Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks is renowned for its pro-fusion applications. As we know our planet is covered one third by water resources, many new developments are very essential in order to use the resource in an effective and efficient manner. Acoustic waves are chosen for communication because of its magnificent properties like long range links, low absorption, less distortion and attenuation and lot more. Although it has whip hand over it faces innumerable challenges namely long and variable propagation delay, high bit errors and temporary loss of connectivity, etc. These hurdles affect the networks reliability and life-time since they are the major credentials that are essential for the applica-tions in underwater networks. It is requisite to design routing protocols in coping up with the required needs in underwater environment. A Mitiga-tion of End-to-End Delay in LF-IEHM Routing Protocol (M-LFIEHM) is put forward in which the forwarder node selection is based on the pres-sure level and residual energy of the node that is used to minimize the end to end delay and energy consumption of the node. The Simulation results are taken out accordingly and we obtain a percentage of delay reduced for about 23% in our proposed protocol.

MANET, the designing of muting protocols had been turning into the principle essential project that meet MANET until now. Furthermore, nodes with closely site visitors load can also additionally exhaust their strength in routing others packets ensuing in volatile community and therefore overall performance deterioration. In this essay we gift a new edition of one of the nicely distinguished reactive routing protocols named Ad Hoc On Demand distance Vector (AODV). he counseled scheme is called. Energy efficient, Load balanced and Stabilized Multi routes- AODV (ELSM-AODV), in which the trails choice is primarily based totally on a composite criterion, named Node Efficiency Factor (NEF) which incorporate all elements which have direct effect at the overall performance stage and existence time of MANET (e.g. strength, speed, distance and site visitors load of nodes). Simulation consequences evidenced that overall performance of the counseled protocol outperform general AODV from factor of view accurate packets shipping ratio, stop to stop put off time, normalized routing load and nodes strength consumption. To reduce the number of route discovering process, multipath routing protocols makes use of alternate paths to continue packets transmission. Ad Hoc On-demand, multipath distance vector routing protocol or AOMDV, is one of the well-known multipath protocols that relays on the hop count metric to route packets. Nodes that excessively consume energy in time are considered overloaded and are excluded from route discovering, hence nodes with reduced energy variation are selected to route packets.

Security is another crucial aspect of providing QoS since the existence of malicious nodes present all kinds of threats to MANETs. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed for protecting MANETs, most of the solutions are only effective for a particular kind of attacks or provide security at the cost of sacrificing QoS. In this paper, we propose a trust-based secure QoS routing scheme by combining social and QoS trust. The primary approach of the proposed scheme relies on mitigating nodes that exhibit various packet forwarding misbehavior and on discovering the path that ensures reliable communication through the trust mechanism. The scheme would select the best forwarding node based on packet forwarding behavior as well as capability in terms of QoS parameters, such as residual energy, channel quality, link quality, etc. Simulation experiment using Network Simulator-2 (NS2) and under various network conditions show that mixing social and QoS trust parameters can greatly improve security and quality of service routing in terms of overhead, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the on-demand routing protocols such as AODV. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network.

The wireless cellular network had undergone a phenomenal growth in terms of number of mobile users in the last decade. In modern telecommunication era, the scarce resources and the constraints in using them drives the technocrats to optimize the use of available resources to the maximum extent possible. Incredibly, the demand for bandwidth is ever increasing to the far end. By exercising priority based services, the burst arrival of calls is limited and hence the congestion in the network is controlled. This enhances offering trusted QoS to the users without compromising the resource allocation to the existing users. The proposed algorithm provides guaranteed QoS to both new calls and handoff calls. When the requested resource is not available, instead of denying the handoff call request the call is buffered. Proposed Evolutionary Handoff Algorithm (EHA) permits the new calls and handoff calls to share the cell capacity while maintaining certain access priority to handoff calls.

Technology is grooming in all discipline lead to the development of automation in various domains. Incorporating automation in various devices will make the device to work smart. Though this automation does not conquer the automobile industry fully, it made vehicles as semi-automated by employing route navigation facility methods to avoid front end and rear end collision, etc. The evolution of automation in the automotive domain has paved the way for the improvisation in that sector. Though the existing methodology has proved to be working smoothly, it encounters few limitations in turns of accuracy, traffic/congestion monitoring etc. The proposed Smart Traffic support System (STS) improves the accuracy of the above mentioned parameters by integrating the advantages of both ad-hoc network and the cellular communication. The inclusion of real time path planning algorithm will provide an enhanced traffic management by suggesting various alternative paths instead of one. KeywordsVehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), Road Side Unit (RSU), Video On Demad service (VoD)

