Cities invariably have ograyo areas where formal policing and regulatory reach is relatively ineffective. By focusing on individuals or groups traditional theories of deviance fail to account for community-level processes that create local alternative norms that contribute to behavior seen as deviant by outsiders. By combining theories of space with issues of identity construction and deviance, we analyze an inner-city neighborhood in Mexico City in terms of four factors: Structural Location, Material Form, Meaningfulness, and Organizational Integration. This creates a model for understanding forms of deviance that are rooted in community processes of resistance to the dominant normative system.

Professor Ping-Chin Fan MD, an eminent parasitologist, died in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC), on 2 September 2008 after a short illness. Dr. Fan, more commonly known to his friends and colleagues as PC, was a dedicated teacher and biomedical scientist. He was educated in China (People’s Republic of China), obtained his medical degree from ROC National Defense Medical College (NDMC) in 1948, and became a teaching assistant at the NDMC. During the 1960s he studied at Tulane University, the University of Michigan, and the National Institutes of Health in the United States. He returned to Taipei and in 1966 became professor and chairman of the Department of Medical Biomorphics. He retired as a colonel in the ROC army in 1976, left the NDMC, and became chairman of the Department of Parasitology at the National Yang-Ming University (NYMU) in Taipei. He remained in this position until 1992, when he retired and became an honorary professor at the Institute of Parasitolgy at NYMU. He was a member of the American Society of Parasitology since 1961 and a member of Asian and other international societies. PC never stopped working. He was in his laboratory day and night, and he maintained the routine until his death. Throughout the years he published over 300 papers in Taiwan and in Asian and international journals. He published on snails, insects, protozoa, and helminths. His work included studies of clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, the zoonotic Schistosome japanicum on Taiwan, bancroftian filariasis, and the ‘‘Taiwan taenia.’’ His most notable work was the eradication of filariasis from Quemoy (Kinmen) Island and the finding that the Taenia saginata in Taiwan was acquired from eating pig liver rather than from beef. He obtained T. saginate eggs and proglottids from several parts of Asia and found that these strains could also develop in pigs. As a result of these studies PC named the parasite Taenia saginata asiatica. PC obtained many honors and awards from the Taiwan government and other organizations and institutions for his efforts. Throughout his life PC made many friends. All visitors to Taiwan experienced his hospitality. He would enthusiastically show visitors around his laboratory and carried out discussions on his current research. The visit often ended with a Chinese dinner graciously hosted by PC. He was a most memorable person who will be missed by his friends and colleagues. His memory will live on, and his research findings will long be recognized. PC lost his wife in 2003, and he is survived by his son, Dr. Yue-Ping Fan, and two grandchildren.

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FOREWORD TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE 'EUROPEAN VEGETATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY' The conference 'European vegetation in the 21st century' was held in theNational University of Ireland, Galway, in June 2005 and was succeeded by a week-long excursion to some of themost important sites for Irishvegetation. The three-day conference was attended by over 130 delegates from 21 countries from as far afield asRussia and Georgia in the east, Sweden in the north,Malta in the south and Ireland in thewest. Itwas the fourthmajor meeting of European vegetation scientists in Irelandwithin the last 100 years. The firstof these, the International Phyto geographical Excursion, was held in 1911 and was organised by the illustrious Irish botanist Robert Lloyd Praeger. Among the participants was the eminent British botanist Arthur Tansley, who subsequently described aspects of Irish vegetation in his seminal book The British Islands and their vegetation(Tansley 1939). The second International Phytogeographical Excursion, held in 1949, was organised by the late Professor David Webb. The star attractions on that occasion were none other thanBraun-Blanquet and T?xen themselves,who compiled thefirstaccounts of Irishvegetation using the continental phytosociological methodology. Their account, published in Irische Pflanze ngesellschaften(Braun-Blanquet and T?xen 1952) has since become a standard reference for all aspiring Irish vegetation scientists. The third meeting, held by the International Society for Vegetation Science, took place in 1980 and was organised byDr Austin O'Sullivan, Dr Jim White and the late Professor Webb. The Galway conference provided an oppor tunity to take stock of developments in Irish vegetation studies over the last 25 years. In addition, with our closer integration into the European Community and its recent expansion eastward, itwas also an opportunity to take a broader look at developments invegetation science. It also coincided with the centenary of the publication of the firstdetailed vegetation map of Irishvegetation, thatof the 'districtlying south of Dublin' by Pethybridge and Praeger (1905). In contrast to other countries, studies of Irish vegetation have, until relativelyrecently,been fitful. After the map produced by Pethybridge and Praeger in 1905 little furtherwas done by Irish scientists until the 1960s and 1970s, when Professor J.J. Moore and Dr Austin O'Sullivan enthusiastically embraced the continental approach to phyto sociology. Detailed studies of grasslands and peatlands were undertaken and preliminarymaps were produced (seeWhite 1982). Initial studies of Irish woodlands were begun (e.g. Kelly 1975). Following the enactment of the 1976Wildlife Act the pace of surveying and classifying vegetation intensifiedwith systematic coverage of numerous habitat types, such as raised bogs (e.g.Douglas and Grogan 1985; Cross 1990),machair (Crawford etal. 1996), saltmarshes (Curtis and Sheehy Skeffington 1998). The informationgathered fromthese surveys provided a basis for the first steps towards the conservation of Irish flora and habitats under the Wildlife Act. Much of this information was also incorporated into the recently published Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (Bohn et al. 2003; 2004), one of the principal stimuli for the conference. This map is the result ofmore than 25 years of international cooperation between vegetation scientists from nearly all countries of Europe, and it is the firstof itskind for an entire continent. The map alone, with nearly 700 units, is a work of art, and while some botanists have reservations regarding the concept of potential natural vegetation, it has already been widely accepted as a useful tool in termsof planning and management. The second stimulus for the conference, the EU Habitats Directive, has become the principal tool for nature conservation, not only within Ireland but also throughout theEU and applicant states.All 25 member statesare obliged to identify, protect, monitor and manage a network of areas or Sites of Community Importance (SCIs), known as Natura 2000 sites, and vegetation scientists have played an important role in defining and implementing this directive. Europe has a long history of landuse andmanagement, with the result that very little undisturbed natural vegetation remains. There are, however, extensive areas of managed natural and semi-natural vegetation and 'cultural landscapes' of high conservation value. In recent decades increased urbanisation and the intensificationof agriculture and forestryhave led Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 106B, No. 3, 163-165...

