依据2005年和2020年两期二类调查数据,分析了全省森林资源主要成林的树种、面积、蓄积组成及结构变化,分析比较了主要林分类型的生产力及其主要影响因素,基于客观分析与评价,提出了营造林生产建议.

[目的]评估河北小五台山自然保护区以华北落叶松为优势种的针阔混交林不同径级华北落叶松在不同尺度上对邻体物种多样性格局的影响,阐明不同生态过程对华北落叶松邻体物种多样性格局形成的作用,为理解森林群落物种多样性维持机制提供依据.[方法]在河北小五台山自然保护区,选取典型的针阔混交林,建立1块2.4 hm2(80 m×300 m)森林动态监测样地,分析群落的物种组成和结构特征,将群落优势种华北落叶松的胸径(DBH)以3 cm为间距划分为9个径级,利用个体种-面积关系函数(ISARs)结合异质泊松零模型,探讨不同径级华北落叶松在不同尺度上对邻体物种多样性格局的影响.[结果]样地共记录到DBH≥1 cm的木本植物4275株,隶属17科26属35种.9个径级华北落叶松的个体(共550株)整体呈现出近似正态分布,Ⅴ径级(19～22 cm)个体数最多(92株).在30 m尺度范围内,9个径级华北落叶松的ISARs值均表现为随尺度增加逐渐增大的趋势,Ⅳ(16～19 cm)和Ⅸ径级(≥31 cm)华北落叶松分别表现为在所有尺度上最高的ISARs值和最低的ISARs值.Ⅲ(13～16 cm)、Ⅶ(25～28 cm)和Ⅷ(28～31 cm)径级华北落叶松在所有尺度上与邻体物种多样性的相互作用均表现为中性;其余6个径级华北落叶松对邻体物种多样性的促进或抑制作用均发生在较小尺度(≤11 m),有5个径级(Ⅰ级:<10 cm;Ⅱ级:10～13 cm;Ⅳ;Ⅴ;Ⅵ级22～25 cm)的华北落叶松在不同程度上表现出对邻体物种多样性的促进作用,仅有Ⅸ(≥31 cm)径级华北落叶松在2～4 m尺度上表现出对邻体物种多样性的抑制作用,随尺度增加均转变为中性作用.[结论]尺度依赖效应显著影响华北落叶松邻体物种多样性格局.虽然中性过程在多个尺度上主导不同径级华北落叶松邻体物种多样性格局,但是较小尺度上的促进作用对华北落叶松邻体物种多样性格局的影响也不可忽视.华北落叶松的Ⅳ和Ⅸ径级阶段对邻体物种多样性格局的形成和维持较为关键.

截干是叶用银杏园有效的复壮方式之一,针对河北省叶用银杏种植园树木老化的问题,通过对叶用银杏种植园中6a树龄的苗木进行不同高度的截干处理,测量截干后2a的各生物学指标,探索出理想的叶用园栽植管理模式.研究表明:截干当年株高受到显著影响,当年株高净生长高度要明显快于对照,截干后第2年株高与对照差距进一步缩小.表明截干处理能加快植株的高生长.截干能消除顶端优势,刺激隐芽萌发,对银杏苗木的发枝数量有促进作用,能增加枝条的生长量.重度截干会对当年的叶产量造成一定的影响,但合适的截干高度(60cm)反而会提高叶产量,截干后叶面积和叶片厚度明显增加,黄酮醇苷和萜内酯等有效成分含量明显提升,使叶片质量大幅提升.采用适宜的截干高度能提高叶的质量和产量,是叶用银杏园持续健康发展有效的手段,综合多种因素,定干高度在30～80cm之间较为适宜.

本研究确定一种在河北省小五台山地区出现的白色花冠并头黄芩是一个未被记录的新变种,可以给植物花色遗传变异研究提供新的案例.研究通过资料查询、实地踏查和实验室测定,在河北小五台自然保护区实地调查新变种与原变种的生境条件、分布状况等;实验室测定比对新变种与原变种的黄酮类物质含量和叶绿素含量.通过3年的调查和测定,白色花冠并头黄芩与分布在附近的并头黄芩在花冠颜色上有明显差异,白色花冠可以稳定遗传;白色花冠并头黄芩叶片颜色稍淡,叶绿素含量略低于原变种;黄酮类物质含量约是原变种的1.4倍;白色花冠并头黄芩侧枝细弱、侧根较多细长,与附近并头黄芩侧枝和侧根较少且粗壮有明显差别.经过资料查询及走访咨询,均未查询到白色花冠并头黄芩的资料,白色花冠并头黄芩种群分布特征不符合隐性基因表达的遗传规律,也没有其他杂合体的出现,且与《四川植物志》记录的白花黄芩和《中国植物志》、《河北植物志》报告的4种并头黄芩变种有明显差别,因此,白色花冠并头黄芩是一个新变种,命名为白花并头黄芩(Scutellaria scordifolia var.white corolla),新变种分布在小五台山山涧口东沟.

