The disruption, trauma, and stressors brought by COVID-19 have increased recognition and normalization of workforce mental health needs. Objective: Given the importance of mental health and well-being assessments to employers' efforts to optimize employee health and well-being, this paper reviews mental health assessments that have utility in the workplace. Data Source: A review of publicly available mental health and well-being assessments was conducted with a primary focus on burnout, general mental health and well-being, loneliness, psychological safety, resilience, and stress. Inclusion Criteria: Assessments had to be validated for adult populations; available in English as a stand-alone tool; have utility in an employer setting; and not have a primary purpose of diagnosing a mental health condition. Data Extraction: All assessments were reviewed by a minimum of two expert reviewers to document number of questions, subscales, fee structure, international use, translations available, scoring/reporting, respondent (ie, employee or organization), and the target of the assessment (ie, mental health domain and organizational or individual level assessments. Data Synthesis & Results: Sixty-six assessments across the six focus areas met inclusion criteria, enabling employers to select assessments that meet their self-identified measurement needs. Conclusion: This review provides employers with resources that can help them understand their workforce's mental health and well-being status across multiple domains, which can serve as a needs assessment, facilitate strategic planning of mental health and well-being initiatives, and optimize evaluation efforts.

Background . Stress levels among Americans are considerable. This research examined Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) constructs for stress management in groups organized by longitudinal progress (dynatypes): Maintainers, Relapsers, and Stable Non-Changers. Methods . Secondary data analysis of a computer-tailored intervention group examined construct use over time across the three groups. Adults (n=427) meeting criteria for not engaging in stress management behaviors at baseline comprised the analytic sample. Participants received three TTM-tailored feedback interventions to help facilitate change at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Demographics, Stage of Change, 10 Processes of Change, Decisional Balance (Pros and Cons), and Self-Efficacy were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Repeated measures MANOVA followed by ANOVAs, with Tukey follow-up tests assessed differences in use of TTM constructs longitudinally across dynatype groups. Results . Ten of the 13 TTM constructs differentiated between Successful Changers and Stable Non-Changers at baseline and over time. Relapsers were more similar to Successful Changers than to Stable Non-Changers in their use of all constructs, except Self-Efficacy. Conclusion . Findings suggest that baseline cognitive and behavioral constructs can improve prediction of different intervention outcomes 18 months later.

The objective of this study was to develop the Pro-Change Functional Well-Being Scale, a measure that provides an informative evaluation of general functioning loss due to well-being-related barriers. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses on data from 642 individuals supported a one-factor solution with good model fit. A strong positive correlation existed between the Pro-Change Functional Well-Being Scale and Well-Being Assessment for Productivity. Initial construct validity was demonstrated by predictable relationships between functioning loss and other measures of health and well-being. This initial psychometric evidence suggests that the Pro-Change Functional Well-Being Scale is a reliable and valid assessment of functioning loss due to common well-being-related barriers.

Smoking and sexual risk behaviors in urban adolescent females are prevalent and problematic. Family planning clinics reach those who are at most risk. This randomized effectiveness trial evaluated a transtheoretical model (TTM)-tailored intervention to increase condom use and decrease smoking. At baseline, a total of 828 14- to 17-year-old females were recruited and randomized within four urban family planning clinics. Participants received TTM or standard care (SC) computerized feedback and stage-targeted or SC counseling at baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months. Blinded follow-up telephone surveys were conducted at 12 and 18 months. Analyses revealed significantly more consistent condom use in the TTM compared with the SC group at 6 and 12, but not at 18 months. In baseline consistent condom users (40%), significantly less relapse was found in the TTM compared with the SC group at 6 and 12, but not at 18 months. No significant effects for smoking prevention or cessation were found, although cessation rates matched those found previously. This TTM-tailored intervention demonstrated effectiveness for increasing consistent condom use at 6 and 12 months, but not at 18 months, in urban adolescent females. This intervention, if replicated, could be disseminated to promote consistent condom use and additional health behaviors in youth at risk.

Traditionally, the concept of health promotion has emphasized the reduction of health risk behaviors to reduce disease and impairment. Well-being research expands this focus to include positive constructs such as thriving, productivity, life-evaluation, and emotional and physical health. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationships between health risk behaviors and specific measures of individual well-being. Participants (N = 790) from 49 states completed a one-time online assessment that included the Life-Evaluation Index, Emotional and Physical Health Ladders, the Health Risk Intervention Assessment, and the Work Productivity and Activity Improvement Questionnaire for General Health. Life Evaluation and physical and emotional health were all inversely related to the number of health risk behaviors, with higher well-being scores associated with lower number of risk behaviors. Across the three Life Evaluation categories (Suffering, Struggling, and Thriving) the number of health risk behaviors decreased, productivity loss decreased, and emotional and physical health increased. The results add to previous research on how reducing multiple health risk behaviors can be combined with well-being, i.e., an emphasis on increasing life-evaluation, emotional and physical health, better functioning, and productivity.