British soccer has become a large, high-profile industry, but it is constantly dogged by accusations of poor management practices at club level. Yet there are few explorations into what kind of management practices would be most suitable for this industry. In this paper, the authors explore the possible financial benefits that have accrued to English professional football clubs that have developed their market orientation. The research estimates market orientation scores for 26 clubs (28 per cent of the population) playing in the Premiership (six clubs) and Nationwide Leagues (20 clubs). It finds that there is little correlation between financial performance and degree of market orientation. No financially successful club has a low market orientation score, however, suggesting that the marketing behaviours measured are necessary, but not sufficient conditions. This conclusion suggests that clubs would be ill advised to go beyond sound marketing operations to develop the full market orientation philosophy.

Abstract The football business has been transformed from a tawdry pastime to a major industry that is scrutinized by city analysts and is the subject of important take‐over bids. Yet as Grundy observes in an earlier issue of this journal, there are few serious attempts to examine the industry with strategic rigour. This paper reports on and analyses data from professional football clubs and uses SPACE analysis to generate strategic positions for individual clubs and a prognosis for the overall industry. This evidence enables Grundy's model of the industry to be contextualized and shows that in most respects, his ideas are supported. The paper also reveals that environmental factors play a significant role in the business success of a club. This identifies the paradox that success on the football field can have a deleterious effect on the strategic future of the club. The paper also concludes that the structure of the industry would not support reasonable business expectations and suggests that we are observing a corporate hobby rather than modern business activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

US Federal sentencing guidelines punish possession of crack cocaine very differently from powder cocaine, based partially upon the assumption that crack users engage more frequently in criminal behavior to pay for their habit. This article analyzed frequent users (those who have used at least 15 of the last 30 days) of crack with subgroups of less frequent hard drug users in terms of various income generation activities reported during the past 30 days. The sample consists of 602 African-Americans who were current (in past 30 days) users or sellers of cocaine powder, crack, and heroin. They were carefully recruited from randomly selected blocks in the Central Harlem area of New York City and interviewed extensively in 1998-1999. Their IGAs were classified into six categories. Compared with not-frequent (less than 15 days) hard drug users, frequent crack and multiple hard drug users were equally likely to be involved in drug distribution activities, but were significantly less likely to have full-time jobs, part-time jobs, aid to families with dependent children or welfare support. They had much higher odds ratios for non-drug related illegal (theft mainly) income generation activities and sex work among women. Often, gender and birth cohort variables had higher odds ratios with specific income generation activities than the frequent use of the primary drug(s). This evidence suggests that very frequent crack users have been stigmatized by, are largely excluded from, and perform very marginal economic roles in the legal economic system (jobs and welfare), the illegal economic system, and even in the hard drug distribution system.

Attempts to theorize the relationship between the informal and the illegal sectors of the economy. States that there are significant behavioural similarities. Proposes an emergent paradigm based on dual labour market theory to explain the similarites and differences in order to guide future research in each area. Applies the theory to the production and marketing of crack cocaine and shows how the model helps us to understand issues of exploitation and risk makagement within the drug market.

Street vendors, modernity and postmodernity: conflict and compromise in the global economy explores street vending within the context of the shift from modernism to postmodernism, suggesting that the former implied crackdowns on the trade because of the ideals of public order and control whilst the latter is more open to such methods. Questions whether this new approach brings fresh dilemmas for the informal sector. Proffers the idea that the policy makers should allow deregulated sectors of informality in the economy to function as incubators for new industry.

Extends the notion of informality into the area of illegality, looking at how illegal crack vendors in New York use informality to reduce and pass risk to others. Focuses on the techniques used to avoid detection and arrest and the methods of placing risk of imprisonment on smaller, lower‐income dealers. Suggests that this process of exploitation only makes sense when seen in the broader context of inequality in US society where some have nothing to lose by going to jail.