This study investigates the auxetic behavior of three-dimensional (3D) folded weft-knitted fabrics produced from aramid yarns. Although folded auxetic geometries have been previously reported, a systematic understanding of the influence of rib configuration and loop density on auxetic performance remains limited. In this work, a series of foldable 3D auxetic structures were engineered based on rib configurations of 6 & times;6, 8 & times;8, and 10 & times;10, with variations in loop density on the face and reverse sides (slack, medium, and tight) to examine their influence on NPR behavior. The effects of rib width and fabric density on the negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) were experimentally evaluated. The results revealed that both the zigzag rib geometry and the differential loop densities significantly affected the auxetic performance. In particular, an increase in rib structure size combined with a reduction in stitch density resulted in a pronounced enhancement of the NPR effect. The correlation analysis confirms that auxetic behavior in weft-knitted fabrics is primarily governed by structural looseness and geometric configuration. Thickness emerges as the most influential parameter, showing the strongest correlation with negative Poisson's ratio. The study provides a comprehensive structure property relationship, offering practical guidelines for the design of high-performance auxetic textiles.

Eco-friendly solutions using natural, biocompatible, biodegradable materials with low-cost fabrication techniques, such as solution processes, have been utilised in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). This paper evaluated the integration of mango and cactus saps as natural high-k dielectric materials in OFETs. It was observed that the thinner (170 nm) mango sap dielectric layers showed a 30

Knitted fabrics exhibiting a Negative Poisson’s Ratio (NPR) show significant potential for advanced engineering applications, including personal protective equipment and industrial sectors such as aerospace, automotive, marine engineering, and biomedical devices. In this study, auxetic weft knitted fabric structures were designed by systematically varying loop length using polypropylene filament yarn. The knitted fabrics were subsequently incorporated into an epoxy matrix using the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process to form fabric-reinforced composite laminates. Tensile tests were conducted to investigate the load–extension behavior and auxetic response of the knitted fabric architecture in both wale and course directions. The results demonstrate that loop length has a pronounced effect on the auxetic behavior of the knitted structure, with increased loop length leading to higher extension and displacement, while shorter loop lengths exhibited greater load bearing capacity. The composite fabrication process was found to preserve the structural integrity of the auxetic fabric architecture. Failure analysis revealed matrix cracking, surface buckling, delamination, and fiber fracture as the dominant damage mechanisms. The findings highlight the effectiveness of structural design in controlling auxetic behavior in knitted fabric–based reinforcements for composite applications.

Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as highly regarded carbon fillers in the field of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), owing to their exceptional structural and functional characteristics. Achieving a high-quality nanofiller dispersion inside the polymer matrix is critical for developing top-performing PNCs. Combining CNTs and graphene with varied dimensions could prove to be the most favorable nanofillers in the preparation of high-performance nanocomposites, owing to their synergistic outcome through the development of an effective three-dimensional (3D) structure. The issues related to nanofillers and their functionalization techniques were first discussed. Then, commercially feasible fabrication methods of PNCs, including melt compounding, solution mixing, in situ polymerization, and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, were briefly summarized. This paper mainly reviews the effectiveness of hybrid CNT/graphene on mechanical, thermal, electrical, and EMI-shielding properties and applications of PNCs. The primary motivations for ternary nanocomposites are to (1) achieve greater performance improvement through synergistic effects, (2) attain multifunctionality, (3) improve scalability, and (4) lower manufacturing costs.

