Antarctica, a critical regulator of global climate, faces threats to its permafrost and ecosystems from recent warming. However, a quantitative understanding of subsurface responses remains limited, hindering accurate environmental modeling. This gap hinders accurate modeling of future environmental changes. This study investigates the influence of rising air temperatures on thaw depth and permafrost characteristics by quantifying the links between surface environmental changes and subsurface responses. From 2018 to 2024, we integrated meteorological observations, drone and satellite remote sensing, and geophysical surveys-electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR)-to assess atmosphere, surface, and subsurface changes. Our results revealed an overall warming trend during the study period, with the average annual air temperature rising by approximately 1 degrees C and the thaw season extending by up to 50 days. Earlier snowmelt reduced albedo, increasing soil heat absorption and meltwater infiltration. The thaw depth thickened from 1.1 to 1.5 m (maximum) and from 0.65 to 0.85 m (dry sites). ERT indicated reduced resistivity at similar to 1-m depth, reflecting permafrost ice melt, and localized meltwater pooling at similar to 3-m depth. Normalized difference vegetation index data showed increased vegetation activity. Our study shows that even slight warming can drive linked physical and ecological shifts in Antarctica, with implications for global climate feedbacks. Our quantitative analysis of the increasing late-summer thaw depth provides important data that can contribute to the validation and improvement of regional climate models.

Antarctica, a critical regulator of global climate, faces threats to its permafrost and ecosystems from recent warming. However, a quantitative understanding of subsurface responses remains limited, hindering accurate environmental modeling. This gap hinders accurate modeling of future environmental changes. This study investigates the influence of rising air temperatures on active layer and permafrost characteristics... by quantifying the links between surface environmental changes and subsurface responses. From 2018–2024, we integrated meteorological observations, drone and satellite remote sensing, and geophysical surveys—electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR)—to assess atmosphere, surface, and subsurface changes. Our results indicated that the average annual temperature increased by ~1°C, extending the thaw season by ~50 days. Earlier snowmelt reduced albedo, increasing soil heat absorption and meltwater infiltration. The active layer thickened from 1.1 m to 1.5 m (maximum) and from 0.65 m to 0.85 m (dry sites). ERT indicated reduced resistivity at ~1 m depth, reflecting permafrost ice melt, and localized meltwater pooling at ~3 m depth. NDVI data showed increased vegetation activity. Our study shows that even slight warming can drive linked physical and ecological shifts in Antarctica, with implications for global climate feedbacks. Quantitative evidence of active layer thickening and permafrost degradation provides critical baseline data for improving prediction models. Future research should use year-round, three-dimensional monitoring and modeling to capture spatial variability and meltwater dynamics more accurately.

Ice accretion on exposed surfaces reduces safety and efficiency across residential, industrial, and transportation sectors. Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) are explored as icephobic coatings attributed to their snow affinity and delayed freezing. Integrating photothermal functionality into SHS, combined with thermal management to minimize heat loss, can further improve the anti-icing performance via synergistic effects. Herein, we have designed a layered Al6061/PDMS/Cu with a superhydrophobic photothermal top coating layer. The top SHS photoabsorber layer was synthesized by cross-linking of hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH-PDMS) with trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (FDTS) and embedding MWCNTs within a polymeric matrix. The Si-O-Si bond formation via direct cross-linking reaction between PDMS and FDTS was supported using DFT as well as structural studies. The MWCNT embedded in PDMS/FDTS composite exhibited a static contact angle of 156.2 f 1 degrees and a tilt angle of 6 f 1 degrees, and achieved a freezing delay time of 356 f 7 s at-15 degrees C temperature. At-15 degrees C, layered coating heats 40% faster than the single layer SHS on Al, initiating droplet melting at 40 s and completed it around 110 s. Overall, this facile layered coating design shows strong potential as photothermally active de-icing for harsh cold climates.