The exploitation of natural resources which is present in under water is in increasing order, particularly in the sea. With much technological furtherance in the fields of healthcare, monitoring the environment, oil and gas exploration and others, it has ignited the process of growing. Wireless communications underwater play a vital role in all these systems that are available depending on radiofrequency, optical, and acoustic transmissions. Because of its advantages such as attenuation and distortion is less, low absorption, long range links, all others, Acoustic communication is chosen for many applications among these technologies. Underwater Acoustic communication has ample number of challenges in wireless medium. One of the main challenges is to manage the use of limited battery power. Many features hinder the utilization of battery power during transmission and Interference play a vital role because more power will be used in the retransmission of lost signals. This survey paper investigates about the different methods to reduce the interference in underwater wireless acoustic communication.

This paper proposes a novel energy efficient scheme for time-sensitive applications. In conventional sensor networks with mobile access point (SENMA), the mobile access points(MAs) moves through the network to collect information directly from sensor nodes. In SENMA incorporated with mobile co-ordinated wireless sensor network (MC-WSN) architecture, the sensor nodes communicate with cluster heads (CHs) rather than mobile access points. The implementation of MC-WSN architecture eventually minimises the number of hops. In contrast with SENMA, the throughput in SENMA incorporated with MC-WSN is independent of the physical speed of MA. Systematic examination of the performance of MC-WSN indicates a much higher throughput thereby making this scheme energy efficient and reliable.

This chapter is about retrieval of video from large set of multimedia data set. In general the video retrieval is performed based on the contextual information. For example, if the user requests the video in which Dhoni plays football, it returns the set of video files, which contains the dhoni playing cricket or dhoni playing all games. Such irrelevancy in results is higher in the previous search mechanism. So in order to improve the efficiency of video retrieval, the object relational similarity is computed on the video content present in each class. Similarly the method computes the semantic similarity for the different class of multimedia content. Based on both the similarity measure the method ranks the results and produce to the user. The user is allowed to refine their query and based on the query provided the method refine the result or research the query. The method produces efficient result in interactive multimedia search and reduces the false ratio.

Appropriate routing protocol in data transfer is a challenging problem of network in terms of lower end-to-end delay in delivery of data packets with improving packet delivery ratio and lower overhead as well. In this paper we explain an effective and scalable AODV (called as AODV-ES) for Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks (WASN) by using third party reply model, n-hop local ring and time-to-live based local recovery. Our goal is to reduce time delay for delivery of the data packets, routing overhead and improve the data packet delivery ratio. The resulting algorithm AODV-ES is then simulated by NS-2 under Linux operating system. The performance of routing protocol is evaluated under various mobility rates and found that the proposed routing protocol is better than AODV.

In Wireless network, whenever a data is transferred from source to destination, shortest path algorithms are always preferred to minimize delay. As node failures are common in battery operated wireless devices, retransmission has to be carried out when node failure occurs which leads to higher delay and lesser network lifetime. Several algorithms were already proposed to minimize the delay and to maximize the network lifetime. The recently proposed work Reliable Minimum Energy Cost Routing (RMECR) and Reliable Minimum Energy Routing (RMER) considers energy-efficiency, reliability and prolonged network lifetime. Here, the energy consumed by each node in the network and the remaining battery energy of the nodes as well as quality of links is considered. This helps in finding an energy-efficient and reliable route that increase the operational lifetime of the network. The generic routing algorithm is implemented to find the residual energy of the nodes and then Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to find the shortest path. In this work, Modified Reliable Minimum Energy Cost Routing (MRMECR) is newly proposed where Multipath routing technique is used in which total end-to-end delay is calculated and performance metrics are studied.

In this paper we discuss a new video frame synchronization approach for coherent key-frame extraction and object segmentation. As two basic units for content-based video analysis, key-frame extraction and object segmentation are usually implemented independently and separately based on different feature sets. Our previous work showed that by exploiting the inherent relationship between key-frames and objects, a set of salient key-frames can be extracted to support robust and efficient object segmentation. This work furthers the previous numerical studies by suggesting a new analytical approach to jointly formulate key-frame extraction and object segmentation via a statistical mixture model where the concept of frame/pixel saliency which is introduced and also this deals with the relationship between the frames. A modified Expectation Maximization algorithm is developed for model estimation that leads to the most salient key-frames for object segmentation. Simulations on both synthetic and real videos show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

This paper explores the various synchronization schemes of multimedia events and how they are synchronized. Mostly the synchronization is based on the ECA rules [Event, Condition and Action]. When multimedia streams are presented to the user it should be synchronized, even though it is in distributed system. A distributed multimedia system involved for ECA that should be synchronized while presented to the user. Based on certain constraints like time, space and user requirements, multimedia events are also synchronized at the time of deliver on the display. User can apply their own synchronization technique that is developed for their self usage else the events itself will be synchronized automatically.

Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. And also location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. This project focuses on the localization using Received Signal Strength (RSS) in dense multipath indoor environments. A dynamic system approach is proposed in the fingerprinting module, where the location is estimated from the state instead from RSS directly. The state is reconstructed from a temporal sequence of RSS samples by incorporating a proper memory structure based on Taken’s embedded theory. Then, a more accurate statelocation correlation is estimated because the impact of the temporal variation due to multipath is considered. General Terms Triangulation, scene analysis, proximity

At present the energy output, for different types of wind turbine generating units (WTGUs), is estimated from either the wind turbine mechanical power output or from its power curve. The power curve of a wind turbine is a graph that gives the power output of the turbine at various wind speeds over which the turbine operates which is generally provided by the manufacturer. The energy output estimated considering the mechanical power output neglects generator efficiency. Although the energy output computed using the electric power output considers the generator efficiency, this method does not take into account the effect of grid voltage and frequency variations on the wind turbine generator efficiency. This paper proposes a method for computing the energy output of the fixed speed wind turbine considering the grid voltage and frequency variations. In this method, the annual wind speed and frequency distribution or their variations are quantized into equal/unequal intervals. The total annual energy output is then estimated by computing the power output of the wind turbine generator for a given average wind speed and frequency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper presents the results of a study carried out to examine the feasibility of integrating electric drive vehicles (EDVs) in the Danish electricity network which is characterised by high wind power penetration. One of the main aims of this study was to examine the effect of EDVs on the Danish electricity network, wind power penetration and electricity market. In particular the study examined the effect of EDVs on the generation capacity constraints, load curve, cross border transmission capacity and the type of generating sources (renewable/conventional) which are likely to fuel these cars. The study was carried out considering the Danish electricity network state around 2025, when the EDV penetration levels would be significant enough to have an impact on the power system. Some of the interesting findings of this study are—EDVs have the potential to assist in integrating more wind power (by adding more market value to wind power and by improving over all power system reliability) and integration of EDV does not require major additional infrastructure (generation/transmission cross border capacities). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The penetration of renewable sources (particularly wind power) in to the power system network has been increasing in the recent years. As a result of this, there have been serious concerns over reliable and satisfactory operation of the power systems. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage devices into the power system network. Further, in the present deregulated markets these storage devices could also be used to increase the profit margins of wind farm owners and even provide arbitrage. This paper discusses the present status of battery energy storage technology and methods of assessing their economic viability and impact on power system operation. Further, a discussion on the role of battery storage systems of electric hybrid vehicles in power system storage technologies had been made. Finally, the paper suggests a likely future outlook for the battery technologies and the electric hybrid vehicles in the context of power system applications.

This article presents a study of the effect of voltage and frequency variation on the power output of the stall- and pitch-regulated fixed speed as well as the variable-speed wind-turbine generators (WGs). This study has been carried out using the steady-state model of each of these types of WGs. Each of these models facilitates the computation of the power output of the corresponding WG for a given voltage and frequency, considering the steady-state characteristics of the wind turbine, generator, and the controllers (where present). Simulation studies have been carried out to investigate the impact of frequency variation at nominal voltage and also the combined voltage and frequency variation.

This paper is concerned with developing models of various types of wind turbine generating units (WTGU) used as distributed generation (DG) sources and demonstrating their application for steady state analysis. The model for each class of WTGU developed here facilitates the computation of real and reactive power outputs for a specified wind speed and terminal voltage. The proposed models have been used to study the impact of wind speed and terminal voltage variation on the behavior of each type of WTGU. The application of the proposed models for the load flow analysis of radial systems having WTGU has been demonstrated. Based on these studies we assess the impact of wind based DG on the voltage profile and losses of radial distribution networks. Simulation studies have been carried out on a 33 bus radial distribution system having WTGU as DG sources to illustrate the application of the proposed models.

AGC studies pertaining to hydro–hydro systems have received little attention. In this paper a simulation model for AGC studies of such systems has been proposed. The difficulty in extending the traditional approach [Elgerd OI. Electric energy systems theory. New York: Mc-Graw Hill; 1983.] for such systems is overcome by assuming that all areas in a system operate at the same frequency. The proposed simulation model is obtained by ignoring the difference in frequency between control areas, unlike the traditional approach, where in each area is assumed to operate at a different frequency. The features of the proposed model have been demonstrated through simulation studies.