ABSTRACT The development of slow‐release fertilizers face challenges such as biodegradability, irrigation, and poor soil retention. Hydrogels act as efficient carriers that improve plant growth and soil quality. Nitrogen–carbon quantum dots (N‐CQD) serve as promising nano‐fertilizers because nitrogen‐containing amine and amide groups gradually hydrolyze and degrade microbially, releasing bioavailable nitrogen species (NH 4 + , NO 3 − ). Their photoluminescence converts UV/blue light into wavelengths usable by chloroplasts, enhancing photosynthesis, though rapid soil loss requires controlled release. In this study, N‐CQD is entrapped in hexylpectinamide‐g‐poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogels (HPPD N‐CQD ) for sustained release. Hexylpectinamide (HP) synthesis is confirmed by FTIR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, while crosslinking with N, N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PD) is verified by the disappearance of C=C peaks. N‐CQD incorporation is confirmed by characteristic peaks. XRD shows amorphous structures, and DSC reveals increased endothermic temperature with N‐CQD inclusion. HPPD retains less water than pectin hydrogel (PPD), while N‐CQD enhances swelling in ultrapure water but restricts it at pH 4. Rheology shows higher storage modulus ( G ′) in HPPD, reduced when N‐CQD is entrapped. PPD N‐CQD releases faster than HPPD N‐CQD , indicating more sustained release behavior in the latter. These results demonstrate tunable physicochemical properties of HP‐based hydrogels for controlled nutrient release in sustainable agricultural applications.

Quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as functional nanomaterials with increasing relevance to environmentally sustainable agricultural systems. Conventional chemical fertilizers contribute substantially to nutrient leaching, soil degradation, and water pollution, highlighting the need for alternative fertilization strategies that sustain crop productivity while reducing environmental burdens. In this study, QD-based nanofertilizers were evaluated as a next-generation approach to improve crop performance and soil biochemical functionality. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum 'Natavi F1') were cultivated in Inceptisol soil under controlled conditions using conventional NPK fertilization and QD nanofertilizer treatments, including carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (CNQDs) with nitrogen contents of 25% (hereafter referred to as CNQD-N25) and 46% (hereafter referred to as CNQD-N46). Fertilizers were applied in three split doses at 20-day intervals to promote synchronized nutrient availability and minimize nutrient losses. Compared with conventional fertilization, which produced no tomato fruit, QD nanofertilizers yielded 198.5 g of tomato fruit per plant at the early fruiting stage and increased plant height, leaf number, and shoot diameter by 39.22%, 79.21%, and 11.36%, respectively, at the early vegetative stage. Soil enzymatic activities were also significantly enhanced, with dehydrogenase, cellulase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activities increasing by 57.08%, 473.72%, and 53.03%, respectively, relative to the conventional fertilizer treatment. In parallel, CQD and CNQD-N25 treatments increased the abundance of Azospirillum spp. and decomposer communities in the rhizosphere, indicating an improvement in soil microbial functional diversity that is consistent with the observed stimulation of soil enzyme activities. FTIR analysis further indicated interactions between QDs and soil microbial functional groups, suggesting favorable compatibility of these nanomaterials within the soil matrix. Overall, the results demonstrate that QD-based nanofertilizers can improve tomato productivity while enhancing soil microbial and biochemical functionality, highlighting their potential as environmentally relevant alternatives to conventional fertilizers. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate their long-term environmental fate and safety before wider agricultural application.

Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent nanomaterials known for their excellent photostability, tunable fluorescence, and biocompatibility, making them ideal for various applications. Within this class, dual-emissive CDs are particularly noteworthy, as they can exhibit two distinct emission peaks under a single excitation wavelength. This study reports the development of covalently coupled dual-emissive CDs, synthesized from 1,2-phenylenediamine and citric acid, which exhibit distinct dual emission peaks at 455 and 555 nm under a single 390 nm excitation wavelength. These coupled CDs served as a selective fluorescent probe for Cr-(VI) detection, demonstrating a linear response of the emission peak at 455 nm across the range of 5 to 500 μM. The quenching mechanism was investigated through time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and spectral overlap analysis. The results indicated that the fluorescence response was predominantly structured by the inner filter effect, while the nearly unchanged fluorescence lifetime suggests that dynamic collisional quenching is not the dominant pathway. A key advantage of this system is its rapid Cr-(VI) detection capability, with a response time of less than 15 s. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied for visualizing Cr-(VI) detection within NIH/3T3 cells through fluorescence imaging, and the probe showed low cytotoxicity under the short-term imaging conditions, with cell viability remaining above 90% after 4 h exposure at concentrations up to 5 mg/mL. The covalent coupling strategy yields a stable dual-emissive material with enhanced sensing performance for Cr-(VI) compared to individual or simply mixed CDs, highlighting its potential for environmental monitoring and bioimaging applications.