In this study, we analyzed the effects of snow cover changes caused by snow fences (SFs) installed in 2017 in the Alaskan tundra to examine ground subsidence. Digital surface model data obtained through LiDAR-based remote sensing in 2019 and 2022, combined with a field survey in 2021, revealed approximately 0.2 m of ground subsidence around the SF. To investigate the relationship between SF-induced snow cover changes and ground subsidence, geophysical methods, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), were applied in 2023 to analyze subsurface characteristics. The increased snow cover due to the SF-enhanced insulation, delaying the penetration of winter cold into the subsurface. This delay caused subsurface temperatures to decrease more slowly, melting the upper permafrost and increasing the thickness of the active layer. ERT and GPR surveys well delineated the boundary between the active layer and permafrost, confirming that the increased snow cover thickened the active layer. This thickening led to the melting of pore ice, causing water runoff and ground compaction, which resulted in subsidence. The runoff also formed channels flowing eastward over the SF. This study highlights how changes in snow cover can influence active layer properties, leading to localized environmental changes and ground subsidence.

The stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet depends on ice flux into the ocean through major outlet glaciers, which is resisted by shear stresses in the lateral shear margins, both on grounded ice and on floating ice shelves. Within the tidal-flexure zone, where the ice sheet transitions from fully grounded to freely floating, ocean tides lead to a characteristic flexural pattern, which can be detected by radar satellites in differential interferograms. Here, we investigate how spatially heterogeneous elastic ice-shelf properties in the shear zones affect tidal flexure and whether a corresponding signature can be detected in satellite observations. We use the Young's modulus (which, among others, depends on ice temperature and/or ice-crystal orientation fabric and damage) as a bulk tuning variable for changing ice stiffness across shear zones and show that this leads to centimeter-scale deviations in vertical displacement, compared with a homogeneous elastic flexure model. Using the tidal-flexure zone of Priestley Glacier as an example, we compare homogeneous and heterogeneous flexure-model predictions with observations from 31 differential interferograms. After adjusting the local tide model and validating it with in situ GPS data, we find that a 5-fold reduction of the Young's modulus in the shear zone, i.e., an effective shear-zone weakening, reduces the root-mean-square error of predicted and observed vertical displacement by 33 % within the central part of the ice shelf. This suggests that satellite interferometry can detect changing ice stiffness across shear zones, with the potential to inform ice-flow models about the often unknown spatial variability in ice-shelf properties along the grounding zone.

Arctic warming is accelerating at a rate approximately four times faster than the global average, exerting profound effects on soil organic matter and microbial activity, particularly in permafrost regions rich in soil carbon stocks. This study investigates the molecular composition of water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) in response to a 7-year period of warming via open-top chambers across different soil layers in a dry Arctic tundra ecosystem. We focused on elucidating the depth-dependent responses of WEOM to warming, emphasizing compositional shifts and proportional changes in WEOM constituents using ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Our results indicate that the organic layer exhibited minimal changes in soil properties and WEOM composition in response to warming. In contrast, the mineral layer demonstrated significant alterations with warming, including increased total dissolved nitrogen content, enhanced biological activity, and shifts in WEOM molecular composition. Particularly, the warming treatment led to an increase in the abundance of highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds (HUP) and peptide-like compounds in the mineral layer, reflecting enhanced microbial utilization of WEOM. This study underscores the critical importance of considering soil depth and layer when assessing the ecological impacts of climate warming, particularly in Arctic regions where microbial activities remain limited. These results suggest that warming-induced changes in the mineral layer may reflect stimulation of microbial communities by belowground processes, such as rhizosphere expansion or organic input from upper soil horizons, although these mechanisms remain to be directly confirmed. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving WEOM transformations under warming conditions, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding and prediction of biogeochemical processes occurring in a warming Arctic.

