This study examined the impact of organic pig slurry on soil properties over three years through regular sampling on calcareous chernozem soils near the city Orosháza, in the south-eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Pannonian Basin). Field plots with varying slurry application histories were assessed using soil, groundwater and plant sampling, along with laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical parameters of the soil. The results indicate that repeated slurry application markedly altered the microelement composition of the soil, in the newly established agricultural plot treated with pig slurry for the last three years zinc concentrations increased by approximately 60% and doubling sodium levels compared to control plots. The humus content steadily increased from 2.10% to 2.98%, reflecting improved soil structure and organic matter accumulation, particularly in the deeper layers. The control, untreated areas showed shallower humus layers and reduced nutrient levels. Notable changes in macronutrients emerged primarily in plots with multi-year slurry treatment, though some effects were already visible within the first year. Groundwater analyses did not reveal contamination; however, shifts in deeper soil strata underscore the need for careful timing and dosage of application. In addition to soil analysis, plant data, meteorological records, and remote sensing were used. Spectral indices effectively detected vegetation differences, especially higher biomass peaks in treated areas. These findings indicate that repeated slurry application contributes to improved soil nutrient availability and organic matter content, which are associated with enhanced soil structural properties and water retention capacity The study supports a site-specific and environmentally responsible use of organic slurry, offering practical insights for improving soil health and productivity in similar agroecological zones.

Inland water management is increasingly important under climate change due to the need for landscape-scale water retention, but in situ studies are limited by fluctuating, shallow, and intermittent water cover. This study simulated prolonged waterlogging under controlled laboratory conditions. Four agricultural soils (Calcisol, Arenosol, Chernozem, and Solonetz) were flooded for 40 days using identical 1:5 soil-to-water ratios at two temperature regimes, at 4 and 22 degrees C. Given that periodic water cover may conflict with agricultural production, particular attention was paid to crop-relevant indicators, including pH, water-soluble salts, and N, P, K. The laboratory simulation revealed significant differences among soil types and between temperature treatments. Elevated Mg concentrations limited the irrigation suitability of leachate derived from Calcisol, with Mg% values ranging from 57 to 64%, exceeding the 50% guideline threshold. Soil buffering capacity controlled phosphorus and potassium dynamics, resulting in stable or slightly increasing AL-soluble nutrient levels, except in low-buffering sandy soils where up to 3-4-fold variability was observed. Reductive conditions developed early in the Calcisol samples, supported by dissolved oxygen saturation values below 20% during the first days of the experiment. Oxygen saturation increased later, only exceeding 60% twice in the cooled Calcisol treatment, while nitrate-ammonium dynamics reflected changing redox conditions. Temperature significantly affected solubility and nutrient mobility, partly through its influence on microbial activity. These findings improve our understanding of inland water-soil interactions and support the development of sustainable, water-retentive land management strategies.

Microrefugia play a key role in facilitating the persistence of biodiversity during climate change. Many occur in topographically complex landscapes shaped by various disturbances, but we know little about how the combined effects of topography and disturbance affect the capacity of refugia to support biodiversity. To better understand this, we inventoried taxonomic richness across four biological groups (soil microbiota, vascular plants, terrestrial snails, and ants), as well as climatic and soil conditions, in different microhabitats (south-facing slopes, north-facing slopes, and bottoms) of topographic depressions (dolines) and on the surrounding plateaus. Unique species assemblages and cooler, moister microclimatic conditions in dolines supported their importance as biodiversity hotspots and microrefugia. Relationships between indicators of disturbances (anthropogenic: historical logging; natural: canopy gaps) and species richness differed, depending on the biological group and microhabitat. While most biological groups seemingly recovered within 50 years following clear-felling, plants did not, highlighting the persistent impact of anthropogenic disturbances on refugial capacity. Plants were also the only group that displayed a significant response to the presence of small canopy gaps at doline bottoms, which promoted the occurrence of specific plant species. All biological groups displayed some response to microhabitats, although these responses differed among taxa. Therefore, high environmental heterogeneity appears to help facilitate the role of dolines as biodiversity hotspots and microrefugia. We conclude that the direction and magnitude of the effects of disturbances and topography are taxon-specific, due to species-specific responses to microenvironmental conditions. Disturbance history is an important consideration when identifying refugia for climate change management.

