation of original hydrocarbon and water and the evolution trend of water flooding performance in ultra-low permeability reservoirs, and it was not only the direction of oil and gas migration, but also a favorable place for relative accumulation of oil and gas. The controlling effect of low-amplitude structure on ultra-low permeability reservoir mainly depended on its tectonic amplitude and scale; the larger the tectonic amplitude and scale, and the higher the tectonic position of the low amplitude structure, the better the reservoir characteristic parameters, oil and gas enrichment degree and development effect, and the larger the spatial scope it controlled and influenced; water cut and oil well output always fluctuated orderly with the height of the low-amplitude structure; the dynamic response of waterflooding was closely related to the relative structural position of the injection and production wells; the injected water always advanced to the low-lying area of the structure first and then moved up to the high-lying area of the structure gradually; with the continuous expansion of the flooded area, part of the oil and gas in the low-lying part of the structure was forced to be distributed to the high part of the structure, resulting in a new oil and gas enrichment, so that the dynamic reserves of oil wells in the high part increased, and the production capacity remained stable.

垂直地震剖面(VSP)已在油藏地球物理中发挥重要作用,而目前斜井VSP资料的处理研究较少.为此,针对斜井VSP资料开展保真处理关键技术及其应用流程研究,主要包括能量补偿、波场旋转定向、波场分离、反褶积、走廊叠加等环节,并对关键技术环节开展质控方法研究.应用结果表明,形成的斜井零偏ZVSP资料保真处理与质控方法取得了较好的井震标定效果.研究成果可为同类斜井资料保真处理与质控方法提供技术指导.

The influence of pore structure difference on rock electrical characteristics of reservoir and oil reservoir was analyzed taking Triassic Chang 6 reservoir in Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin as an example. The relationship between the pore structure difference and the low resistivity oil layer was revealed and demonstrated through core observation, lab experiments, geological research, well log interpretation and trial production etc. The results show that there were two kinds of oil layers in Chang 6 oil layer set, normal oil layer and low resistivity oil layer in the region, corresponding to two types of pore structures, pore type mono-medium and micro-fracture−pore type double-medium; the development of micro-fracture changed greatly the micro-pore structure of the reservoir, and the pore structure difference had an important influence on the rock electrical characteristics of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoir and oil reservoir; the normal oil layers had obvious characteristics of pore-type mono-medium, and were concentrated in Chang 61, Chang 622 and Chang 623; the low resistivity oil layers had obvious characteristics of micro-fracture−pore type double-medium, which were mainly distributed in Chang 621 and Chang 63. The mud filtrate penetrated deep into the oil layers along the micro-cracks, leading to sharp reduction of resistivity, and thus low resistivity of the oil layer; the low resistivity oil layers had better storage capacity and higher productivity than the normal oil layers.

This work was carried out in the Yanwumao block of Zhidan oilfield in the Ordos Basin.Based on a wealth of drilling data,three-dimensional modeling of large-scale dense well pattern and multi-factor composite analysis from both macro and micro perspective,the characteristics and genesis of low amplitude structures on the Yishaan slope in the Ordos Basin were explored.Results show that the low-amplitude structures developed widely;simple and inerratic macroscopic characteristics of the structures can be seen through micro-scale sparse well pattern,while more refined and complex microscopic characteristics are shown through large-scale dense well pattern.Each macroscopic low amplitude structure consists of a series of microscopic structures bearing local trap;its tectonic axis direction is close to the EW direction,perpendicular to the direction of the regional sedimentary facies belt distribution,and not conform to the formation conditions of differential compaction structure.The tectonic stress field was the power source in developing the essential characteristics of low amplitude structures of directional extension,side-by-side fold combination,large-scale development,regional distribution and inheritance evolution.The comprehensive effect of the Indosinian,Yanshan and Himalayan three-period stress field on the Yishan slope embodied a form of SN compressional stress and pressure-torsion impact,resulting in sedimentary cover so as to generate a series of nose folds that stretched nearly along the EW and arrayed regularly.At the same time,the adjustment of the subsequent two periods of the stress fields forced the macroscopically simple low amplitude structures of Indosinian,developed into a series of microscopically more complex and changeable low amplitude structures through inheritance evolution,therefore eventually formed the special low amplitude structural patterns which contain"both simple and complex"characteristics on the Yishan slope.