Abstract. For addressing important paleoclimatic questions, such as the cause of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the search for one-million-year-old ice is of great interest. Antarctic blue-ice areas (BIAs), where ancient ice outcrops on the surface of ice sheet, offer promising sites for identifying ice spanning the MPT period. To date, only two sites, the Allan Hills BIA and the Mullins Glacier in East Antarctica, have been identified as areas that contain ancient ice older than one million years. We investigated icefields in the Elephant Moraine and Reckling Moraine regions of East Antarctica to contribute to the search for ancient ice spanning the MPT. Ice-penetrating radar surveys revealed that ice thickness ranged from 200 m to 800 m across the icefields. The 81Kr dating of the surface ice (<10 m) showed ages of 83–119 kyr BP (Before Present) and 93–124 kyr BP for blue ice in the Meteorite City Icefield and 320–385 kyr BP in the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield. We also analyzed several gas compositions (δ15N-N2, δ18O-O2, δO2/N2, δAr/N2, CO2, CH4, and N2O) and revealed that gas records at very shallow depths are altered. A comparison of stable water isotopes (δ18Oice and δ2Hice) indicated that the original deposition site of the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield experienced colder condition than those of the nearby icefields. Given these findings, we expect that ice spanning the MPT period can be retrieved from the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield with only a few hundred meters of drilling.

To address important paleoclimatic questions, such as the cause of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the search for 1-million-year-old ice is of great interest. Antarctic blue-ice areas (BIAs), where ancient ice outcrops on the surface of ice sheets, offer promising sites for identifying ice spanning the MPT period. To date, only two sites, the Allan Hills BIA and the Mullins Glacier in East Antarctica, have been identified as areas that contain ancient ice older than 1 million years. We investigated icefields in the Elephant Moraine and Reckling Moraine regions of East Antarctica to contribute to the search for ancient ice spanning the MPT. Ice-penetrating radar surveys revealed that ice thickness ranged from 200 to 800 m across the icefields. Kr-81 dating of the surface ice ( < 10 m) showed ages of 83-119 kyr BP (before present) and 93-124 kyr BP for blue ice in the Meteorite City Icefield and 320-385 kyr BP in the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield. We also analyzed several gas compositions ( delta 15 N-N-2, delta 18 O-O-2, delta O-2 / N-2, delta Ar / N-2, CO2, CH4, and N2O) and revealed that gas records at very shallow depths are altered. A comparison of stable water isotopes ( delta 18 O-ice and delta 2 H-ice) indicated that the original deposition site of the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield experienced colder conditions than those of the nearby icefields. Given these findings, ice spanning the MPT period could be retrieved from the Elephant Moraine Main Icefield with only a few hundred meters of drilling.

We present Bedmap3, the latest suite of gridded products describing surface elevation, ice-thickness and the seafloor and subglacial bed elevation of the Antarctic south of 60 °S. Bedmap3 incorporates and adds to all post-1950s datasets previously used for Bedmap2, including 84 new aero-geophysical surveys by 15 data providers, an additional 52 million data points and 1.9 million line-kilometres of measurement. These efforts have filled notable gaps including in major mountain ranges and the deep interior of East Antarctica, along West Antarctic coastlines and on the Antarctic Peninsula. Our new Bedmap3/RINGS grounding line similarly consolidates multiple recent mappings into a single, spatially coherent feature. Combined with updated maps of surface topography, ice shelf thickness, rock outcrops and bathymetry, Bedmap3 reveals in much greater detail the subglacial landscape and distribution of Antarctica’s ice, providing new opportunities to interpret continental-scale landscape evolution and to model the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets.

The stability of polar ice sheets is governed by the seaward movement of ice streams which is decelerated by resistance originating from lateral shear zones. We explore the impact of crystal-scale anisotropy on effective ice stiffness, with regional-scale consequences on ice dynamics. Using the flexural response of Priestley Glacier to tidal forcing as an experimental framework, we constrain isotropic and anisotropic elastic models of vertical tidal ice-shelf flexure. We find that a five-fold reduction of local ice stiffness within narrow lateral shear-zone best fits DInSAR measurements from Sentinel-1. Our modeling not only reproduces 31 double-differential interferograms but also resolves them into 56 individual maps of vertical displacement during SAR image acquisition. Validated with GPS measurements, the inclusion of effective shear-zone weakening significantly reduces the root-mean-square-error of predicted and observed vertical displacement by 84%, from 0.182 m to 0.03 m. These results highlight the untapped potential of DInSAR imagery for mapping ice anisotropy along the feature-rich Antarctic grounding zone, an essential parameter for advancing current ice-sheet flow models.

