AbstractSocial, economic, demographic, and public policy shifts have made retirement security a pressing concern. Male labor force participation pre-age 55 has slumped, men’s median earnings have stagnated, marriage and homeownership rates are falling, debt levels remain high, and out-of-pocket spending on medical and long-term services and supports are rising. Other trends are more encouraging, such as women’s higher earnings, the rise in labor force participation at older ages, and improvements in educational attainment. The chapter uses a dynamic microsimulation model to project how various forces might play out over the next 30 years to shape the retirement security of US residents born in the 1980s. Projections show that median age-70 income will be higher for Millennials than for previous generations, but this cohort faces a higher risk of seeing falling living standards in retirement.

Youth in low-resource communities have limited access to mental health (MH) services. This exploratory study reports community stakeholder feedback for stressors affecting youth MH and development of a volunteer-coach provided behavioral activation (BA) program for youth in a low-resource community. Eight focus groups with youth (n = 7) and adults (n = 35) were conducted during January-September 2023. Data analysis followed the inductive thematic analysis steps. Participants attributed the high prevalence of youth MH problems to highpressure environment, lack of support, hopelessness about the future, and negative impact of social media. Youth participants expressed mistrust of MH professionals and were hesitant to endorse a volunteer-coached BA program. They stated the non-professionals will be better than professional therapists but mentioned the stigmatization of mental-health help-seeking and related fear of bullying. Adults were more supportive of the program but pointed out such practical barriers as lack of parental support and availability of youth time due to after-school extracurricular activities. Participants also provided suggestions to increase parents' buy-in of the program. Stakeholder feedback illustrated multiple challenges for developing and implementing an evidencebased MH intervention program for youth in a low-resource community. MH literacy education and alleviation of stigma about MH help-seeking are essential steps.

An extra 10% off select hotels, up to 30% off base rates on select car rentals, up to $100 in extra onboard credits on select cruises, a $50 gift card of your choice* with the purchase of a flight vacation package, and a 5% cash rebate (up to $350) on eligible group hotel bookings of nine or more rooms.

Microfiltration of skim or whole milk was compared at two processing temperatures (5 and 13 °C) and several weight concentration factors (WCFs). Permeate flux for whole milk was slightly lower than flux for skim milk at both temperatures and all WCFs due to its higher viscosity. Following the initial start‐up period, permeate flux was constant for either skim or whole milk processed at constant conditions of a WCF of 2 and 13 °C for 6 h. The concentration of whey proteins in permeate was similar for both skim and whole milk. Whole milk could be used for the production of milk permeate.

Various policy developments and long-term economic, social, and demographic trends raise worrisome questions about the financial security of future retirees. An erosion in employer-sponsored defined benefit pension coverage and the increase in Social Security’s full retirement age could shrink future benefits. Stagnating employment and earnings for men could threaten future retirement security, because retirement benefits and the capacity to save depend on lifetime earnings. The financial crisis, Great Recession, and collapse of the housing market in the second half of the previous decade could significantly disrupt retirement savings. This paper assesses retirement prospects for future generations, with a special focus on the late Generation-X and Millennial generations. Because retirement outcomes depend on how much people earned and saved when they were younger, the analysis compares trends in employment, earnings, pension coverage, and wealth during working ages across cohorts, using data from the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Consumer Finances. The analysis also projects age-70 incomes for future generations using DYNASIM4, the Urban Institute’s dynamic microsimulation model.

Asthma is a chronic disease that can negatively affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children and their primary caregivers. Caregiver mental health and perception of HRQoL burden directly influences asthma control in children. Current studies have not compared the impairment of HRQoL of children and caregivers whose asthma is well-controlled (WC) versus not well-controlled (NWC) to healthy children (HC). Children between 5-17 years of age were stratified into three groups: WC (n=25), NWC (n=6), and HC (n=10). Caregivers completed Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form (CHQPF-28) constituting 14 concepts, combined to derive physical (PhS) and psychosocial (PsS) summary measures of HRQoL in children. They also completed the Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) which evaluates activity limitations and emotional functioning of caregivers. Non-parametric tests were used for analysis of non-normally distributed data. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences among the groups for PhS (p=0.002) and PsS (p=0.02). Pairwise comparisons showed no significant difference between HC and WC children, but higher psychosocial functioning and fewer physical limitations when compared to NWC. Wilcox rank test on PACQLQ indicated that caregivers of children with WC asthma reported superior emotional functioning and fewer activity limitations versus NWC (p =0.015). HRQoL is significantly higher in children with WC asthma when compared to NWC, supporting the parental perception that caring for children with WC asthma is similar to caring for HC. This finding adds further impetus for attaining optimal control of asthma in order to improve the well-being of these children and their families.