库车坳陷克深9气藏主力产气层巴什基奇克组(K1bs)储层具有埋藏深、非均质性强、基质低孔低渗但裂缝发育等特征,储层岩性为岩屑长石石英砂岩,成分成熟度中等偏低,结构成熟度中等偏高;储层物性差,属典型的裂缝-孔隙型储层。储层主要经历了压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和构造破碎作用等建设性和破坏性成岩作用,目前正处于中成岩阶段A期,其中压实作用是研究区内原生孔隙减少的最重要原因,早成岩期的碱性胶结作用是储层胶结致密的主要原因,表生成岩期大气淡水的淋虑作用下的溶蚀作用和喜山期的构造破碎作用对储层性能起到显著的改善作用。

Taking the Chang 4 + 5 and Chang 6 reservoir of the Mesozoic’s Yanchang Formation of YW block of Zhidan oilfield in Ordos basin as an example,based on the normalization processing of core seepage experiment data,considered starting pressure gradient,introduced effective driving coefficient and oil-water viscosity ratio,made the seepage theory closely combine with indoor experiment and production practice,synthetically analyzed oil-water percolation effect of extra-ultra low permeability reservoir,and discussed the water injection development enlightenment. The results showed that,the seepage characteristics of an extra-ultra low permeability reservoir influenced by the start-up pressure,start-up pressure would lead to water breakthrough in an oilwell ahead of time; when water saturation is greater than a certain critical value,rising rate of the reservoir water ratio would increase,the difference between dimensionless fluid and oil productivity index would gradually intensify,the relatively stable change interval between the two is an important time to adjust the exploit way for increasing oil production. Based on the change rule of dimensionless fluid and oil productivity index and the corresponding change range of moisture content,the development process of extra-ultra low permeable reservoirs can be divided into four stages: early production,stable production,effective increase production fluid,and low efficiency circulation; during medium and high water cut period,higher effective driving coefficient is helpful to increasing oil production; during ultra-high water cut stage,smaller effective driving coefficient and oil/water viscosity ratio is beneficial to improve the ultimate recovery of low efficiency circulation stages. Fluid saturation has not only important control and influence on moisture content and fluid productivity index change for the extra-ultra low permeable reservoir,but also is a major factor that cause block production difference; For some well-block that has different saturation distribution and prominent production difference in plane and interlayer,its development process should take different countermeasures parameters to improve the oilfield overall development effect based on the mining stage.

Aiming at the genesis of the deep-water reservoir in lacustrine basin and the potential of petroleum exploration,the deep-water turbidite characteristics and its influence on the reservoirs development of Chang 7 oil layers in LM well field in the southwestern Ordos Basin were studied according to logging,testing,experiments and producing test data,based on single well facies and logging facies analysis.The results show that Chang 7 oil layers can be divided into three sub oil layers and four sub-layers.Chang 73 sub oil layers in the lower Chang 7 developed a large set of oil shale,and Chang 72 and Chang 71 sub oil layers in the middle and upper Chang 7 developed a large set of turbidite and typical Bouma sequence,all of which constituted a complete deep-water turbidite facies sequence.The sedimentation can be sequentially divided into three subfacies including turbidite middle fan,turbidite lower fan and deep-water basin,as well as six microfacies types including turbidite channel,interchannel overflow,front channel overflow,turbidite endings,mud shale and oil shale.This large deep-water turbidite fan is dominated by turbidite middle fan and controlled by the southwest provenance and drainage system,with good sandbody continuity,connectivity and composition,and became the major genetic types for Chang 7 effective deep-water reservoir.With good oil show,and great exploration potential,the turbidite fan is an effective prospect for petroleum exploration on deep-water sediments.

