Microalgae-based biological carbon sequestration presents the sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to CO2 capture, in which the selection of high CO2 tolerant microalgal strains acting as the most significant issue. In this study, the important marine resource microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. were selected as target organisms. The high CO2 tolerant strains (LAMB106 and 100) were screened among 12 strains, and tolerant mechanisms were elucidated based on 20 days' semi-continuous culture under the upper limit of CO2 concentration in the flue gas (20%). The results indicated LAMB106 showed better growth and photosynthetic performance than LAMB100 under high CO2 stress and exhibited the trend of acclimation, especially after 8 days of high CO2 culture. Physiological-biochemical results showed active cytoplasmic pH regulation mechanisms in LAMB106, that were shown as the fast response of plasma proton pump (P-ATPase) within 4 h, and later maintenance by enhanced vacuole proton pump (H+-PPase), intracellular carbonic anhydrase (iCA) and RuBisCO activities, coupled with the accumulation of various organic acids (especially malate), in order to enhance the fixation of CO2 and provide energy for cellular metabolisms. Further transcriptomic results were consistent with the physiological-biochemical changes (appeared from 8 days), with the gene expression responses appeared from 4 days. This study successfully screened the high CO2 tolerant Nannochloropsis sp. strain LAMB106 and comprehensively clarified its acclimating mechanisms, proved the possibility of applying LAMB106 on flue CO2 sequestration, with important theoretical and applied significance.

High CO2 tolerance microalgae screen/breeding shows the urgent research priority when applying microalgae for flue gas CO2 sequestration. In this study, we chose the important resource microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica as the target organism, the regulatory mechanisms of N. oceanica were elucidated under 5% and 20% high CO2 conditions, and the function of key regulating gene avp1 encoding H+-PPase was further explored. The results showed N. oceanica was tolerant to the 5% CO2 that maintained intracellular pH homeostasis, while severe cytoplasmic acidification was occurred under the 20% CO2 condition. Integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analysis revealed that P-ATPase and H+-PPase activities were enhanced at 4 h and 4 d under the 5% CO2 condition, respectively. Concurrently, the reprogramming of organic acid metabolism and maintenance cellular energy supply additionally mitigated intracellular acidification. Further functional validation showed that overexpression of avp1 enhanced H+-PPase activity, increased cytoplasmic pH values, promoted pigments accumulation and growth of N. oceanica under the high CO2 condition. Therefore, this study clarified the working mode of N. oceanica to tolerant high CO2 and cytoplasmic acidification, and firstly timely proved the function of avp1, provided important data basis and gene candidates for the research of applying microalgae to CO2 sequestration.

Aluminum alloys with initial unrecrystallized structures generally exhibit better superplasticity and are produced more efficiently and cost-effectively than fully recrystallized ones. However, the underlying recrystallization and deformation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX)-dependent superplastic aluminium alloys under varying deformation parameters are not yet fully understood. This study investigates the effects of deformation parameters, Al3Zr dispersoids, and coarse secondary particles on DRX and superplasticity in an Al-Cu-Li alloy. The alloy achieves a maximum elongation of 780 % at 430 degrees C and 0.002 s- 1, primarily due to continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and grain boundary sliding (GBS). Under optimal conditions, deformed grains transform into equiaxed recrystallized grains through sub-grain rotation and coalescence, with GBS dominating subsequent deformation. Lower Zener-Hollomon parameter (lnZ) conditions promote dynamic recovery (DRV) and sub-grain growth, hindering grain refinement and superplastic deformation. Conversely, higher lnZ values inhibit recrystallization due to insufficient thermal driving force and lower DRV, resulting in retained banded grains and reduced elongation. Cu-rich secondary phases enhance CDRX but lose efficacy with their dissolution and coarsening at low lnZ conditions. This work provides insights into DRX-dependent superplastic mechanisms and offers guidance for optimizing deformation parameters to enhance the performance of aluminum alloys.

>The introduction of entropy concept into thermoelectric materials recently has attracted broad interest.Herein,we showed the phase diagram of the ternary systems of Bi 2 Se 3 -Sb 2 Se 3 -In 2 Se 3 .Among the high entropy compounds （HECs）,we have identified an intrinsic p-type region near our previously reported Bi 0.8 Sb 0.8 In 0.4 Se 3 in the phase diagram.

