The study of spiritual and socio-educational contexts becomes an important component in the transformation of the educational environment, where the emphasis shifts from academic learning to the formation of personality, reflecting the current trends focused on the comprehensive development of students. The study aims to analyse the features of pedagogical approach in Korean education using Geojassi School as a case study. To achieve the research objectives, the following methods were used: deductive, axiomatic, comparative. The results indicated that religious principles are successfully integrated into the pedagogical approach of the Korean educational paradigm, actively contributing to the formation of appropriate character and values of students. Worship services, participation in prayer practices, charitable initiatives, and religious rituals influence the creation of Christian beliefs as well as reinforce moral values and promote spiritual abilities. This approach of Korean education is actively transformed within Korean secondary education, emphasizing the importance of social responsibility. In turn, the study noted that educational institutions face several obstacles, the most notable of which are excessive tuition rates and conflicts between teachers and students or parents. However, Christian schools are able to cope with these challenges by focusing on the spiritual development of students. In particular, Geojassi Christian School not only prepares students for the challenges of modern society but also instils in them an unbreakable foundation of leadership values that is evident in every aspect of their lives through the mentorship of teachers. The results of the study can be used to optimize educational practices and adapt successful methods of spiritual and socio-educational influence within educational institutions.

This study upgrades outdated data regarding the March First Independence Movement (MFIM) to formulate a true picture of the historical formation of Korea. The purpose of the research is to devote a wider study, paying attention to the new socio-political aspects of the events of the indicated time. While the article shows that Korean Protestants played a significant role in the MFIM, its novelty lies in its examination of the key contribution of the Protestant spirit of the MFIM to the prospective unification of South and North Korea.

South Korea's rapid Christianization in the twentieth century is a unique case of religious conversion. This article explores the story behind University Bible Fellowship (UBF), a significant Korean Protestant movement sending missionaries worldwide. UBF's founders, Pastor Samuel Lee and missionary Sarah Barry, complemented each other's cultures, overcame each other's weaknesses, and fortified each other's strengths, enabling UBF to become a global organization. This study examines the leadership styles of Lee and Barry through the lens of leadership theories. The analysis centers on Pastor Lee's contributions to the UBF ministry, highlighting his adeptness in situational awareness, innovative thinking, and strategic decision-making. Additionally, it delves into UBF's role in nurturing a thriving campus ministry and the impact of Lee's leadership style on global Christianity. By exploring UBF's origins and leadership, this study elucidates how the leaders' capacity to innovate novel approaches to campus ministry increased the global significance of the movement.

Religion is often an integral part of human life. It is important to argue that higher religion serves two positive roles. Firstly, on a more "private" level, it is associated with the concept of personal salvation from a transcendental point of view for the followers of each religion. Secondly, in terms of the 'public' aspect, it serves as a prophetic criticism of the society that adheres to that religion and therefore helps purify and heal that society. Professor Martin Marty, a renowned theologian in the United States, has explored the concept of the "public" sphere within the framework of 'public theology'. His influential work has acquired significant recognition since the 1970s. Marty's comprehensive theology provides a detailed explanation of the purpose and essentiality of public religion. This study seeks to illustrate the strong alignment between the public ministry of Pastor Cheon-Yeong Lee in South Korea and Marty's perspective on public theology. The authors have observed Lee's life serving the Goryeoin Village community in Gwangju and analyzed Lee's works in detail. This paper aims to suggest that this public model, as practiced by Lee, can be a fruitful method whose application can benefit many countries and people who are experiencing socio-politicalspiritual alienation and conflict around the world.

Aim. The importance of this study lies in the fact that in contemporary South Korean society, a model of multicultural education is unquestionably required for the offspring of Goryeoin (Koreans), who were dispersed across Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia before settling in their homeland of Korea because they urgently need to restore their healthy identity. Method. The basic methods of investigation are historical analysis based on hermeneutical phenomenology, general classification, and psychological and pedagogical approaches aimed at providing a sound multicultural education for Goryeoin children as well as other ethnic students. Results and conclusion. The curriculum and fruitfulness of Saena lSchool have been established to be one of the most effective multicultural educations in South Korea under the leadership of the school's principal, Pastor Cheon-Young Lee, who has excellent insight into the reasons for the emergence of Goryo people in South Korea. This study will show that his view of Korean history, which could persuade almost anyone, was the driving force behind his overcoming the numerous tough situations currently confronting the Korean educational environment, garnering love and respect from many Koreans, and bringing about remarkable innovation in education.

The study of the history of Korean colporteurs is relevant to recreate their important role in the spread of education in Korea and their impact on the present, as well as to understand the intercultural influence and innovative approaches to education. The purpose of the article is to identify the educational activities of Korean colporteurs. In the course of the study, a number of methods of theoretical cognition were used, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, specification and generalisation. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were reached: the colporteurs were the first to translate the Bible into Korean and played an important role in spreading Christian teaching and educational activities in Korea. Сolporteurs played a key role in training and supporting local colporteurs and new believers, providing them with education and training to become spiritual and educational leaders in an environment where the majority of the population rejected Christianity. Acting as intermediaries between foreign missionaries and Korean women, biblical women expanded the church’s influence and, with special training, were prepared to preach the Gospel and distribute the Bible to non-Christians, introducing new perspectives on the role of women in a society where Confucian tradition had limited their activities. Colporteurs also contributed to the preservation of the Korean language and culture in the face of Japanese colonisation by promoting and maintaining the Korean Hanguel writing system and facilitating the creation of a standard Korean language. This article will be useful for historians studying missionary activity in general, as well as for scholars studying the history of 19th-century Korea.