At present, low permeability reservoir has become the focus of our development. A typical low permeability reservoir generally has low porosity and permeability characteristics. In this paper, causes resulting in low porosity and permeability were analyzed to guide development of low permeability reservoir. Taking low permeability reservoir of M block as study object, genesis of low permeability reservoir was investigated. The results show that: Chang6 reservoir type is lithologic reservoir, and it is low porosity and low permeability reservoir with poor physical properties; the rock type of the study area includes fine feldspathic sandstone and siltstone, fillings are chlorite and calcite, clay minerals contain a lot of chlorite and illite; diagenesis of Chang 6 reservoir includes mechanical compaction, cementation, dissolution and pressure solution. The mechanical compaction, cementation and pressure solution have devastating effect on reservoir properties, but the dissolution plays a constructive role.

Fractured vuggy type reservoirs in the eastern Tazhong area feature with the main reservoir spaces of cave and crack,and three types of reservoir can be subdivided into: cave-type,fractured-cavernous type,pore-caven. Taking 51 oil wells in the eastern Tazhong area as examples in this paper,the water breakthrough characteristics include four types: fluctuating curve,steady increasing curve,stepped increasing curve and rapidly increasing curve. On the basis of water breakthrough curve,rapidly increasing curve has a bigger effect than the others,because the water will be flooding borehole in a short time,while the fluctuating curve has the least impact. This indicates this area is in the middle of water breakthrough period.

This paper discusses complexity of well testing interpretation for fracture- vug carbonate reservoir and the limitations of conventional well test based on Halahatang carbonate reservoir characteristics. Numerical well testing technology can be well combined with reservoir geological features to construct finite element numerical well testing model for fitting analysis to determine the reservoir parameters,calculate the OGIP and analysis of reservoir boundary features in different seepage zone. This paper also puts forward measures for the two typical types of reservoir in the study area: large area with multiple holes and constant volume control area. The application examples show that the numerical well testing technique can more effectively describe the real situation of reservoir,and it also provides theoretical basis for the later development measures.

Based on the Ordovician weathering crust of eastern Ordos Basin,with a large amount of geological logging and experimental analysis data,closely combined with the lithology and physical property analysis of the ancient karst reservoir,the karst effect characteristics of the palaeokarst geomorphology and palaeokarst reservoir were studied synthetically.The results show that the rock type of the Ordovician weathering crust palaeokarst reservoir can be divided into four types,dolostone,secondary limestone,limestone and dolomitic limestone.The lithologic effect of the palaeokarst reservoir changes with difference of the palaeokarst geomorphology,limestone and dolomitic limestone are typical rock types of the development of slope tableland,slope monadnock,basin residual-tableland and basin monadnock.Dolostone and secondary limestone are basic rock type of the development of the slope platform margin,slope terrace and basin depression.The physical property effect of the palaeokarst reservoir changes with difference of the palaeokarst geomorphology,with the best physical property for slope platform margin,moderate for the slope terrace,lower-middle for the slope tableland and slope monadnock,lower for the basin residual tableland and basin monadnock and the lowest for the basin depression.The boundary between the slope platform margin and the slope terrace is the critical changing point of the palaeokarst effect in the east of the basin,the permeability of the sub-reservoirs on both sides of the boundary of geomorphology increased or decreased reversely along with the change of the palaeokarst geomorphology,this palaeokarst effect had two different effects model of red and blue.The physical property effect of palaeokarst sub-reservoirs was closely correlated to the content of dolostone and secondary limestone,this effect model presented its own characteristics of mutual growth decline as well as complement of each other.If the reservoir rock composition is too single,or some rock content is too low or too high,it would produce an important influence on the development of ancient karst landform;moderate ratio of rock types or combinations of migmatization was more favourable to the physical property effects of paleokarst reservoir.