The application of microalgae for CO2 biosequestration of flue gas emissions from coal-fired power plants has attracted widespread attention. In this study, one high CO2 tolerant Chlorella strain (LAMB 31) screened by previous experiments was cultured with flue gas of a power plant, whose multiple growth performance and the adaptive mechanisms under the flue gas were investigated. The results indicated LAMB 31 grew well under the flue gas with a specific growth rate of 0.15/d and a maximum carbon fixation rate of 0.24 g/L/d. Correspondingly, LAMB 31 increased intracellular chlorophyll and fatty acid content (especially unsaturated fatty acids), while relatively low intracellular arsenic and mercury were accumulated, showing advantages of LAMB 31 for further food/feed and biodiesel production. Transcriptional results showed that enhancing carbon turnover and storage processes were the major mechanism for LAMB 31 adapting flue gas culture. Furthermore, inhibited uptake and enhanced detoxification of heavy mental were also found, verifying that LAMB 31 could effectively control the intracellular heavy mental accumulations. This study comprehensively evaluated the growth performance, elucidated possible adaptive strategies of Chlorella sp. responding to the flue gas, and provided further directions for the subsequent applications of LAMB 31 biomass.

To further meet the requirement of the Internet of Things (IoT), more and more sensors need to be integrated inside wearable devices. Wearable TEGs directly convert the heat flow generated by the temperature difference between a human body and the environment into electricity, thus acting as a permanent energy supply for sensor systems. In this work, considering the body's thermoregulation function in the wearing scenario, a three-dimensional numerical model based on the finite element method has been developed to systematically study the power generation performance of micro-TEGs. The multi-factor design involves the packing density (pd), leg width (w), leg height (l) and convective heat transfer coefficient (h) at the cold side of the generator. On this basis, we have proposed a multi-factor roadmap for the design of wearable micro-TEGs with the required power density and open circuit voltage. The theoretical roadmap modeling was verified by fabricating a micro-TEG module of 20 x 20 mm(2), with w = 0.5 mm, l = 1.38 mm, and the leg density of pd = 33 legs/cm(2). When worn on the wrist (Tcore = 37 degrees C, Tair = 22 degrees C), a steady voltage output of similar to 21.0 mV was generated and the corresponding maximum power density reached 1.79 mu W/cm(2).

The exact evaluation of the molecular ground state in quantum chemistry requires an exponentially increasing computational cost. Quantum computation is a promising way to overcome the exponential problem using polynomial-time quantum algorithms. A quantum-classical hybrid optimization scheme known as the variational quantum eigensolver(VQE) is preferred for noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. However, the circuit depth becomes one of the bottlenecks of its application to large molecules of more than 20 qubits. In this work, we employ the point group symmetry to reduce the number of operators in constructing ansatz so as to achieve a more compact quantum circuit. We illustrate this methodology with a series of molecules ranging from LiH(12 qubits) to C2H4(28 qubits). A significant reduction of up to 82% of the operator numbers is reached on C2H4, which enables the largest molecule ever numerically simulated by VQE-UCC to the best of our knowledge. This also shed light into the further work of this direction to construct even shallower ansatz with enough expressive power and simulate even larger scale system.