Monitoring and quantifying the development of drought extremes is important to agriculture, water, and land management. For this, soil moisture (SM) is an effective indicator. However, currently, real-time monitoring and forecasting of SM is challenging. Thus, this study develops and tests a methodology based on machine learning methods that integrates ground-based data, Sentinel-1 satellite soil moisture (S1SSM) data, meteorological data, and relevant environmental parameters to improve the estimation of the spatiotemporal changes in SM. It also evaluates the relevance of the applied parameters and the applicability and limitations of S1SSM data in SM monitoring. Specifically, the performances of four machine learning methods (multiple linear regression, support vector machine regression, extreme gradient boosting, and a deep neural network) were evaluated in an area increasingly exposed to hydrological extremes. Overall, the extreme gradient boosting model provided the best result (R 2 = 0.92). In this case, the difference between the modeled and observed SM values at ground-based stations was below 3%, with only five stations reporting differences above 5%, indicating the effectiveness of this model for SM monitoring in larger areas. Additionally, the spatial pattern of the observed S1SSM values and the modeled values showed good agreement (with a difference below 10%) in the larger part (45.5%) of the area, while more than 20% difference occurred in 27.1% of the area, demonstrating the application potential of S1SSM data in areas with less heterogeneous land use. However, the results also suggest that the S1SSM data can be affected by land use and/or soil types.

This study evaluated three index-overlay methods (i.e., DRASTIC, GOD, and susceptibility index (SI)) for their suitability to assessing the vulnerability of shallow aquifer in southeast Hungary to contamination from the land surface. Accordingly, the most recent information on the shallow aquifer depth, recharge rate, land use, and geology/hydrogeology of the groundwater basin was created and integrated in a geographic information system and through a linear combination to compose the methods indices. All three methods delineated approximately 95% of the groundwater basin as being moderately to highly susceptible to contamination, which was mainly due to the sandy soil, high recharge rate, gentle topography, and agricultural activities related to land use. A positive linear correlation was also found, during the validation of the final vulnerability maps, between the vulnerability indices and observed nitrate concentration. The vulnerability indices of SI, DRASTIC, and GOD showed correlations of 0.5635, 0.3615, and 0.3499, respectively, with the available nitrate concentration in the groundwater. Thus, SI was concluded as the most suitable method for assessing the vulnerability of shallow aquifers in southeast Hungary to contamination. The outcomes of this study provide useful information that will help policymakers identify the main contributors to groundwater contamination as well as adopt effective management strategies to avoid further pressure on this invaluable resource.

Regional and national 3D soil hydraulic maps enhance understanding of soil hydraulic properties, essential for environmental assessments. However, data aggregation is often necessary in large-scale models to facilitate the modelling of complex soil characteristics. This study presents a soil hydrologic groups map for Hungary, derived through k-means clustering and expert-based rules. Clustering was applied to the 100 m resolution 3D HU-SoilHydroGrids database, considering eight hydraulic parameters across six depths. The accuracy of these maps is limited for rare soil types with extreme characteristics due to their small spatial extent and sparse representation in national datasets. To account for these underrepresented soil types, we refined each statistics-based cluster using expert-based rules incorporating soil profile depth, genetic type, electrical conductivity, and exchangeable sodium content. The final classification includes 68 soil hydrologic groups, defined by distinct hydraulic properties, such as van Genuchten parameters to describe water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. This national map supports country-wide hydrological modelling, environmental management, and agricultural planning in Hungary by enabling consistent treatment of similar soils.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a widely used geophysical technique for detecting subsurface features in near-surface investigations. Subsurface cavities present severe geotechnical hazards, particularly in post-mining areas where collapse-prone strata threaten public safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of GPR for detecting such cavities within a geologically complex region previously subjected to lignite excavation in Várpalota, Hungary. A total of 30 GPR profiles were acquired using 200 and 270 MHz antennas across hiking trails and collapsed zones. The profiles revealed numerous hyperbolic reflections interpreted as potential cavities. Numerical simulations using GprMax were employed to validate field interpretations and examine the influence of dielectric contrasts, depth, and material properties on the radar signal response. In total, 64 subsurface cavities were identified. The potential risk of the cavities was analysed based on two factors: how deep they are and their position relative to a subsurface interface. Of these, 77% were located below a subsurface interface, showing a dominant NW–SE trend likely controlled by structural features. Shallow cavities in these zones pose a moderate risk of long-term instability, targeted mitigation. The findings emphasize the diagnostic value of combining GPR with electromagnetic modeling for hazard mapping in high-risk terrain and highlight optimal strategies for antenna selection, velocity estimation, and interface-aware interpretation. The approach of integrating GPR with numerical models can be further refined for broader application in geotechnical and environmental studies.