During the 2018–2019 Antarctic summer, the Korea Polar Research Institute and the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics collaborated on a helicopter‐based ice‐penetrating radar (IPR) survey over the active subglacial lake D2 (SLD2), located in the midstream of the David Glacier, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. This study investigates the relationship between SLD2 water levels and fluctuations in glacial surface elevation (up to 3.6 m) and delineates subglacial lakes within the study area. We provide a comprehensive analysis based on integrated data from IPR (2018), Sentinel‐1 double‐differential interferogram synthetic aperture radar (DDInSAR) (2017–2022), ICESat‐2 laser altimeter (2019–2022), and KOMPSAT‐5 synthetic aperture radar (2021 and 2023). The concave bedrock structure and low hydraulic head areas concentrate subglacial meltwater, facilitating water accumulation and retention, forming a lake. The SLD2 lake complex is identified based on bed topography, hydraulic gradient, and relative bed reflection intensity. Its area is approximately 1/9.2 of the lake area estimated through remote sensing. Our analysis suggests that variations in water supply and discharge along the subglacial channel network influence lake water levels, as evidenced by a surface elevation increase of up to 3.69 m in the SLD2 area from 2019 to 2022. Additionally, the presence of crevasses and incoherence in the DDInSAR imagery suggests that these subglacial lakes impact glacier flow velocity.

This paper presents an overview of current electricity generation and consumption patterns in the Antarctic. Based on both previously published and newly collected data, the paper describes the current status of renewable-energy use at research stations in the Antarctic. A more detailed view of electricity systems is also presented, demonstrating how different types of resources may be used and combined. The paper will serve as a guide to various renewable-energy generation technologies, highlighting well-established praxis, lessons learned, and potential ideas for improvement. Several renewable electricity generation technologies that have proven effective for use in the Antarctic environment are described. as well as those that are currently in use. Finally, the paper summarizes the major lessons learned to support future projects and close the knowledge gap. The use of renewable-energy sources has the potential to reduce research stations’ greenhouse gas emissions, making research in Antarctica more sustainable. The availability of high-quality energy is crucial for survival and to allow scientists to conduct meaningful research at research stations under harsh Antarctic conditions.

The impact of buildings around the King Sejong Station (KSS), South Korea's first scientific station in Antarctica, has locally altered snowfall accumulation and vegetation distribution. Areas with high snowfall accumulation exhibited sparse vegetation, whereas areas with low snowfall showed distinct vegetation. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis using various data sources to understand the causes of changes in vegetation distribution. Meteorological data, including air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, and wind, were analyzed to determine the impact of station buildings on snow cover changes. The changes in vegetation distribution were more clearly visible through results of measured Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Additionally, time-lapse electrical resistivity data were collected throughout 2020 to analyze variations in the subsurface electrical resistivity distribution. Electrical resistivity surveys utilized both dipole-dipole and Wenner arrays to gather data, with subsurface electrical resistivity information obtained through inversion process. The active layer, which is characterized by low electrical resistivity and is conducive to vegetation growth, is distributed in the upper layers and changes over time, only in vegetated area. In contrast, the development of the active layer was not observed in nonvegetated area. In conclusion, the time-lapse electrical resistivity data effectively reveal the temporal changes in the distribution of the active layer in the study area. When the electrical resistivity data were interpreted in conjunction with meteorological data, it provided a good understanding of the causes of changes in the distribution of vegetation around the KSS.