al. report an f -TEG featuring a mushroom-like structure that achieves high output power density on human skin without external heat sink via thermal design. The work provides an example of the design process of f -TEGs and paves the pathway toward scalable fabrication of low-cost and high-performance f -TEGs. SUMMARY Flexible thermoelectric generators ( f -TEGs) are promising solutions to power supply for wearable devices. However, the high fabrication costs and low output power density of conventional f -TEGs limit their applications. Here, we present a bulk-material-based f -TEG featuring multifunctional copper electrodes for heat concentration and dissipation and fabrics for comfort and heat-leakage reduction. When worn on the forehead, our f -TEG’s maximum output power density (based on the device’s area) reaches 48 m W/cm 2 at a wind speed of 2 m/s and an ambient temperature of 15 (cid:1) C. A light-emit-ting diode (LED) powered by our f -TEG headband with 100 pairs of thermoelectric pillars can illuminate a paper for reading in a dark room at 17.5 (cid:1) C without an external heat sink or forced convection at the cold side. This work provides a general design approach for high-performance f -TEGs at a low cost. The device-level perspectives fill the critical knowledge gap between state-of-the-art material innovations and practical thermoelectric applications. In summary, we demonstrate strategies to achieve a higher performance, body-powered f -TEG. We use multifunctional thin copper disks as electrodes, heat concentrators and spreaders, spacers, and flexibility enablers. Copper spacers and fabrics are used to suppress the heat loss between the hot and the cold sides through conduction and convection and provide good wearability and comfort even in sweating conditions. We develop an analytical model that predicts an f -TEG’s en-ergy-harvesting performance and helps determine the optimal geometries of the thermoelectric unit in a given thermal environment. In contrast to most reported f -TEGs using thicker thermoelectric pillars to get a larger temperature difference across the pillars (so a larger thermoelectric voltage), our mushroom-like f -TEG’s performance stands out despite the small thickness of thermoelectric pillars (1.9 mm), reducing weight and cost of thermoelectric materials. In indoor testing, our f -TEG’s maximum output power density (based on the device area) on human skin reaches 16 m W/cm 2 at the ambient temperature of 15 (cid:1) C when there is little wind (v air = 0.2 m/s), and the output power density goes up to 48 m W/cm 2 when the wind speed is increased to 2 m/s. An LED powered by our f -TEG headband with 100 pairs of thermoelectric units can illuminate a paper for reading in a completely dark room at 17.5 (cid:1) C without an external heat sink or forced air convection at the cold side. Our f -TEG headband with 50 pairs of thermoelectric units can generate 1.2 mW power during a jog at the ambient temperature of 25 (cid:1) C (little wind and running at a speed of 2.5 m/s) in outdoor testing. Our device-level perspectives are critical to bridging state-of-the-art material research and practical thermoelectric applications. Although this paper focuses on power generation, such devices can also be used for personalized cooling. We envision our low-cost and high-perfor-mance

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) thermoelectric thin films have attracted significant interest due to their solution-processable manufacturing. However, molecular-level tuning or doping is still a challenge to synergistically boost their thermoelectric performance and mechanically stretchable capabilities. In this work, we report a counterion exchange between ionic liquid bis(x-fluorosulfonyl) amide lithium (Li:nFSI, n = 1, 3, 5) with different sizes of anions and a PEDOT:PSS-induced bipolaron network, which significantly boosted the thermoelectric power factor from 0.8 to 157 μW m K-2 at 235 °C and the maximum tensile strain from 3% to over 30%. The π-π* stacking of the PEDOT polymer chains was fine-tuned by the hydrophobic anions of nFSI-, providing a technical route for constructing a bipolaron network and inducing the transition from hopping transport to band-like transport. Furthermore, we found that the stretchable capabilities, that is, εmax, were connected to the gelation time of the PEDOT:PSS-Li:nFSI aqueous solution. Thus, more fluorine-containing groups resulted in longer gelation times and higher εmax values, which significantly improved the processability of the solution-derived films.

Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are increasingly prevalent pollutants in marine ecosystems and result in various deleterious effects on marine organisms. There have been studies evaluated the toxic effects of MNPs on marine microalgae, but few of them focused on the effects of MNPs on dinoflagellate species and their toxins production, which could have significant implications on human health and ecological safety in coastal areas. In this study, the common harmful algal blooms-causing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was exposed to 0.1 and 1 μm sized polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) to investigate the responding patterns of population growth, multiple physiological functions, as well as the intracellular paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) productions. The results indicated the population growth, photosynthetic parameters, nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) uptake rates and extracellular carbonic anhydrase activities (CAext) were all inhibited by the two sized NPs, accompanied by the prolonged and more aggregated microalgal cells under the observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the inhibition effects were more severe under 1 μm sized NPs than 0.1 μm sized NPs. Finally, we found the intracellular PSTs contents increased 73.59% exposed to 0.1 μm sized NPs while decreased 85.50% exposed to 1 μm sized NPs comparing the controls at 96 h, without significant changes of relative compositions. These results provided evidence that MNPs were toxic to A. tamarense and affected their intracellular PSTs productions within 96 h, which is critical to consider when evaluating the potential risks of MNPs in marine ecosystems.

