Although a majority of studies show that acting in a more extraverted way is beneficial for one’s well-being, there are also indications that acting counterdispositionally is emotionally draining. In the current study, we try to explain these discrepancies by comparing indirect measures of counterdispositional extraversion (one relative to the trait level and one relative to the average state level) and we introduce a novel direct measure that taps into perceived counterdispositional extraversion. By using Multilevel Polynomial Regression and Response Surface Analysis in a large ESM dataset ( N = 187 individuals and N = 17,547 repeated observations), we found that for both direct and indirect measures of counterdispositional extraversion, higher state levels of extraversion related to higher levels of positive affect (PA), and this effect appears to be stronger for individuals high on average state and trait extraversion. Findings for negative affect (NA) were less consistent, with perceived deviations from one’s typical behavior relating to higher levels of NA. Altogether, our findings show that acting in a more extraverted way is better for increasing PA, on the understanding that subjective experiences of atypical behavior can be experienced as harmful.

The European Air Transportation Network was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an unprecedented loss of flight connections. Utilizing a combination of graph representation learning and time series analysis, this paper studies the evolution of both the global connectivity as well as the structure of the European Air Transportation Network from January 2020 to December 2022. Specifically, it finds strong differences in recovery rates for flights across six different market segments. In terms of network structure, the study finds that structural roles that are present in the pre-covid network have seen a loss in performance over the course of the pandemic, but have recovered to pre-covid levels. Using regional changes in structural roles, this study identifies Italy as the region with the strongest increase and the United Kingdom as the region with the strongest decrease in structural role, finding substantial differences in recovery rates per market segment. Lastly, this study pays special attention on the effect of the Russia-Ukrainian war on the European Air Transportation Network.

Research on the effects of within-person personality variability has mainly focused on the consequences for subjective well-being. Drawing on a resource-based approach, we extend this field to the work domain, expecting that since deviating from one’s average trait level is resource intensive, it should relate negatively to behaviors that require the investment of additional resources, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), while it should relate positively to behaviors that replenish one’s resources, such as counterproductive work behavior. Using two personality dimensions that are predictive for work-performance (conscientiousness and core self-evaluations), and a new variability index that is not confounded by the mean, we find an effect of personality variability on negative performance outcomes (counterproductive work behavior), while no relation is found with positive forms of extra-role performance (organizational citizenship behavior). These results were replicated across three separate experience sampling studies, confirming that, while within-person personality variability is related to performance, those relationships are relatively weak and they do not hold for every performance facet.