Esther Kingston‐Mann, In Search of the True West: Culture, Economics, and the Problems of Russian Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Pp.xiii + 301; notes; bibliography; index. £17.50 (paperback). ISBN 0691004331 Dmitry Shlapentokh, The Counter‐Revolution in Revolution: Images of Thermidor and Napoleon at the Time of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1999. Pp.183; notes; index. £45 (hardback). ISBN 0333669142 Martin Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp.xii + 514; notes; index. £21.95 (hardback). ISBN 0674781201

John Keep, No gauntlet for gentlemen: officers' privileges in Russian military law, 1716-1855. The article examines the following questions: I. Why this topic, contrary to appearances, is historically significant; 2. Sources - and revealing silences; 3. The system as established by Peler I, and compared to other systems; 4. The soslovie structure and its reflection in Russian military law; Catherine II's grant of corporate rights and the policies of her successors; 5. "Class justice" or two parallel institutional systems as regards a) malfeasance/abuse of authority by officers, b) procedural antl other advantages enjoyed by officer offenders, c) penal practice affecting officers and other ranks; 6. Attitudes among dvoriane to their privileges; stu i ings of legal consciousness; 7. Conclusions: the major defects are systemic and cultural rather than estate-related.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Other Bolsheviks: Lenin and His Critics, 1904-1914. Robert C. Williams John KeepJohn Keep Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 61, Number 2Jun., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/468286 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

John Keep, La justice pour les troupes : une étude comparative de la Russie de Nicolas Ier et de la France de Louis-Philippe. La justice militaire est un rouage essentiel de la machine répressive de tout État. Sous le régime absolutiste du tsar militariste Nicolas Ier (1825-1855), le système russe était en retard sur celui de la France sous le « roi bourgeois » Louis-Philippe. Il n'y avait aucun contrôle par une instance juridique civile et les cours martiales exerçaient leur juridiction sur un grand nombre de catégories de délits et de délinquants civils. En France, au contraire, le principe de la suprématie civile était reconnu et largement respecté. En Russie, les enquêtes préliminaires et les cours martiales étaient dirigées dans une large mesure par des officiers qui n'avaient pas de formation juridique ou de fonctions bien précises, alors que leurs homologues français possédaient une structure administrative ramifiée, dont la vocation était de s'assurer que la justice était rendue comme il le fallait ; un prévenu pouvait faire appel à un avocat, ce qui en Russie n'était possible que dans les affaires sommaires à procédure accélérée et les inculpés étaient à la merci de l'accusation ; les procès avaient lieu en secret sur la base de documents écrits ; on arrivait souvent à des verdicts arbitraires, car les réviseurs pouvaient redéfinir l'accusation et accroître les peines. Ces dernières étaient barbares et comportaient fréquemment des châtiments corporels sévères. Le sort des exilés en Sibérie est comparé à celui des bagnards en France et des détenus dans des unités pénitentiaires. Les déserteurs étaient traités moins sévèrement en France, en partie pour des raisons politiques, et les chances d'acquittement y étaient beaucoup plus grandes puisque les Français avaient une conscience légale développée que les Russes commençaient seulement à acquérir.

John Keep, The origins of Russian militarism. This article, based on a lecture given to a non-specialist audience, considers some of the ways in which the Russian "service state", from its origins in sixteenth-century Muscovy to its evanescence in the Russian Empire of the mid-nineteenth century, affected the absolutist state order and the pre-modern national economy, the life of the common soldier, and the moral-intellectual outlook of the officers, a major element in the dvorianstvo or "service gentry". The argument is that the military represented a "sub-culture" poorly integrated into the community; and that Russia experienced a variant of the militarism that at one time or another has afflicted most European states. This tradition may have left an imprint on Soviet society as well, even if there are weightier, more direct reasons to explain the recent expansion of Soviet military power.

John Keep, Emancipation by the axe? Peasant revolts in Russian thought and literature. Contrary to widespread opinion, a continuous thread runs from the 17th- and 18th-century Russian peasant revolts to the agrarian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, manifested in the survival of social Utopian myths. The Razin legendary cycle, distorting Christian teaching, presents the "liberator" as an avenging apostle. Russian writers from Pushkin onward, and later social theorists, took up the theme of agrarian violence but were shocked by the brutal events of 1917-1918. Early Soviet writers (e.g. L. Leonov) offered a critical portrait of the peasant revolutionaries, but subsequently this theme has been neglected. A comparison of two novels on the Razin revolt (A. P. Chapygin, 1927; S. Zlobin, 1951) illustrates changes in the official ideology and Soviet literary taste; popular mythology is today manipulated for mundane political ends.