Flexible thermoelectric generators (f-TEGs) are promising solutions to power supply for wearable devices. However, the high fabrication costs and low output power density of conventional f-TEGs limit their applications. Here, we present a bulk-material-based f-TEG featuring multifunctional copper electrodes for heat concentration and dissipation and fabrics for comfort and heat-leakage reduction. When worn on the forehead, our f-TEG's maximum output power density (based on the device's area) reaches 48 mu W/cm(2) at a wind speed of 2 m/s and an ambient temperature of 15 degrees C. A light-emitting diode (LED) powered by our f-TEG headband with 100 pairs of thermoelectric pillars can illuminate a paper for reading in a dark room at 17.5 degrees C without an external heat sink or forced convection at the cold side. This work provides a general design approach for high-performance f-TEGs at a low cost. The device-level perspectives fill the critical knowledge gap between state-of-the-art material innovations and practical thermoelectric applications.

The intolerance of high CO2 in the exhaust gas is the “bottleneck” limiting the wide application of microalgae for CO2 biosequestration. Around this topic, we selected high-CO2-tolerant (LAMB 33 and 31) and nontolerant (LAMB 122) Chlorella strains to study their different energy metabolisms and cytoplasmic pH regulations in response to high CO2. Under 40 % CO2, LAMB 33 and 31 both showed elevated ATP synthesis, accelerated ATP consumption and fast cytoplasmic pH regulation while exhibiting different acclimating strategies therein: chloroplast acclimations were reflected by high chlorophyll contents in 33 but photosystem transitions in 31; faster mitochondrial acclimations occurred in 33 than in 31; cellular organic carbon mainly flowed to monosaccharide synthesis for 33 but to monosaccharide and protein synthesis for 31; and cytoplasmic pH regulation was attributed to V-ATPase in 31 but not in 33. All the above metabolic processes gradually collapsed in 122, leading to growth inhibition. Our study identified different metabolic acclimation strategies among Chlorella strains to high CO2 and provided new traits for breeding microalgae for CO2 biosequestration.

AbstractThe inherently small temperature difference in air environment restricts the applications of thermoelectric generation in the field of Internet of Things and wearable electronics. Here, a leaf‐inspired flexible thermoelectric generator (leaf‐TEG) that makes maximum use of temperature difference by vertically aligning poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate and constantan thin films is demonstrated. Analytical formulae of the performance scales, i.e., temperature difference utilization ratio (φth) and maximum output power (Pmax), are derived to optimize the leaf‐TEG dimensions. In an air duct (substrate: 36 °C, air: 6 °C, air flowing: 1 m s−1), the 10‐leaf‐TEG shows aφthof 73% andPmaxof 0.38 µW per leaf. A proof‐of‐concept wearable 100‐leaf‐TEG (60 cm2) generates 11 µW on an arm at room temperature. Furthermore, the leaf‐TEG is flexible and durable that is confirmed by bending and brushing over 1000 times. The proposed leaf‐TEG is very appropriate for air convection scenarios with limited temperature differences.

岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(fucoidan)是1种富含α-L-岩藻糖的硫酸化多糖,通常存在于海洋褐藻和棘皮动物中.天然fucoidan多糖主要从海洋生物中提取获得,经物理、化学或生物酶法可控降解制备其低聚糖与寡糖,其多样的生物活性已被广泛报道;化学合成是获得结构清晰的fucoidan寡糖的高效途经之一,有助于进行深入地构效关系研究;利用结构清晰的fucoidan寡糖开展多价fucoidan模拟物的合成研究,也是有效评价fucoidan的结构与功能关系的重要手段.本文全面总结了近年来fucoidan及其模拟物的制备策略和方法,以期为该类糖药物和功能制品的研发提供参考.