Crisis phenomena (wars, epidemics) push people to seek spirituality. Scholars also need to study the experience of successful religious movements to identify effective management approaches in this area. An example of such a movement is the University Bible Fellowship (UBF). The study aims to identify effective methods of building a lay movement and methods of managing it and its development, based on the example of the UBF. To achieve this goal, the historical-genetic and historical-functional methods were used. It turned out that small group and one-on-one Bible studies are the most effective, as these didactic approaches have a therapeutic effect on movement members and candidates. An important role in the functioning of the Fellowship is played by the practice of writing personal testimony (sogam). From the point of view of ecclesiology, a certain amount of uncertainty is useful for the lay movement, which allows it to attract representatives of different denominations. The ability of the founders of the movement and its leaders to use their leadership qualities was important, as is seen in the examples of Samuel Lee and Sarah Barry. Some types of activities of religious organisations, such as presence on social media, are notable to convey religious experience but are necessary in the modern world. The rapid involvement of movement members in missionary or volunteer activities also plays an important role. The results of this study can be used both to further study the history of the UBF and to create lay movements using the most effective methods of management, evangelism, and didactic influence.

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews work on psychological trauma related to armed conflict in Eastern Europe and Ukraine and on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Any aggression evokes emotions of fear, anger, despair, horror, confusion, and hatred. The research aims to determine the psychological consequences caused by the current hostilities that younger generations of Ukrainians will face in the future and compare them with similar experiences in Eastern European countries. The research results showed the presence of signs of depression and PTSD in all categories of respondents. The severe social and psychological problems caused by the hostilities in Ukraine have negative impact on family ties and intergenerational interaction. There need to be psychological forms of help that can improve the lives of victims and can prevent the negative impact of trauma on future generations.KEYWORDS: post-traumatic stress disordermental health Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

This article examines the history and current state of Protestantism in Ukraine. The research explores the causes and consequences of the growth and decline of Protestantism in the country, as well as the development and situation of Protestant communities in modern Ukraine. The study utilizes general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, including descriptive and comparative methods. The article finds that Protestantism in Ukraine has experienced periods of growth and decline in popularity among believers. It initially spread to Ukraine after Martin Luther’s Reformation in the 16th century and received considerable attention from the elite in the 17th century. However, the popularity of Protestantism in Ukraine declined in the 18th century. The second half of the 19th century saw a new period of growth in the popularity of Protestantism in Ukraine, which mainly spread among the poor strata of the population. The interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s presented new opportunities for the development of Protestantism in Ukraine, but repression by Soviet authorities forcibly stopped this process. The article also notes that the beginning of Ukraine’s independence in the 1990s and 2000s was a time of increasing popularity of Protestantism among various social groups of Ukrainians. Overall, the study provides theoretical significance in the systematization of the development of Protestantism in Ukraine during different historical periods. Additionally, the practical value of the article lies in its potential to contribute to further research on the role of religious searches in helping Ukrainian society during crisis historical times.

The relevance of this study is explained by the necessity of reviewing the historical framework of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as an important component of the socio-cultural life of Ukraine, as well as by considering further prospects of its development on the way to full canonical reunification of all existing Orthodox churches of Ukraine, namely the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The purpose of this study is to study the prospects of further development of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the context of homogenization of its cultural and spiritual space. This article presents the main historical moments of the development and strengthening of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the socio-cultural space. The importance of the existence of the autocephalous cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as a guarantee of the preservation of the state and awakening of the national consciousness of Ukrainians, as well as the elimination of Russian political narratives, which are broadcast through the UOC-MP, is outlined.

ABSTRACTWar always results in civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure, architectural monuments and historic buildings. Systematic analysis of the current situation of historic sites in the occupied territories reveals fundamental problems and unresolved issues in preserving the heritage of areas that are not under the control of the Kyiv government. There are shortcomings in the regulatory framework of legal status, protection and preservation, as well as violations in the occupied territories. The activities ofvarious countries in determining the status of historical monuments are reviewed. Positive and negative aspects of the policy of protection and restoration of cultural heritage objects are outlined, and practical recommendations are made for improving the protection of historical monuments in the occupied territories.KEYWORDS: Historylegislationhostilitiesculturearchitecturegenocide Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

The process of transition and eradication of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate is actively continuing in our time, which is why this study is relevant. The article is devoted to the history of the origin of the Ukrainian religion and church, namely the transition from the Moscow Patriarchate to the Kyiv one. The main purpose of this work is to study the prerequisites for the transition of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate. The study was carried out using several methods, including: the historical method – it describes the main phenomena and events; the historical-chronological method – it is used to establish the correct order of development of events; the comparative-historical method – it is usually necessary for comparing the studied historical phenomena; the logical method – it describes the historical phenomena on every stage of development. In the article, it is noted the history of the Ukrainian religion, from the beginning of its formation to gaining independence, considering the main events that have influenced the future of the church. The types of church organizations have also been analyzed, and the approximate number of their parishes throughout the country has been noted. Particular attention is paid to the pressure from the leaders of the Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate on other churches in Ukraine, the unwillingness to grant autonomy to the Ukrainian church in order to divide the Ukrainian people and have an impact on society. The prerequisites and reasons for the transition to the Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate are determined and the consequences of this event are noted. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the work can be used for further research of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and it is aimed at researchers and historians involved in the study of this issue