Electrically conductive textiles have revolutionized wearable electronics, integrating them to create interactive and intelligent clothing. Graphene is an ideal candidate for increasing the electrical properties of textiles owing to its mechanical flexibility and high electrical conductivity. In this work, electrically conductive cotton fabrics were prepared through the dip-dry technique using a solution containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The sheet resistance of seven times coated cotton fabrics was 1.9 (kΩ/sq), which showed their sensing capabilities. In addition, the flexibility and durability of the coated cotton fabrics were evaluated to certify their suitability for wearable applications using a cyclic test up to around 2300. Prepared conductive cotton fabrics were tested in four main body joints with different angles (45°, 90° and 120°), i.e. wrist, elbow, knee, and finger. The coated fabrics can detect mechanical actions such as bending/unbending, and stretching/relaxation as skin-mounted strain sensors.

Among the various forms of carbon nanomaterials, one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon, known as Carbyne, has been elusive and challenging to synthesize due to its chemical instability. Consequently, the properties of Carbyne have not been fully explored. Recent advancements have allowed the successful synthesis of finitelength Carbyne chains in the laboratory through novel techniques such as ion-assisted pulse plasma deposition (IA-PPD) and laser ablation in liquids (LAL). These methods produced hybrid nanostructures of sp3 and sp2 carbon enriched with Carbyne. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of these Carbyne nanostructures to gain a deeper understanding of their unique properties. Their potential as sensing materials in quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors was examined for room-temperature pollutant detection. Characterization results revealed a higher concentration of Carbyne in the LAL samples compared to the IA-PPD samples, which corresponded to superior gas sensing performance. In tests with various analytes, LAL Carbyne exhibited greater selectivity for ammonia gas. The sensor demonstrated a moderate response time of 4.7 min with full recovery in approximately 9.3 min. However, compared to other available carbon materials, the sensitivity of Carbyne was found to be relatively low, highlighting the need for further research to optimize Carbyne synthesis and sensor fabrication.

In this study, we developed and characterized highly scalable functional e-textiles using a water-based graphene solution. Water-based graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) dispersions were prepared using sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder, to coat the cotton fabric via a dip-pad-dry method. The results indicate a strong interaction between fibers and graphene dispersion, which leads to a tensile strength improvement of graphene-coated fabric up to 60

Food microfluidics are powerful tools to create total analysis systems and have long been demonstrated to be useful for safety and quality applications. This study introduced a new integrated aflatoxin B1 extraction and detection system based on microfluidic technology. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic mixer was developed herein to rapidly extract aflatoxin B1 from olive oil samples. We believe that the sunflower microfluidic mixer developed in this study can be widely applied in a variety of related fields that are extremely difficult in traditional batch processes. Successful integration of microfluidic mixers brings us closer to one-step detection. The used approach allows for analysis with only 2 ml of sample. The disposable and cost-effective paper-based microfluidics were utilized to construct the immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 detection. Owing to the high surface area of paper and carbon nanotubes sensitive measurement can be done at le 0.01 nanogram levels, below the regulatory requirements. Further, the paper-based microfluidic exhibited high recoveries between 91 and 97% for aflatoxin B1 detection in olive oil, demonstrating the method’s potential for use in the study of a variety of agricultural and culinary goods.