A hierarchical fuzzy inference system (FIS) integrated with the DRASTIC model is applied in this study to enhance the assessment of shallow groundwater vulnerability in southeast Hungary, a region characterized by extensive agriculture and industrial growth. Traditional groundwater vulnerability models often struggle with parameter imprecision and uncertainty, affecting their reliability. To address these limitations, fuzzy logic was incorporated to refine the classification of vulnerability zones. The hierarchical FIS incorporates the seven DRASTIC parameters: depth to the water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, vadose zone impact, and hydraulic conductivity, assigning flexible ratings through fuzzy membership functions. The model classifies the fuzzy groundwater vulnerability index (FGWVI) into low, moderate, and high categories, revealing that 63.9% of the study area is highly susceptible to contamination, particularly in regions with shallow water tables and sandy soils. Validation was conducted using nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements from 46 agricultural wells to assess the correlation between predicted vulnerability zones and actual groundwater quality indicators. The correlation analysis revealed a moderately strong positive relationship between FGWVI and both NO3− (R2 = 0.4785) and EC (R2 = 0.528), supporting the model’s ability to identify high-risk contamination zones. This study highlights the effectiveness of the fuzzy-enhanced DRASTIC model in evaluating aquifer vulnerability and provides crucial insights to assist policymakers in identifying pollution sources and developing strategies to mitigate groundwater contamination, thereby alleviating the stress on this critical resource.

The quality of newly constructed pavement depends mostly on compaction, which is essential for ensuring the pavement’s longevity and performance. Traditional methods of evaluating pavement compaction and density, such as core sampling and nuclear gauge measurements, are often time-consuming and invasive and provide only a limited amount of data at a low spatial resolution on the potential air void content of the asphalt layers. The present study aimed to assess the specific gravity (Gmb) of a dolomitic asphalt mixture at different degrees of compaction using GPR techniques. Relative density (RD) maps were generated to visualize the spatial homogeneity of the asphalt density. Nuclear density gauging was applied for the calibration, and cores were used to validate the results. The survey was conducted on two recently paved roads in Szeged, Hungary. After testing various approaches, it was found that applying horn antennas and the surface reflection (SR) method is the most feasible way to obtain reliable and accurate dielectric permittivity (ε) data. Based on the measurements, clear relationships were found between dielectric constants, Gmb, and aggregate size. The findings highlight that it is possible to indirectly determine the Gmb of asphalts composed of dolomite and limestone aggregates using GPR, with aggregate sizes ranging from 11 mm to 25 mm and Gmb values between 2.43 and 2.57 g/cm3. Consequently, a robust function was developed, which can be applied to other asphalts with similar compositions.

Aging levees face high failure risks due to undetected subsurface defects and undocumented construction, which complicates condition assessments. In this study, time-lapse 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was integrated with geotechnical and piezometric data to quantitatively assess the seepage dynamics in a real-scale levee under controlled flood conditions over 15 days. Four novel metrics were introduced: the detection rate (DR), saturation advance rate (SAR), total saturation period (T-SP), and leakage persistence index (LPI). Results revealed two distinct seepage patterns across the levee sections. The levee crest showed rapid preferential wetting (DR = similar to 1.34 m/day) and persistent saturation (LPI = 5.00-8.00). In contrast, the protected side exhibited delayed ingress (similar to 12 days), slower advance (DR similar to 0.79 m/day), and prolonged saturation (T-SP up to 15 days, LPI = 1.88). The ERT-derived water levels were highly precise, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of <= 1.88 % compared to piezometer data. This study presents a reproducible metric-based framework that transforms ERT from qualitative imaging into an actionable tool for early warning and proactive flood-risk management in levees.