对叶用银杏园进行不同强度修剪试验.结果表明:修剪可以促进萌芽抽枝,使叶片大而厚,从而提高采叶园的产量,而且银杏叶的黄酮醇苷含量也增加;重度修剪是提高叶用银杏园产量和质量的有效技术措施之一.

[目的]为研究冀北山地土壤养分和肥力对海拔梯度的响应,揭示土壤养分含量、化学计量特征和肥力的海拔梯度差异,为区域生态公益林可持续经营提供理论依据.[方法]以河北小五台山不同海拔梯度典型植被类型0～60 cm土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)及C、N、P、K化学计量特征的海拔梯度差异,通过主成分分析和相关分析方法选取土壤肥力评价指标,对不同海拔梯度土壤肥力进行了综合评价.[结果]1)随海拔梯度升高,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、全钾和C/N、C/P、C/K、N/K升高,而速效磷、速效钾和N/P、P/K无明显变化规律.2)小五台山不同海拔梯度0～60 cm土层土壤有机质含量变化范围为19.77～70.69 g·kg-1;全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为0.85～2.34、0.26～0.86、7.60～10.31 g·kg-1;碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为72.26～206.61、0.30～0.50、64.03～130.90 mg·kg-1.3)土壤C/N、C/P、C/K随海拔升高的变化范围分别为12.79～18.72、22.51～75.75、1.50～4.31;N/K、N/P、P/K变化范围分别为0.11～0.27、1.76～4.67、0.03～0.10;土壤C/N变异系数最小,C/K变异系数最大.4)经土壤肥力指数(SFI)综合评价,小五台山SFI与海拔高度显著正相关(R2=0.68,P<0.01).[结论]参照全国第二次土壤普查标准,小五台山土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量较高,全磷和速效钾含量处于中间水平,而全钾和速效磷含量比较低,在森林经营中应注意补充.SFI指数显示小五台山海拔越高土壤肥力越好.

对河北省石家庄和邢台宁晋县两个不同地区叶用银杏种植园5a生银杏进行生长情况和银杏叶提取物有效成分测定.结果表明:石家庄银杏苗平均株高为176.57cm,宁晋同龄苗木平均株高为163cm,二者达到显著差异水平.石家庄苗木平均单株干叶产量为114.19g,宁晋苗木平均单株干叶产量为85.58g,二者差异达到极显著差异水平.石家庄银杏叶片总黄酮醇苷和萜内酯含量均低于宁晋叶用银杏种植园.分析认为:石家庄和宁晋在气候、灌溉、土壤条件上的差异是造成这一结果的重要原因.

为了筛选适宜1a生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)苗生长的松树皮最佳粒径,通过测定不同单一粒径条件下油松的生长指标,运用方差分析、多重比较、多目标决策方法对油松苗的生长状况作出综合评价.研究结果表明:粒径为4～5mm的松树皮作为基质,培育的油松苗侧根数量最多,为13.1根,苗木品质指数最大,为0.090,顶芽干重最重,为11.37mg/株,综合评价分值最高.可见粒径为4～5mm的松树皮最适宜栽培1a生油松苗.

收集胡桃楸自然分布区内5个种源的种子,分别为黑龙江铁力种源、河北滦平种源、河北平泉种源、河北武安种源和河北易县种源,调查其果实形态差异,并在河北滦平进行播种育苗,研究胡桃楸不同种源种子质量及苗期生长变异规律,结果发现:胡桃楸果实表现出丰富的变异类型,在种子直径、纵径和侧径3个方面存在显著差异(P<0.05);胡桃楸种子质量差异明显、存在广泛变异,其种子百粒质量、场圃发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等4个性状变异系数的变化范围分别为0.90％～9.39％、10.59％～18.71％、10.58％～30.41％、16.34％～31.59％.试验点胡桃楸2年生株高、基径生长量差异显著,武安种源和易县种源苗期生长表现较好,株高、基径在种源间及种源内变异系数差异十分明显,其变异系数的变化范围分别为19.52％～33.50％、20.65％～31.38％.