In this study, a carbon nanotube:multilayer graphene (CNT:G) hybrid nanofiller was constructed and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) based composite nanofibers containing CNT, or CNT:G were electrospun and characterized in order to fabricate thermally conductive polymer nanomats. Particular attention was directed toward investigating the effects of CNT and CNT:G in enhancing thermal stability, thermal conductivity coefficient, and heat dissipation efficiency of the composite nanofibers. The thermal conductivity coefficient of neat rPET nanofibers was found as 12.753 W/mK while it increased to 34.437, 38.713, and 96.957 W/mK with 0.25%, 1%, and 5% of CNT incorporation, respectively. When hybrid nanofillers were used at a loading of 1%, the thermal conductivity coefficients for rPET/CNT:G nanofibers with CNT:G ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 respectively increased to 62.229, and 47.62 W/mK. The heat dissipation efficiency of the rPET nanofibers was also enhanced upon nanofiller incorporation which was illustrated with infrared thermography data. The results suggest the use of both CNT- and CNT:G-loaded rPET composite nanofibers as promising textile materials for passive cooling applications.Highlights Hybrid CNT:G nanofillers are synthesized with weight ratios of 1:1 and 1:3. rPET/CNT and rPET/CNT:G composite nanofibers are electrospun. The thermal conductivity coefficients of the composite nanofibers are improved. The composite nanofibers are also mechanically enhanced. Value-added rPET products as thermal management materials are proposed.

Auxetic fabrics have numerous applications, mainly in safety armoring such as bullet protection vests, and lots of industrial utilities including aerospace. The Negative Poisson's Ratio (NPR) primarily based on Weft knitted (auxetic) fabric has been examined in this research. The Negative Poisson's Ratio weft knitted material has been prepared in a form of composite panel by knitting continuous polypropylene filament yarn using weft knitting technique on a flat knitting machine (Passap Deumatic 80), as 1 x 1 rib structure (fisherman's rib) with three combination of loop lengths (LL3, LL4, and LL5). Investigations were carried out for the various loop lengths at the Negative Poisson's Ratio (NPR) with inside the wales and courses directions. The composite panels were manufactured using Risen Transfer Molding (RTM) process. The load-displacement test curves obtained signify the failure mechanisms for the different loop lengths. Impact parameters have been evaluated comparing the different loop lengths of the composites. Failure modes have been examined carefully and sighted under optical microscope. The effects evaluated showed that the LL3 have the best highest peak of load, and the LL5 have the lowest decline of load curve, maximum displacement and minimal power absorption. The failure mode revealed matrix cracking, and surface buckling.

Poly(lactic acid)/Polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blend-based nanocomposites reinforced with carbon-based fillers that are both biocompatible and biodegradable have received considerable attention for numerous applications. Their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, along with their low toxicity, low cost, and renewability, have sparked substantial research to assess their potential as polymer composites. In this work, we provided an overview of the recent progress on the current trends of employing carbon-based nanofillers in PLA/PCL blends. The properties of these individual polymers and the blending of PCL with PLA enhance the properties of the polymer structure are mentioned first. Then, the comprehensive review particularly focuses on the addition of the most commonly used carbon-based nanofillers such as graphene nanoplateles (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into PLA/PCL blends, and its effect on the composite performance is also discussed. In conclusion, the potential applications to develop PLA/PCL biocomposites with the impact of emphasis on carbon-based filler are also presented and future expectations are summarized.

Mononuclear cells (MNCs), a type of leukocyte, require enrichment owing to their rarity for research and clinical applications. The enrichment of MNCs is generally performed via conventional methods (e.g., density gradient centrifugation). However, these methods have downsides, such as being labor intensive, energy and time consuming, and requiring advanced equipment. Therefore, inertial microfluidics has recently drawn widespread attention as a way to overcome these limitations. This work aims to investigate MNC separation using a novel spiral inertial microfluidic system design. After MNCs were enriched by Ficoll stratification, the cells were separated according to their size and deformability properties by passing through the microfluidic system. In the final step, various cell markers were examined for characterization in these cells collected at outlets. In this paper, we determined that MNCs obtained from three different hematological products could be sorted with a recovery rate of 97.5

The study of the ferromagnetic properties of silicon diffusion-doped with manganese impurity atoms makes it possible to determine the magnetic properties of this material. Depending on the technology of obtaining such samples, manganese may be located predominantly in the nodes or interstices of the silicon crystal lattice. It has been established that observations of the ferromagnetic properties of silicon are mainly related to the concentration of holes and the exchange interaction of holes in silicon. The study showed that the d-shell of manganese atoms can be filled with electrons, which leads to the appearance of the magnetic property of silicon doped with manganese atoms. The obtained research results showed a possibility to obtain a magnetic material with ferro-magnetic properties based on silicon doped with manganese impurity atoms, which can be widely used in the creation of spintronic devices in magnetoelectronics.