Local biodiversity hotspots are often located within regions where extreme and variable environmental - e.g., climatic and soil - conditions occur. These areas are conservation priorities. Although environmental heterogeneity is recognised as an important determinant of biodiversity, studies focusing on the effects of multiple environmental het-erogeneity components in the same ecosystem are scarce. Here we investigate how topography and related microcli-matic variables and soil properties may influence the biodiversity and conservation value of karst landscapes. Karst landscapes of the world contain millions of dolines (i.e. bowl-or funnel-shaped depressions) that may function as 'small natural features' with a disproportionately large role in maintaining biodiversity relative to their size. We assessed the diversity of microclimates, soils and vegetation and their relationships in six microhabitats (south-facing slopes, east-facing slopes, west-facing slopes, north-facing slopes and bottoms of dolines, and the adjacent plateau) for nine large dolines in a grassland ecosystem. Although there were remarkable differences among the conservation value of these microhabitats (e.g., representation of different species groups, presence of 'climate relicts'), each microhabitat had an important role in maintaining species that are rare or absent in other microhabitats in the landscape. We found that the studied dolines exhibited highly variable environmental conditions and promoted a high diversity of vegeta-tion types with unique species composition, contributing to the topographic, climatic, soil, vegetation and land cover heterogeneity of karst landscapes. Therefore, our findings highlight that dolines may function as local biodiversity hotspots and have a crucial conservation importance. As dolines are widespread topographic features in many karst landscapes throughout the world, our results could be directly applied to other regions as well. An integrated approach is urgently needed to provide guidelines for landscape management, promoting the retention of the microhabitat di-versity of small natural features for species vulnerable to climate change and/or various disturbances.

Microrefugia are often located within topographically complex regions where stable environmental conditions prevail. Most of the studies concerning the distributions of climate change-sensitive species have emphasized the dominance of cold air pooling over other environmental factors, such as resource availability. There is a shortage of information on the relationships among topography-related microsite diversity, microclimate, resource availability, and species composition in microrefugia. To fill this knowledge gap, we studied the effects of microclimatic conditions and soil resources on plant species occurrence within and adjacent to 30 large topographic depressions (i.e., dolines) in two distant karst regions. Our results showed that both microclimate and soil resource availability may play a key role in maintaining climate change-sensitive species and biodiversity in dolines; therefore, they may simultaneously act as climate and resource microrefugia. Establishing climate-smart conservation priorities and strategies is required to maintain or increase the refugial capacity of such safe havens.

Artificial levees have major importance in protecting human lives and infrastructure as they are essential elements of the flood protection measures. Nevertheless, the lack of the necessary information about their structure and internal composition might cause high risks. To monitor their stability, integrated surveys are needed, including geophysical and geotechnical methods. Levees along the rivers in Hungary were constructed more than 150 years ago, and they were heightened several times; therefore, investigations are required to assure their performance in flood risk mitigation. Our investigation aimed to utilise non-invasive geophysical techniques, primarily electrical resistivity imaging, with the validation of geotechnical investigations to map and compare the compositional and structural variations of two very different levee sections along River Tisza and River Maros. Integrating the analysed drilling data with ERT profiles showed that the main composition of the investigated Tisza levee section is fine and medium silt with an average resistivity 30 Ωm, however, the investigated section of Maros levee was built of not only of fine and medium silt but also of medium and coarse sand exhibiting higher resistivity values reaching up to 2200 Ωm. Several physical parameters were measured to study the nature of constituting levee materials like moisture content, grain-size, porosity, bulk-density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and resistivity. It was found that most of them show a connection with resistivity, but the hydraulic conductivity did not show a direct connection, however the latter could exhibit the aquitard nature of Tisza levee materials and the non-aquitard nature of Maros levee materials.