储层非均质性是影响剩余油分布的重要因素之一.近年来,太阳湾油区剩余油滞留现象严重.针对这一现象,结合该区实际地质情况,利用区内岩性、物性、电性及含油性等资料,定性评价该区长2储层非均质性及其成因,并分析非均质性对储层剩余油分布的影响.采用实验、测井及标准对比等方法,将区域非均质性分为层内、层间、平面和微观非均质性4类进行探讨.结果表明:研究区层内非均质性较强,主要受沉积构造、粒度韵律、渗透率非均质性及夹层分布等因素的控制;层间非均质性总体较强,各小层发育不均一,长23小层层闾非均质性相对最强,长22和长21小层次之;平面非均质性受砂体及沉积微相展布影响较大;微观上孔隙结构复杂,各种成岩作用加剧了储层非均质性程度.通过对储层非均质性的研究,可以为掌握研究区剩余油分布状况及后期勘探开发提供重要依据.

Through analysis of drilling, logging data and other experimental data, Shan 2 reservoir in the eastern of Yanchang area were researched in-depth from petrological characteristics, diagenesis, physical properties and pore structure characteristics and other aspects, improving the classification and evaluation criteria of Shan 2 reservoir in study area. Based on that, Shan 2 reservoir was divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ four types by the formation coefficient, and was dominated by Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Development situation of Shan 2 reservoir in the study area was identified to provide a basis for future research on exploration and development of the region.

The casting sections,scanning electron microscope(SEM),cathode luminescence,X- ray and mercury penetration are used in this paper for sample testing to study the diagenesis control on microcosmic structure of reservoir in Shan-2 block and provide guidance for further exploration and development of the gas field.

Study the relationship between the microstructure and the tight sandstone physical property,which provides the theoretical basis for the gas exploration deployment and development adjustment of the gas field. Reservoir characteristics and sandstone micro-structures of Shanxi formation compacted sandstone reservoir in the western gas areas of Yanchang are studied,based on the Casting Sheet Image,scanning electron microscopy( SEM),the Physicality Analysis and mercury intrusion method. The studies show that the reservoirs mainly belongs to tight sandstone,mainly consisting of lithic quartz sandstone,quartz sandstone and lithic sandstone,with the thin or middle particles,nipping silty sand or fine sand,and also with characteristics of the higher compositional maturity,various types of pore throat and strong heterogeneity. The bad permeability can be attributed to the poor pore-throat combination patterns and cementation and filling with high silica,clay minerals,and volcanic ash. The porosity and permeability are positively related to the average diameter of the pore throat radius and the sorting coefficient and are negatively correlated with the displacement pressure.

根据大量钻井、录井、测井及试油试采资料,在油藏地质特征综合研究基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地志丹西区长3油藏的发育特征及控制因素进行了详细的分析。研究结果表明,长3油藏属于典型的构造-岩性复合油藏,沉积相带、储层物性、鼻状构造等因素对其油气的分布富集具有重要的控制作用。区内长3油层组发育三角洲前缘亚相沉积,分流河道及河口坝主体发育区内砂体厚、规模大、岩性均匀,是优质储层发育及油气富集成藏的主要区带;砂岩储层物性越好,含油级别及饱和度越高;鼻状构造对物性相对较好的储层的油气分布影响较大,表现在构造高部位含油性好,构造低部位含油性变差或不含油,对物性差的储层的油气分布影响减弱或影响不明显。

鄂尔多斯盆地志丹地区近年在三叠系延长组长7层不断获得新发现,该层位已成为志丹地区后期增储上产的重要接替层位之一。根据岩石类型、岩石结构、测井资料等综合判识沉积环境,划分沉积相类型并研究其空间展布。通过上述研究分析,可对后期勘探具有一定的指导意义。

Chang 2 reservoir of Zhidan area belongs to delta front subfacies depositional system,with undeveloped faults and mainly developed nose-like structure.The research results show that Chang 2 reservoir is of stronger heterogeneity overall,lamination factor and sandstone density of Chang 22 is relatively good.As the connectivity and continuity of internal sand bodies among sub-layers is better,heterogeneity of Chang 22 is weaker than that of Chang 21 and Chang23.Plane heterogeneity is closely related with sand body distribution and communication manner.The distribution direction of zones with high porosity,high permeability agrees with palaeocurrent direction.Reservoir interlayer is well developed,with more sand lamina and less argillaceous interlayer,and mainly develops intergranular pore and dissolution pore.