对不同栽植模式的3 ～6a生叶用银杏园产量进行调查,结果表明:在叶用银杏园3～6a的幼龄阶段,栽植模式对叶产量影响很大,单株叶产量受株行距影响较大,单位面积产量受栽植密度影响更大,相同密度不同栽植方式在一定程度上也影响叶产量,株行距为30cm×40cm/80cm的栽植模式较好.

以河北小五台山不同海拔18块样地土壤为研究对象,分析和比较了不同海拔下土壤物理性质、持水能力、养分特征等14项指标,研究小五台山不同海拔土壤理化性质的垂直变化规律.结果表明:(1)随海拔的升高小五台山土壤容重逐步降低,总孔隙度逐步升高,毛管孔隙度变化不明显;随土层深度增加土壤容重变大,总孔隙度降低.(2)土壤含水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量、田间持水量随海拔升高逐渐升高,随土层深度增加逐渐降低,这种降低趋势随海拔增加逐渐扩大.(3)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮含量随海拔升高而逐渐升高,随土层深度增加而降低;土壤全钾含量随海拔升高表现为“先升后降”的抛物线型,在2 100～2 200 m达到峰值.0-20 cm土层速效钾和速效磷含量随海拔升高没有明显变化趋势;20-60 cm土层速效钾含量随海拔升高而升高,40-60 cm速效磷含量随海拔升高而降低.(4)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量有明显的“表聚现象”,且海拔越高越明显;土壤全磷和速效钾含量也有明显的“表聚现象”,海拔越高越不明显;土壤速效磷含量存在一定的“表聚现象”,但并不明显;土壤全钾含量没有“表聚现象”.

In order to quantitatively analyze the effects of heavy rainfall on soil cations in different stands, relevant data were collected through sampling in the field and indoor measurement, and formulas for calculating the cations transfer in rainfall and redistribution processes were developed.The 7 cations of K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+and Fe2+ in rainfall and redistribution processes were measured and analyzed by taking 3 plantations of Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelinii and Pinus tabuliformis ascases.The results showed that: (1) The cationsorder by rainfall input was K+＞ Mg2+＞ Na+＞ Fe2+＞ Ca2+＞ Zn2+＞ Mn2+; (2) Mg2+, Fe2+and Na+ were in a state of loss, while K+, Ca2 +, Mn2+and Zn2+were in accumulation statein Betula platyphylla plantation.Mg2+, K+and Na+were in a state of loss, while Fe2+, Ca2 +, Mn2+and Zn2+were in accumulation state in Pinus tabuliformis plantation.Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, K+and Na+were in a state of loss, while Ca2 +and Mn2+were in accumulation state in larch plantation; (3) Formulas of the cations transfer and net surplus were ρ穿=m穿×v穿, ρ净=cρ穿+ (1-c) ρ降+ρ树+ (ρ枯-ρ降) -ρ坡, and they could quantitatively analyze the cations transfer under heavy rainfall and redistribution processes.

森林植被恢复对土壤质量的改善是森林可持续经营的重要条件.为研究冀北不同森林植被恢复类型对土壤质量的影响差异,以小五台山自然保护区46年生华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、华北落叶松-白桦混交林为研究对象,分层测定了3种植被类型的土壤物理性状、持水能力和养分特征,采用土壤质量指数评价法对3种植被恢复类型土壤质量进行了综合评价.结果表明,(1)华北落叶松-白桦混交林对中下层(20～60 cm)土壤物理性状的改善作用较大,其浅层土壤(0～20 cm)物理性质与华北落叶松和白桦纯林差异不明显.(2)华北落叶松-白桦混交林对土壤持水能力的改善作用较大,特别是对最大持水量和田间持水量的改善作用明显大于华北落叶松和白桦纯林;对20 cm以下土层毛管持水量和土壤含水量有明显的改善作用.(3)3种植被恢复类型中,土壤养分状况表现为华北落叶松-白桦混交林>华北落叶松林>白桦林.(4)土壤质量综合评价结果表明,不同植被恢复类型对土壤质量的改善作用表现为华北落叶松-白桦混交林>华北落叶松林>白桦林,改善作用最明显的是中下层土壤(20 cm以下).综上,森林植被恢复对土壤质量的改善作用是由浅及深的过程,随着林龄增大,其对土壤质量的改善作用逐渐深入到土壤中下层.