A szennyvíziszap olyan szerves anyagokat, mikro- és makrotápanyagokat tartalmaz, amelyek mezőgazdasági felhasználás esetén javítják a talaj termékenységét. Ráadásul a szerves anyagok és a mikrobiológiai aktivitás növekedésével a talaj CO2-respirációja javulhat, és többlet CO2 kötődhet meg a talajban, ami hosszú távon csökkenti a légköri széndioxid-koncentrációt. Ugyanakkor a kihelyezésnek lehetnek káros következményei is, ha a szennyvíziszap túl sok szerves anyagot, nitrogént vagy nehézfémet tartalmaz. Kutatásunkban csernozjomtalajokon vizsgáltuk a növények által felvehető tápanyagoknak és nehézfémeknek, valamint a szerves anyagnak a változását alacsony dózisú települési szennyvíziszap-komposzt kihelyezése esetén (2,5-35 m3/ha/év). A talaj CO2-forgalmának becslésére terepi respirációs méréseket végeztünk. A terepi mintavételezések és mérések 2018-ban és 2019-ben zajlottak Újkígyós és Kardos települések közelében (Békés megye), melyek során a kísérleti parcellákról átlagtalajmintákat (0-30 cm és 30-60 cm mélységből) és talajvízmintákat gyűjtöttünk be a tápanyag- és nehézfém-koncentrációk változásának nyomon követésére (Újkígyóson), illetve öt alkalommal mértük a talaj CO2-respirációját mind Újkígyóson, mind Kardoson. A talajmintákon talajtani alapvizsgálatokat (pH, szervesanyag-tartalom, fizikai féleség, karbonát- és sótartalom) végeztünk, illetve standard extrakciós eljárásokkal meghatároztuk a tápanyagok (K2O, P2O5, N-formák, szerves anyagok) és egyes nehézfémek koncentrációit. A laboratóriumi vizsgálatok eredményei azt mutatták, hogy a szennyvíziszap-komposzttal kezelt területeken szignifikánsan megnövekedett a talaj K2O, P2O5 és NO2- + NO3- tartalma, ugyanakkor sem a szervesanyag-, sem a nehézfém-tartalomban nem következett be jelentős változás a kontrollhoz képest. Hasonlóképpen nem tudtuk igazolni a szennyvíziszap-kezelések utáni intenzívebb CO2-respirációt az egyik vizsgálati területen sem. Összességében eredményeink meggyőzően bizonyították, hogy a csak kommunális eredetű, iparból származóval nem terhelt alacsony dózisú települési szennyvíziszap-komposzttal kezelt területeken ez fenntartható trágyázási gyakorlat lehet, mely magas N-, P- és K-tartalmával olyan formában szolgálja a növénytermesztést, hogy közben nem szennyezi a talajvizet. A talaj CO2-forgalmának markáns módosításához vélhetően alacsonyak voltak a kihelyezett dózisok.

Today, chernozem soils under intensive cultivation have also become sensitive to deflation. The deflation sensitivity of an area can be characterised by trapping the material transported away from a specific area during a wind event. For this purpose, numerous sediment sampling tools are used in international research. Sediment traps aim to analyse the accurate quantitative and qualitative parameters of aeolian sediment (both finer and coarser fractions) and study aeolian processes and their intensity. The types of samplers used for sampling aeolian sediment will vary depending upon the sediment type to be measured. Our earlier field experiments on chernozem soils showed that sediment traps (such as MWAC, BSNE, SUSTRA, POLCA) developed for sandy soils and recommended by the international literature do not work with proper efficiency on loamy and clay soils with degraded texture. One of our main objectives was to develop a suitable trapping device (WAST: Wet Active Sediment Trap), an active horizontal trap that can sample at different heights, is an isokinetic, wet sediment trap, and has a good efficiency in all substantial particle size ranges. We conducted the efficiency analyses with an MWAC sediment trap, which appear to be the most popular for sediment moving field studies. The combined use of the field wind tunnel, the field platform scale placed under the wind tunnel, as well as the WAST trap, which sampled at three different heights and was positioned in the outlet opening of the wind tunnel, made it possible to estimate soil loss induced by various wind events more accurately and more efficiently. The efficiency of the WAST trapping device proved to be three times more on average than that of the MWAC trapping device when sampling loamy soils. The median calculated for the efficiency values is 27% for the MWAC and 87% for the WAST.

There are two karst regions in Southwest Hungary: the MecsekMecsek and the Villány MountainsVillány Mountains. The MecsekMecsek is the bigger one with a strongly karstified limestoneLimestone area. This karst area is similar to the Aggtelek karstAggtelek Karst and Bükk MountainsBükk Mountains (see earlier), basically it is formed by infiltrating cold waterCold waters and allogenic streams. Besides the rich surface karstSurface-karst forms there are several swallow holes, spring cavesSpring cave and chimneys up to 70 m. This chapter shows the most important caves in the Western Mecsek karstWestern Mecsek Karst.