ABSTRACT Thermally conductive (TC) nanocomposites have been used increasingly in miniaturized electronic devices to hinder heat accumulation. By leveraging the lightweight nature of polymeric matrices and incorporating TC fillers, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), high‐thermally conductive materials with higher tensile strength can be developed. In this study, mechanically exfoliated hBN (20 wt%) was compounded with polypropylene (PP) to fabricate TC nanocomposites. Parameters such as sonication power, sonication time, and particle size of the hBN were optimized, and the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites, along with alkyl modification, in comparison to raw and exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS), were examined. BNNS‐based PP demonstrated improved tensile strength and elastic modulus, accompanied by a decrease in ductility. A high elastic modulus (3386 MPa—ABN/PP20.40‐2) was obtained from the alkyl‐modified samples. The sample containing 20 wt% BNNS (BNNS/PP20.40‐3), which was subjected to 1500 W of sonication for 8 h, demonstrated an improved thermal conductivity of 0.54 W/mK, compared to ABN/PP20.40‐2 (0.4 W/mK). This reflects a 125% and 80% enhancement compared to pure PP (0.24 W/mK) and smaller‐sized hBN‐based samples coded BNNS/PP20.750 (0.304 W/mK), respectively.

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been exploited as sensors for a variety of applications due to their excellent advantages over diodes and other electronic devices. Capacitors are one of the key components of the OFET designs that consist of a dielectric layer sandwiched between two parallel metal plates. The dielectric layer should be thin and/or have a high k constant value to achieve a high capacitance value (C-i, areal capacitance), so more charge carriers can be accumulated at the interface between the dielectric and the organic semiconductor, for OFETs to operate under low voltage (< 3 V). In this study, high-k nanocomposites (NCs) of ZrO2 metal oxide ceramic nanoparticles (NPs) in varying concentrations blended in two different polymer matrixes, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) have been utilised as the dielectric layer in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. The physical and electrical properties of fabricated MIM capacitors were evaluated. The measured areal capacitance, C-i, values demonstrated a gradual rise with increasing ZrO2 metal oxide content in both polymer matrixes. ZrO2-PVDF-HFP-based capacitors exhibited a two-fold increase in C-i, 91.86 +/- 6.1 nF/cm(2) (a 140 % increase) for 10 wt % NP content. Similarly, areal capacitance values of 76 +/- 3.03 nF/cm(2) (a 45 % rise) was measured on MIMs using CZ10 dielectric layer. High average dielectric constant (k) values of 28.61 and 35.68 for CZ5 and PZ5, respectively) were obtained. As expected, leakage current density increased for higher NP % in polymer matrixes. Nevertheless, all MIMs yielded average leakage current density < 1.75 x 10(-6) (A/cm(2)) at 2 V. Therefore, the reported nanocomposites are suitable dielectric layers for OFETs and as platforms for gas, chemical and photoactivated sensing devices.

This paper reviews the advancements and potentials in Knitted Negative Poisson Ratio (NPR) materials, including warp-knitted, weft-knitted, and three-dimensional (3D) knitted structures. The review includes 10 sections the following order: a general introduction, defection of the NPR, the auxetic textile fabrics, warp and weft knitted, the 3D, the mechanical properties of auxetic knitted structure, advantages and drawbacks, and the future trends. However, research on knitted textile structures with Negative Poisson Ratio is limited in the literature so far. This type of material with unusual properties and 3D negative stiffness textile structure has been of interest for fundamental research, and engineering applications. Nonetheless, there is a need for a systematic study of their structural design and manufacturing process and their performance for further exploitation. Among different design structures, various structures have been designed and made to show the properties of (NPR). These negative Poisson ratio textiles knitted structures will enable new applications such as vibration isolation for transportation, defense Industries, aerospace, biomedical, sports industries, geotextile, construction, and many more high-value-added and innovative products.