There has been a huge expansion in acid whey production due to the rapid growth in Greek yogurt manufacture. Acid whey is difficult to process for many reasons, and whey from Greek yogurt manufacture is no exception. Traditionally, recovery of the whey protein has provided an economic incentive to process whey; however, Greek yogurt whey is especially low in protein as compared to other sources of acid whey, and therefore, it is more difficult to justify the expense of converting the whey into dairy ingredients as opposed to disposal. The objective of our research is to find economical methods to recover/convert the nonprotein components in Greek yogurt acid whey into value added ingredients. Membrane filtration has been used for many decades in the dairy industry to fractionate components. Our focus is on reducing the calcium content of the UF permeate from Greek yogurt acid whey through the use of novel nanofiltration membranes. Calcium can interfere with the production of ingredients, such as crystalline lactose and hydrolyzed lactose syrups. Excessive calcium incorporation into the lactose crystal results in crystalline lactose that does not meet specifications for U.S. food grade lactose, and hydrolyzed lactose syrups with high mineral contents may taste salty. Nanofiltration membranes traditionally are able to permeate monovalent ions like chloride, while retaining divalent ions such as calcium. The membranes evaluated in our study had been modified such that calcium could also permeate. Our results indicated lactose and calcium permeated the novel NF membranes to differing degrees as compared to the control NF membrane that did not permeate either component. Varying temperature, pressure, and concentration of the starting permeate during NF resulted in changes in the relative permeation of lactose and calcium. Using a modified NF membrane, we were able to concentrate permeate from Greek yogurt acid whey to approximately 25% total solids. A lactase enzyme with an acidic pH optimum was then added to produce a dairy syrup with enhanced sweetness and a reduced salty flavor as compared to a control made with a traditional NF membrane. The ability to economically remove calcium from the UF permeate should enable processors to recover value from the permeate of products like Greek yogurt acid whey.

The booms and busts of the late 1990s and 2000s have taken 401(k) plan participants on a rollercoaster ride. Using data from administrative tax records and household surveys, this paper examines how participants responded to these periods of economic expansions and contractions by documenting changes in 401(k) participation, contributions, and investment allocation from 1990 through 2010. Controlling for earnings, job changes, and other household factors, we show that 401(k) participation and contributions decline during recessions. The Great Recession could lower the 401(k) assets of the typical 30-year-old by as much as 9 percent at age 62.

Annato coloured cheese whey was adjusted to pH 4.5 and treated with 0.01% (w/w) chitosan to selectively precipitate residual lipids, which were removed by gravity settling and microfiltration (MF). MF permeate was concentrated by ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) to produce whey protein concentrate with 80% protein (WPC80-Chitosan). WPC80 samples were also produced by UF/DF only (Control), and by MF without chitosan treatment (MF). Both WPC80-Chitosan and WPC80-MF samples had lower fat, lower turbidity, higher foam overrun/stability and lower quantities of volatile compounds than WPC80-Control before and after storage. WPC80-Chitosan samples have an additional advantage of annatto removal (excellent clarity).

The inclusion of employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) in taxable income would increase income and payroll tax receipts, but would also increase Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) benefits by adding ESI to the OASDI earnings base. This study uses the Urban Institute’s DYNASIM model to estimate the effects of including ESI premiums in taxable earnings on the level and distribution by age and income groups of income tax burdens, payroll tax burdens, and OASDI benefits. We find that the increased present value of OASDI benefits from including ESI in the wage base in 2014 offsets about 22 percent of increased income and payroll taxes, 57 percent of increased payroll taxes, and 72 percent of increased OASDI taxes. The overall distributions of taxes and benefits by income group follow the same pattern, with both taxes and benefits increasing as a share of income between the bottom and middle quintiles and then declining as a share of income for higher income taxpayers. But households in the bottom income quintiles receive a net benefit from including ESI in the tax base because their increase in OASDI benefits exceeds their increase in income and payroll taxes. Over a lifetime perspective, all earnings groups experience net tax increases, but workers in the middle of the earnings distribution experience the largest net tax increases as a share of lifetime earnings. Higher benefits offset a larger share of tax increases for lower than for higher income groups.