Ice accumulation and proliferation adversely affect the activities of various residential, commercial, and polar research stations. Although significant efforts are devoted to preventing ice adhesion to various surfaces by developing various anti-icing coatings, it is still necessary to enhance overall performance and durability. Herein, a facile approach is proposed for fabricating an icephobic coating on an aluminum 6061 (Al) substrate, by coating a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite through a spin-coating method, followed by sprinkling of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Crosslinker/binder-free adhesion between PDMS and PTFE is achieved by utilizing secondary-induced electrostatic dipole-dipole interactions, these interactions are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations as well as structural studies. Moreover, the controlled addition of PTFE powder to PDMS improves the water-repellency, mechanical strength, and surface roughness of the coating. The self-formation of the superhydrophobic state of the PDMS/PTFE composite is achieved by sprinkling SiO2 NPs. The sprinkled SiO2 NPs are protected by the PDMS/PTFE composite, which serves as a stress concentrator to achieve low ice adhesion. Furthermore, freezing at low temperatures can be delayed by controlling the heat flow rate, interfacial contact area, and surface texture. This indicates the feasibility of the proposed method for various promising anti-icing applications.

&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; David Glacier is a significant East Antarctic outlet glacier through the Transantarctic Mountains and into the western Ross Sea. The six active subglacial lakes (D1~D6) were identified in the David Glacier catchment based on NASA&amp;#8217;s Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimeter dataset for 4.5 years (2003-2008). Since 2016, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) has been preparing the hot-water drilling project in the David Glacier, starting with the geophysical surveys. KOPRI&amp;#8217;s geophysical research team confirmed the change rate of the surface elevation of the David glaciers based on the analysis of the Double-Differential Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DDinSAR) from satellite (Sentinel-1A) images for July to August 2015 and March 2017, then selected the D2 subglacial lake as the target for the potential hot-water drilling project. KOPRI&amp;#8217;s Antarctic traverse team developed ground routes for logistics from the JBS to the D2 lake site in the 2017-18 season. In the 2018-19 season, a radar survey was conducted on the D2 site, and the lake&#039;s global structures and scale were confirmed. Then, in the 2021-2022 season, a multi-channel seismic survey was conducted on the D2 site to image the detailed subglacial structures of the lake. The final goal of this seismic survey is to get information on the optimal site selection for the hot-water-drilling location for subglacial sampling.&amp;#160; The seismic survey was performed for about two months on the ice. Dynamite is used to generating the seismic source; 1.6 kg of dynamites were used per the charging hole. The charging depth is 25 m. 90 m and 180 m shot intervals were used for 8- and 4-fold data acquisition. Four sets of the Geometric Geode and a 96-channel GEOROD system were employed to record the seismic signal from the ice. The group spacing of the receiver (GEOROD) is 15 m. The seismic data were recorded for 4 seconds with two milliseconds sampling rates. The total length of the acquired seismic data is 17.2 km, consisting of 4 survey lines: two south-to-north and two east-to-west lines. The maximum and minimum fold numbers are 8 and 4, respectively. We got high-quality seismic migrated images containing actual structural and geophysical information about the subglacial lake through seismic data processing with advanced denoise and de-ghosting algorithms. We confirmed the thickness of the ice, which can estimate by the depth of the reversed-polarity reflections on the boundaries between the ice and lake water from the migrated seismic sections for each survey line for D2 lake. Also, the 200 m lake water depth, structures, and geophysical characteristics of the subglacial lake were confirmed, and then, we found the optimal hot-water drilling location for the subglacial lake D2 in the David Glacier, Antarctica.&lt;/p&gt;