依据组织热平衡原理,运用热扩散探针法,于2016年4月1日-2017年4月1日对冀北山地小五台自然保护区华北落叶松的树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测样地内森林梯度塔的分层环境因子,研究其树干液流特征与环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)小时尺度上,在空气温湿度、水汽压亏缺及风速的分层因子中,落叶松树干液流速率与Ta8.2m、RH8.2m、VPD8.2m相关性最好,与S14m相关关系最为密切.在土壤温度分层因子中,与浅层土壤温度(Ts5cm～Ts10cm)显著正相关,与中层以下土壤温度(Ts20cm～Ts80cm)相关关系不显著;在土壤含水量分层因子中,与浅中层土壤含水量(SWC5cm～SWC40cm)相关关系不显著,与深层土壤含水量(SWC80cm)显著正相关.在3种辐射中与紫外辐射UVR的相关系数最大,UVR中与UVA的相关系数明显大于UVB.在所有因子中与SD相关系数最大,呈极显著正相关. (2)随着时间尺度的扩大,温度对落叶松树干液流速率的影响有从地上逐渐转移到地下的趋势;空气相对湿度对落叶松树干液流速率的影响表现出先降后升的趋势;NR、TR、UVR、UVA、UVB、VPD、SD与落叶松液流速率的相关关系呈现逐渐降低的趋势.(3)考虑各环境因子对落叶松树干液流速率的综合影响,在小时尺度下影响最大的为SD和VPD8.2m;在日尺度下影响最大的为UVR和SWC80cm;在月尺度下影响最大的为Ts20cm,土壤因子的影响显著增加.3种尺度下的逐步回归方程,以月尺度下的决定系数最大,所需因子最少.

Based on tissue heat balance theory,thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probes (TDPs) were used to measure sap flow velocity of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii at Xiaowutai natural reserve in northern mountain areas of Hebei province.To research the response of stem sap flow characteristic to environmental factors,the air temperature,relative humidity,solar net radiation,total radiation,wind speed were simultaneously observed from March,2015 to March,2016.The results showed:(1) Stem sap flow of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii started in late April and ended in early October,which lasted for more than 160 days at the Xiaowutai areas.On sunny days,the daily change of stem sap flow velocity presented unimodal curve in different months.There were differences in starting,peak and ending time and changing rate of stem sap flow in different months.(2) Peak of stem sap flow velocity was highest in July,August and September in growth season,which reached more than 0.034 kg·h1cm-1.In July and August,diurnal average of stem sap flow reached to highest level that is more than 0.014 kg·h-1cm-1.(3) Stem sap flow velocity was positively correlated with air temperature,solar net radiation,total radiation,vapor pressure deficit and wind speed,whereas a negative correlation with relative humidity was detected.Influence of environmental factors to stem sap flow velocity was in the order of solar net radiation ＞ air temperature ＞ total radiation ＞ relative humidity ＞ wind speed.(4) Water consumption of individual tree was 2 145.73 ±379.30 kg in the whole growth season,maximum in July and August with 517.23 ±54.60 and 515.01 ±71.58 kg.

The natural forest of Betula platyphylla,which is widely distributed in northern China,is important ecological protection and commercial timber species. In global warming, studying the distributional law of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) along the altitudinal gradient and its influencing factors in Betula platyphylla forest will be very important for illuminating the formation mechanism of forest soil organic carbon and reasonable evaluation of forest carbon storage in this region. The Betula platyphylla forest were located in Xiaowutai Mountain Shanjiankou (lower elevation from 1 400 m above sea level to 2 000 m at its upper limit). The slope, aspect and the stand types were consistent. This study set a series of plots and samples along an altitudinal gradient on Betula platyphylla forest.It tested soil organic carbon content at different attitudes in order to discusse the distributional law of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) along the altitudinal gradient. Based on that, grey relational analysis was used to analyse the impacts of hydrothermal ration, biomass, litter storage, soil bulk density and soil total nitrogen on this law. The results showed that, SOCD presented a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth; at a depth of 0~20 cm SOCD accounted for about 50% of the whole section. From the lower elevation limit to the upper limit, SOCD presented an significant change which increased first and then decreased, the peak appeared at the altitude of 1 550~1 700 m, it was about 12.03 kg·m-2. The grey relational degree values of hydrothermal factors, vegetation factors, soil factors and SOCD showed that biomass, litter storage and soil total nitrogen were main regulating factors of the spatial variability of SOCD along the elevation. The variation of SOCD along the elevation results from the combined action of hydrothermal gradient variation and affected vegetation and soil factors.