OBJECTIVE:Studies indicate general psychological stress plays a role in the glycemic control of individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Disease-specific rather than general measures may be more closely related to measures of health outcomes. Therefore, measurement of diabetes-related stress is needed to advance knowledge of significant relationships between stress and glycemic control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a measure of diabetes-related stress for youth with T1DM.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A 65-item diabetes stress questionnaire for youths (DSQY) was previously developed for use with older children and adolescents. The DSQY was completed by 417 youths with T1DM and the results were analyzed to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the questionnaire, as well as relationships of diabetes stress with demographic and clinical variables.RESULTS:A factor analysis of the DSQY yielded an eight-factor solution with acceptable internal consistencies. Significant relationships were observed between glycemic control and stress related to parents and dietary issues. While age and socioeconomic status were unrelated with DSQY scores, higher stress was associated with longer diabetes duration, female gender, and racial/ethnic minority status.CONCLUSIONS:The DSQY is a reliable and valid measure for assessment of diabetes-specific stress in youths with T1DM.

This study examined mother-child shared book reading behaviors before and after participation in a random-assignment responsive parenting intervention called Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) that occurred during infancy (PALS I), the toddler-preschool (PALS II) period, or both as compared with a developmental assessment (DAS) intervention (DAS I and/or II). The efficacy of PALS was previously demonstrated for improving mother and child behaviors within play contexts, everyday activities, and standardized measures of child language. We hypothesized that PALS effects would generalize to influence maternal and child behaviors during a shared reading task even though this situation was not a specific focus of the intervention and that this would be similar for children who varied in biological risk. Participation in at least PALS II was expected to have a positive effect due to children's increased capacity to engage in book reading at this age. Four groups of randomized mothers and their children (PALS I-II, PALS I-DAS II, DAS I-PALS II, DAS I-II) were observed in shared reading interactions during the toddler-preschool period and coded for (a) mother's affective and cognitive-linguistic supports and (b) child's responses to maternal requests and initiations. Support was found for significant changes in observed maternal and child behaviors, and evidence of mediation was found for the intervention to affect children's behaviors through change in maternal responsiveness behaviors. These results add to other studies supporting the importance of targeting a broad range of responsive behaviors across theoretical frameworks in interventions to facilitate children's development.

For decades, policymakers have discussed how to remedy the high poverty rates of older widows. Yet older divorced women are more likely to be poor than older widows, and historical divorce and remarriage trends suggest that in the future a larger share of retired women will be divorced. This article uses the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 6) to project the retirement resources and well-being of divorced women. We find that Social Security benefits and retirement incomes are projected to increase for divorced women and that their poverty rates are projected to decline, due in large part to women's increasing lifetime earnings. However, not all divorced women will be equally well off; economic well-being in retirement varies by Social Security benefit type.

This article examines how retirement income at age 67 is likely to change for baby boomers and persons born in generation X (GenX) compared with current retirees. We use the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT) model to project retirement income and assets, poverty rates, and replacement rates for current and future retirees at age 67. We find that, in absolute terms, retirement incomes offuture cohorts will increase over time, and poverty rates will fall. However, projected income gains are larger for higher than for lower socioeconomic groups, leading to increased income inequality among future retirees. Finally, because postretirement incomes are not expected to rise as much as preretirement incomes, baby boomers and GenXers are less likely to have enough postretirement income to maintain their preretirement standard of living compared with current retirees.

Women's labor force participation and earnings dramatically increased after World War II. Those changes have important implications for women's Social Security benefits. This article uses the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 6) to examine Social Security benefits for current and future beneficiary wives. The projections show that fewer wives in more recent birth cohorts will be eligible for auxiliary benefits as spouses because their earnings are too high. If their husbands die, however, most wives will still be eligible for survivor benefits because, despite the increase in their earnings over time, they still typically have lower earnings than their husbands. Even so, the share of wives who would be ineligible for widow benefits is projected to double between cohorts.