No implications are included with this Editorial. In the USA, national surveys have long demonstrated that adults tend to have multidimensional patterns of health behaviors (e.g., smoking, poor diet, sedentary activity, risky drinking, etc.), rather than any one of these health behaviors in isolation [1, 2]. This trend results in not only higher rates of premature mortality, but also morbidity and disability [3, 4]. In addition, this trend is not limited to adult populations, but has been shown to start in adolescence. Pronk and colleagues [5] found that less than a third of adolescents are at criteria for having a healthy weight, physical activity, diet, and not smoking. Multiple risk behaviors also have been shown to have incremental increases in disability, pharmaceutical, and overall medical costs in large worksite samples. Research has shown that by treating two behaviors effectively, an individual's medical costs decrease by approximately $2,000 per year [6]. The benefits of impacting on multiple behaviors are therefore important for a variety of reasons.

BACKGROUND:Early use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs threatens the physical and mental well-being of students and continued use negatively affects many areas of development. An internet-based, tailored intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change was delivered to middle school students to reduce alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. This internet-based approach requires very little faculty and staff time, which is efficient given curricular demands.METHODS:Twenty-two middle schools in the United States were matched and randomly assigned to either the intervention or control conditions (N=1590 students who had ever used substances). Participants received one pre-test assessment, three thirty-minute intervention sessions over three months, and two post-test assessments (3 and 14 months after pre-test, respectively).RESULTS:Random effects logistic models showed significant treatment effects for the intervention group when compared to the control group at the 3-month post-test.CONCLUSIONS:This program has the potential to be applied as stand-alone practice or as part of more intensive interventions to promote substance use cessation.

Tailored behavior change programs have proven effective at decreasing health risk factors, but the impact of such programs on participant well-being has not been tested. This randomized trial evaluated the impact of tailored telephone coaching and Internet interventions on health risk behaviors and individual well-being. Exercise and stress management were the primary health risks of interest; improvements in other health risk behaviors were secondary outcomes. A sample of 3391 individuals who reported health risk in the areas of exercise and stress management were randomly assigned to 3 groups: telephonic coaching that applied Transtheoretical Model (TTM) tailoring for exercise and minimal tailoring (stage of change) for stress management; an Internet program that applied TTM tailoring for stress management and minimal tailoring for exercise; or a control group that received an assessment only. Participants were administered the Well-Being Assessment and, at baseline, had relatively low well-being scores (mean, 60.9 out of 100 across all groups). At 6 months, a significantly higher percentage of both treatment groups progressed to the Action stage for exercise, stress management, healthy diet, and total number of health risks, compared to the control group. Both treatment groups also demonstrated significantly greater improvements on overall well-being and the domains of emotional health, physical health, life evaluation, and healthy behaviors. There were no differences between the groups for 2 well-being domains: basic access to needs and work environment. These results indicate that scalable, tailored behavior change programs can effectively reduce health risk and accrue to improved well-being for participants.

Background This study describes the development and validation of an individual-level well-being assessment and scoring method (IWBS) adapted from the population-based Gallup-Healthways Well-being Index across six domains (physical health, emotional health, healthy behaviors, work environment, basic access and overall life-evaluation). Methods Exploratory analyses were conducted on half the sample (n = 2036) using principal component analyses (PCA) with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the second half of the sample (n = 2100) using structural equation modeling to validate the measurement model found by the PCA. Results Optimal results in the exploratory sample were achieved for a seven-factor solution, accounting for 52.0% of the variance. All domains displayed adequate reliability, ranging from .42 to .79. Conclusions The IWBS met each of the criteria that were established for measurement development. Findings indicated that there was initial support for using the IWBS to assess well-being at the individual level. The IWBS has acceptable psychometrics of reliability, internal and external validity.

Combat exposure among military personnel results in increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, substance use, and related health risks. PTSD symptoms require innovative approaches to promote effective coping postdeployment. PTSD's nature and scope requires an approach capable of integrating multiple health risks while reaching large populations. This article provides the rationale and approach to adapt and evaluate a Pro-Change computerized tailored intervention (CTI) targeted at behavioral sequelae (i.e., smoking, stress, and depression) for veterans with or at risk for PTSD. The three-phase approach includes: 1) focus groups to review and, subsequently, adapt content of the existing CTI programs; 2) usability testing; and 3) feasibility testing using a three-month pre-postdesign. Effective, theory-based, real-time, multiple behavior interventions targeting veterans' readiness to quit smoking, manage stress, and depression are warranted to provide potential health impact, opportunities for learning veteran-specific issues, and advance multiple health behavior change knowledge.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a presenteeism assessment, the Well-Being Assessment for Productivity (WBA-P), that provides an informative evaluation of job performance loss due to well-being related barriers. METHOD:The WBA-P was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using survey data from 1827 employed individuals. Evidence of criterion-related validity was established using multivariate analysis of variance across measures of health and well-being. RESULTS:A hierarchical, two-factor model demonstrated good fit and included factors capturing productivity loss from personal reasons (WBA-PP) and work environment (WBA-PW). Significant interactions existed between these and previously validated presenteeism measures with respect to physical and emotional health, risk factors, and life evaluation. CONCLUSIONS:This initial psychometric evidence suggests that the WBA-P and its subscales are valid measures of presenteeism that capture actionable well-being-related performance barriers.