High CO2 acclimation for microalgae has attracted large research attention owing to the usefulness of microalgae in bio-sequestration of CO2 from the emission source. In this study, one high CO2 tolerant (LAMB 31) and non-tolerant (LAMB 122) Chlorella sp. strains were transferred from air to 40% CO2, during which four time points were chosen for comparative transcriptome analysis. Gene changes started in the lag phase (T1) of population growth with more genes (7889) upregulated in LAMB 31 than in LAMB 122 (1092). Further function enrichments indicated: In LAMB 31, up-regulation of genes in cyclic electron transportation, F-type ATPase and Calvin cycle were associated with the enhancement of carbon fixation abilities; upregulation of genes in phosphorylation together with V-ATPase, which contributed to cytoplasmatic pH stability; Lastly, enhancement of carbon metabolisms including TCA cycle and glycolysis accelerated the consumption of cellular organic carbon. Most of the genes in these pathways and processes showed downregulation in LAMB 122. This study disclosed the most complete transcriptional molecular mechanisms of Chlorella sp. responding to high CO2 by combining CO2 fixation, transportation, and metabolic processes. The results provided valuable genetic information for future screening and breeding of microalgae with high-CO2 tolerance for more efficient CO2 bio-sequestration.

To use microalgae for the biosequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from the coal-fired power plants, the screening of high CO2 tolerant microalgae and their accumulation of toxic agents have attracted significant research attention. This study evaluated 10 Chlorella strains for high CO2 tolerance using combined growth rates and growth periods subjected to logistic parameters. We selected LAMB 31 with high r (0.89 ± 0.10 day−1), high k (6.51 ± 0.19), and medium Tp (5.17 ± 0.15 day) as a candidate for CO2 biosequestration. Correspondingly, six genes involving carbon fixation and metabolism processes were upregulated in LAMB 31 under high CO2 conditions, verifying its high CO2 tolerant ability. LAMB 31 cultures exposed to exhaust gas of power plant under different flow rates grew well, but the high flow rate (0.6 L/h) showed inhibition effects compared with low flow rates (0.2 and 0.3 L/h) at the end of the culturing period. The toxic agents in the exhaust gas including sulfur, arsenic, and mercury accumulated in LAMB 31 biomass but were deemed safe for use in the production of both human food and animal feed based on the National Food Safety Standard in China. This study showed a complete process involving high CO2 tolerant microalgae screening, high CO2 tolerant verification, and in situ application in a power plant. Data results provide valuable information as the basis for future research studies in microalgae application on CO2 mitigation at emission sources.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a series of highly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ubiquitously distributed in marine environments. As key primary producers, microalgae are the start of PBDEs bioaccumulations and vulnerable to their toxicities. In order to deeply investigate the toxic mechanism of PBDEs on microalgal cells, the occurrence of programmed cell death (PCD) in a model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its possible mediating mechanism were studied. The results indicated: cell death of T. pseudonana happened under the stress of BDE-47, which was proved to be PCD based on the correlations with three biochemical markers (DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization and caspase activity) and three molecular markers [Metacaspase 2 gene (TpMC2), Death-associated protein gene (DAP3) and Death-specific protein 1 gene (TpDSP1)]; Furthermore, the changes of cellular ROS levels were correlated with the PCD markers and the dead cell rates, and the cell membrane and the chloroplast were identified as the major ROS production sites. Therefore, we concluded that PCD might be an important toxic mechanism of PBDEs on microalgal cells, and that chloroplast- and cell membrane-produced ROS was an important signaling molecule to mediate the PCD activation process. Our research firstly indicated microalgal PCD could be induced by PBDEs, and increased our knowledge of the toxic mechanisms by which POPs affect microalgal cells.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitously distributed persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine environments. Phytoplankton are the entrance of PBDEs entering to biotic environments from abiotic environments, while the responding mechanisms of phytoplankton to PBDEs have not been full established. Therefore, we chose the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana in this study, by integrating whole transcriptome analysis with physiological-biochemical data, to reveal the molecular responding mechanisms of T. pseudonana to the toxicity of BDE-47. Our results indicated the changes of genes expressions correlated to the physiological biochemical changes, and there were multiple molecular mechanisms of T. pseudonana responding to the toxicity of BDE-47: Gene expressions evidence explained the suppression of light reaction and proved the occurrence of cellular oxidative stress; In the meanwhile, up-regulations of genes in pathways involving carbon metabolisms happened, including the Calvin cycle, glycolysis, TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and triacylglycerol synthesis; Lastly, DNA damage was found and three outcome including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death (PCD) happened, which could finally inhibit the cell division and population growth of T. pseudonana. This study presented the most complete molecular responding mechanisms of phytoplankton cells to PBDEs, and provided valuable information of various PBDEs-sensitive genes with multiple functions for further research involving organic pollutants and phytoplankton.