为分析山涧口流域白桦林和落叶松人工林降雨的再分配特征,针对林分的降雨、穿透雨、树干径流、枯落物渗透水、坡面径流5个方面,从pH值、HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Fe2+7种化学指标进行测定与分析.结果表明:①与降雨相比,落叶松林在降雨再分配过程中pH值与Mg2+含量下降;Ca2+、Mn2+含量升高;Zn2+含量在穿透雨及坡面径流中下降,其它过程升高;Fe2+含量在穿透雨及树干径流中下降,其它过程升高;HCO3-含量在穿透雨中升高,其它过程下降.②比较白桦与落叶松2种林分的水化学特征可知,在各个分配过程中2种林分对于测定物质有不同的影响,并且数量改变也存在明显的差异,其中差异最大的是HCO3-.③落叶松土壤流失的营养物质种类及数量多于白桦林,水源涵养功能低于白桦林,从发挥生态功能角度出发白桦林优于落叶松林.

Forest density management is key factor to cultivate large diameter trees.According to 35-year-old and 50-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Xiaowutai mountain,the stand growth during 2011-2015 were researched which of different trees density in permanent sample plot.It showed that small density is beneficial to the tree growth,Especially significant on growth of diameter at the breast height.In Xiaowutai mountain,720 trees/hm2 is the suitable density for 35a Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation of middle and superior site condition.The suitable density is 557 to 615 trees/hm2 for 50 a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation,the stand volume growth is 10 m3/hm-2·a-1,and the volume growth rate is 4.3％,but the middle and small diameter log is major,the large diameter log is scare.Therefore,the age of harvest cutting should appropriate extended.

Based on the field investigation of the Betula ablo-sinensis forest community structure and succession in Xiaowutai mountain nature reserve.The species composition of the tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer were analyzed.The population structure charts of main species were made.It showed that Betula ablo-sinensis is constructive and dominant species in tree layer,Betula ablo-sinensis,Picea wilsonii and Larix principis-rupprechtii make up mixed forest.The cold resistant species are in the majority,Picea wilsonii is the dominant species in shrub layer.The Betula ablo-sinensis population is stable type,Larix principis-rupprechtii and Salix sinica population are recessionary type,and Picea wilsonii population is growing type.Because of middle-aged,the Betula ablo-sinensis forest is stable mixed forest in early stage of succession,but it will change to Picea wilsonii forest in late stage.

Based on tissue heat balance theory,thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probes (TDPs) were used to measure sap flow velocity of Pinus tabulaeformis at Xiaowutai natural reserve in northern mountain areas of Hebei province.To explore the response of stem sap flow to environmental factors,the air temperature,relative humidity,solar net radiation,total radiation,and wind speed were simultaneously observed from March,2015 to March,2016.The results showed:(1) Stem sap flow of Pinus tabulaeformis started in late April and ended in late October,which lasted for 184 days at the Xiaowutai areas.On sunny days,the daily change of stem sap flow velocity presented unimodal curve in different months.There were differences in starting,peak and ending time and changing rate of stem sap flow in different months.(2) The diurnal average of stem sap flow velocity reached more than 0.02 kg/(h · cm) in every month except for April and October,especially higher in May and August in which it reached 0.028 and 0.027 kg/(h · cm).The monthly peak change of stem sap flow velocity was the same as diurnal average change.(3) Stem sap flow velocity was positively correlated with air temperature,solar net radiation,total radiation,vapor pressure and wind speed,whereas a negative correlation with relative humidity was observed.Influence of environmental factors to stem sap flow velocity was in the order of temperature ＞ solar net radiation ＞ total radiation ＞ relative humidity ＞ wind speed.(4) Water consumption of individual tree was (2 679.58±579.83)kg in the whole growth season,and the largest water consumption was in May and August with (585.14±110.92)kg and(510.08±87.96)kg.