Intensive soil use, inadequate agricultural cultivation and agrotechnology lead to an increase in soil deflation sensitivity. Wind-eroded sediment and dust, as an environmental transport pathway of toxic elements, can result in environmental and human exposure far beyond the agricultural areas where it has been applied. Thus, it is crucial to examine the spatial and temporal variations in the harmful and pollutant content of the topsoils. These effects can be tested by in situ wind tunnel experiments. These attempts were conducted on a Chernozem soil at the summer of 2017–2018 in Southern Hungary. Before the experiments, a portion of the sample area was treated with chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin. A control area was also selected. In 2017–2018, a total of 28 wind event experiments were conducted by examining the topsoil samples (pH (H2O)), CaCO3, Arany yarn test, OM %, total salt content, humidity, pendimethalin and chlorpyrifos contents, and the toxic element contents in the rolling soil fractions. Pesticide measurements were performed by LC–MS. The enrichment ratios (ER) were then calculated. The measurements obtained in 2017 indicated that the average of the enrichment values of chlorpyrifos is 3.4. The measurements obtained in 2018 revealed that the pendimethalin ER is much higher in the rolled fraction (mean: 13.7) than chlorpyrifos (mean: 2.9). Therefore, a significant correlation between the ER of chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin can be concluded.

Sewage sludge contains organic matter, micro- and macronutrients which are potentially useful for agricultural usage. However, it can be harmful when containing undesirable amounts of organic pollutants, heavy metals, or pathogens. Our study focused on examining the changes in the extractable nutrient and humus contents of Chernozem soils and the alteration of the soil biological activity as a consequence of municipal sewage sludge spreading. Sampling campaigns were achieved in 2018 near Újkígyós (SE-Hungary) during which composite samples (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) were collected and also upper soil (0–50 cm) and subsoil (50–80 cm) samples for assessing biological parameters, considered to be aerobic and anaerobic soil layers, respectively. Soils were analyzed for the basic pedological parameters (pH, organic matter, etc.) and nutrient concentrations (K2O, P2O5, N-forms, and humus) following standard extraction procedures. The soil biological activity has been assessed by counting colony forming units (CFU) and enzyme activity measurements. The results of the nutrient analyses show significantly increased soil-bound K2O, P2O5, and NO_2^ - + NO_3^ - contents linked to the sewage sludge treatment. However, the humus content did not vary significantly compared to the control site. The microbiological analysis showed that the sewage sludge disposal tends to increase the aerobic CFUs, but not that of the anaerobic microbes. The average catalase enzyme activity in both aerobic and anaerobic samples and the average dehydrogenase activity only in the aerobic layers show a slight, however, insignificant increase in the compost-amended soils.

Munkánk során igyekeztünk a belvízminőséggel, annak időbeli változásaival kapcsolatos kérdéseket megválaszolni.Az eddig vizsgált nehéz agyag talajtextúrájú algyői mintaterületről származó eredmények rávilágítanak arra, hogy tápanyagok tekintetében számottevő terhelés érheti az elvezetés során a belvizet befogadó felszíni víztestet különösen a belvízelöntés kezdeti időszakában. A terhelést kiemelten a lebegőanyaghoz kötött tápanyagformák adják, míg emellett a felszíni vízborítás kialakulását követő első napokban és hetekben jelentős, környezetvédelmi határértéket is átlépő mineralizált nitrogéntartalomra is kell számítani.A belvizes környezet reduktív jellemzőinek erősödésével a nitrát – külső utánpótlás nélkül – hamar átalakul, míg a hőmérséklet és a biológiai aktivitás emelkedésével a lebegőanyagtartalom koagulációja és flokkulációja is jelentősen csökkenti a tápanyagterhelést.Ezen a mintaterületen képződött belvíz öntözővízként való hasznosítását az öntözőrendszer eltömődéséhez vezető magas lebegőanyagtartalom, illetve esetenként magas vas- és mangántartalom nehezítheti jellemzően szintén a tavaszi időszakban, amikor pl. kelesztő öntözéshez használhatjuk fel a vizet a magasabb térszíneken.Általános érvényű következtetések levonásához a kutatás későbbi szakaszában két új, eltérő talajtani és hidrológiai adottságú mintaterületre is kiterjesztjük vizsgálatunkat. A helyszíni mérésekkel párhuzamosan összeállítunk egy laboratóriumi kísérletet kiemelten a talajtényező hatásának megfigyeléséhez. Ez lehetőséget fog nyújtani arra is, hogy a tápanyagformák időbeli átalakulásáról is pontosabb képet kapjunk.