One of the key components of this research has been the mapping of Antarctic bed topography and ice thickness parameters that are crucial for modelling ice flow and hence for predicting future ice loss and the ensuing sea level rise. Supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Bedmap3 Action Group aims not only to produce new gridded maps of ice thickness and bed topography for the international scientific community, but also to standardize and make available all the geophysical survey data points used in producing the Bedmap gridded products. Here, we document the survey data used in the latest iteration, Bedmap3, incorporating and adding to all of the datasets previously used for Bedmap1 and Bedmap2, including ice bed, surface and thickness point data from all Antarctic geophysical campaigns since the 1950s. More specifically, we describe the processes used to standardize and make these and future surveys and gridded datasets accessible under the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data principles. With the goals of making the gridding process reproducible and allowing scientists to re-use the data freely for their own analysis, we introduce the new SCAR Bedmap Data Portal (https://bedmap.scar.org, last access: 1 March 2023) created to provide unprecedented open access to these important datasets through a web-map interface. We believe that this data release will be a valuable asset to Antarctic research and will greatly extend the life cycle of the data held within it. Data are available from the UK Polar Data Centre: https://data.bas.ac.uk (last access: 5 May 2023​​​​​​​). See the Data availability section for the complete list of datasets.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are a cost-effective alternative to traditional surveying methods, and they can be used to collect geospatial data over inaccessible or hard-to-reach locations. UAV-integrated miniaturized remote sensing sensors such as hyperspectral and LiDAR sensors, which formerly operated on airborne and spaceborne platforms, have recently been developed. Their accuracies can still be guaranteed when incorporating pieces of equipment such as ground control points (GCPs) and field spectrometers. This study conducted three experiments for geometric and radiometric accuracy assessments of simultaneously acquired RGB, hyperspectral, and LiDAR data from a single mission. Our RGB and hyperspectral data generated orthorectified images based on direct georeferencing without any GCPs. Because of this, a base station is required for the post-processed Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Measurement Unit (GNSS/IMU) data. First, we compared the geometric accuracy of orthorectified RGB and hyperspectral images relative to the distance of the base station to determine which base station should be used. Second, point clouds could be generated from overlapped RGB images and a LiDAR sensor. We quantitatively and qualitatively compared RGB and LiDAR point clouds in this experiment. Lastly, we evaluated the radiometric quality of hyperspectral images, which is the most critical factor of the hyperspectral sensor, using reference spectra that was simultaneously measured by a field spectrometer. Consequently, the distance of the base station for post-processing the GNSS/IMU data was found to have no significant impact on the geometric accuracy, indicating that a dedicated base station is not always necessary. Our experimental results demonstrated geometric errors of less than two hyperspectral pixels without using GCPs, achieving a level of accuracy that is comparable to survey-level standards. Regarding the comparison of RGB- and LiDAR-based point clouds, RGB point clouds exhibited noise and lacked details; however, through the cleaning process, their vertical accuracy was found to be comparable with LiDAR's accuracy. Although photogrammetry generated denser point clouds compared with LiDAR, the overall quality for extracting the elevation data greatly relies on factors such as the original image quality, including the image's occlusions, shadows, and tie-points, for matching. Furthermore, the image spectra derived from hyperspectral data consistently demonstrated high radiometric quality without the need for in situ field spectrum information. This finding indicates that in situ field spectra are not always required to guarantee the radiometric quality of hyperspectral data, as long as well-calibrated targets are utilized.

Over the past 60 years, scientists have strived to understand the past, present and future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. One of the key components of this research has been the mapping of Antarctic bed topography and ice thickness parameters that are crucial for modelling ice flow and hence for predicting future ice loss and ensuing sea level rise. Supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Bedmap3 Action Group aims not only to produce new gridded maps of ice thickness and bed topography for the international scientific community, but also to standardize and make available all the geophysical survey data points used in producing the Bedmap gridded products. Here, we document the survey data used in the latest iteration, Bedmap3, incorporating and adding to all of the datasets previously used for Bedmap1 and Bedmap2, including ice-bed, surface and thickness point data from all Antarctic geophysical campaigns since the 1950s. More specifically, we describe the processes used to standardize and make these and future survey and gridded datasets accessible under the ‘Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable’ (FAIR) data principles. With the goals to make the gridding process reproducible and to allow scientists to re-use the data freely for their own analysis, we introduce the new SCAR Bedmap Data Portal (bedmap.scar.org, last access: 18 October 2022) created to provide unprecedented open access to these important datasets, through a user-friendly webmap interface. We believe that this data release will be a valuable asset to Antarctic research and will greatly extend the life cycle of the data held within it. Data are available from the UK Polar Data Centre: https://data.bas.ac.uk.