The development of high-voltage functional electrolytes is critical for enabling next-generation lithium metal batteries. Ether-based electrolytes, known for their excellent compatibility with lithium metal, still face challenges under high voltage due to their relatively poor oxidation stability (<4.0 V). Herein, we develop an ether-based electrolyte incorporating trace amounts of a Janus molecule additive to enable stable, long-term cycling up to 4.3 V. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that the keto form effectively suppresses dendrite formation, while the enol form stabilizes the cathode structure and promotes a robust CEI. As a result, the optimized electrolyte can achieve an average CE of 99.23% after 1,000 cycles and enable Li || NCM811 coin cells (pouch cells) to retain over 81.3% (82%) of initial capacity after 200 cycles at 4.3 V. The discovery greatly enhances our understanding of interfacial reactions and provides a distinctive perspective for designing high-voltage electrolytes for Li metal batteries.

Abstract Classical low-dimensional chaotic encryption faces serious issues due to period loss from finite precision, especially when subjected to intelligent cracking methods driven by current artificial intelligence. To overcome this problem, we use a hybrid encryption method that combines physical entropy injection with a five-dimensional (5D) hyperchaotic system. Our technology uses digital holograms of real natural images as an outside source of physical entropy. Any optical record inherently contains noise. It is fundamentally impossible to predict and decipher the inherent noise of real-world records using artificial intelligence, which is fundamentally different from computing pseudo-randomness. This physical entropy is utilized to generate virtual optical sinusoidal phase masks. Integrated with bit-plane permutation and pixel-level diffusion driven by the 5D hyperchaotic system, the encryption process incorporates a plaintext-dependent dynamic mechanism. By continuously altering the input–output mapping, the proposed method structurally mitigates the static correlations exploited by data-driven cryptanalysis. Security evaluations yielded near-ideal avalanche metrics, with the number of pixels change rate and unified average changing intensity tightly converging to approximately 99.608% and 33.465%, respectively. Extensive numerical simulations validate the cryptographic efficacy of the proposed scheme.

This work proposes a hexagonally structured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) whose center core is filled with the nematic liquid crystal (NLC). The most reliable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon is intentionally integrated into the structure by replacing an air hole with a gold wire. The use of metal wire instead of metal film reduces the difficulty associated with attaining uniform film thickness. The finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze and assess the sensor's performance over a broad voltage range of 200 V to 280 V, with a 5 V increment. The sensing performance is observed by varying each structure parameter to achieve the desired performance. However, the wavelength sensitivity (WS) and linearity of the sensor reach up to 6 nm/V and 0.996, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor offers a resolution (R) of 0.0167 V and a figure of merit (FOM) of 33.33 V-1. The proposed sensor offers high performance and a reliable structure, which enables its use in extreme and sophisticated power applications.

H2 is considered the most promising clean energy alternative to conventional energy. It is very important to detect hydrogen in real-time to prevent hydrogen leakage with the vigorous use and development of hydrogen energy. The development of gas sensors with enhanced sensing capabilities can be achieved by creating a mesoporous structure. Therefore, we successfully synthesized a synergistically engineered mesoporous SnO2 (m-SnO2) with a large specific surface area, an abundant amount of chemisorbed oxygen, and oxygen vacancies. These properties are significantly different from those of commercial SnO2 (c-SnO2). The m-SnO2 sensor exhibits advanced H2 sensing properties, including the high response value of 41 to 10 ppm H2 at 200 degrees C, which is higher than that of the c-SnO2 sensor with a response value of 9.5, a good linear relationship between response value and H2 concentration, a low practical detection limit of 25 ppb, high selectivity, a fast response time of 8 s, and reliable repeatability and long-term stability. The effect of SnO2 crystal planes on hydrogen sensing properties is investigated. The enhanced H2 sensing performance of the m-SnO2 sensor is due to the synergistic effect of its mesoporous structure, and abundant chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancy.

A novel surface plasmon polariton (SPP) refractive index sensor is proposed in this paper. In this sensor, the input and output waveguides are separated by a metal barrier, and a cross-shaped concave rectangular resonator (CCRR) is placed above the waveguides. Two sharp and independently adjustable Fano resonance peaks are observed in the transmission spectrum. The principle of generating Fano peaks is based on the Fano resonance effect, which is excited by the coupling between the CCRR and the metal barrier. The performance of the proposed structure has been studied using the finite element method (FEM). The CCRR structure can generate two independently adjustable Fano resonance peaks, achieving a sensitivity of 1550 nm RIU-1 and a figure of merit (FOM) of 73.8, which demonstrates its broad application potential in high-precision micro-nano sensing. This work provides valuable insights for the subsequent design of sensor structures based on the Fano resonance principle. Moreover, the proposed structure can have wide research and application in high-precision micro-nano sensing, band-stop filtering, and slow-light devices.

Double perovskite-type fluorescent materials Ba2GdWO6:x%Bi3+ (x = 0.1 similar to 2.0) were successfully prepared via a high-temperature solid-state reaction method, which possesses dual functional characteristics of photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL). Systematic characterizations revealed that when the Bi3+ doping amount is 1%, the sample exhibits optimal PL performance under near-ultraviolet excitation. At an excitation wavelength of 382 nm, the typical blue emission peak of Bi3+ shows a quantum efficiency of 51.14%, with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.155, 0.049), a color purity as high as 91.62%, a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 1721 K, and an activation energy of 0.228 eV. All these indicators meet the application standards of LED phosphors for plant growth.Thermoluminescence analysis indicated that the material exhibits an obvious TL peak around 390 K, and the optimal TL performance is achieved when the Bi3+ doping concentration is 0.2%. Within the irradiation dose range of 0.266 similar to 2.1 Gy, the TL intensity shows a good linear relationship with the dose, demonstrating its applicability for low-dose radiation detection. In addition, the samples after X-ray irradiation not only possess high linear responsiveness but also exhibit excellent thermal stability and radiation damage resistance.In summary, the double perovskite tungstate Ba2GdWO6:x%Bi3+ achieves the synergistic optimization of light conversion and radiation response, and has important application value in the fields of plant lighting LEDs and radiation dose monitoring.

The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is fundamentally constrained by an activity–stability trade-off: while adsorbate evolution mechanisms (AEM) suffer from sluggish kinetics, lattice oxygen mechanisms (LOM) improve reaction rates but often lead to irreversible metal loss and poor stability. Here, we introduce an asymmetric interface strategy that enables a synergistic AEM–LOM pathway. In this design, controlled lattice oxygen participation lowers the overpotential, while carbon within the asymmetric interface acts as an electron donor to stabilize high-valence metal and suppress its dissolution—thereby enhancing catalytic stability. Using carbon-coated spinel (Co3O4@C) as a model system, we show that the asymmetric Co3O4|C interface significantly enhances acidic OER performance, achieving overpotentials of 289 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 368 mV at 100 mA cm−2. Moreover, the catalyst sustains operation for 240 h at 10 mA cm−2 with only a 45 mV increase in overpotential. Operando spectroscopic studies directly demonstrate that the asymmetric interface promotes a more stable Co valence state and more reversible Co redox behavior, while suppressing structural disorder. Multiple in situ characterizations confirm that the asymmetric interface drives a synergistic AEM–LOM catalytic mechanism. Complementary theoretical calculations further reveal that upon oxygen vacancy formation at the asymmetric interface, Co3O4@C energetically favors adsorbate-mediated O–O coupling over direct lattice oxygen involvement. This work establishes the asymmetric interface-enabled synergistic AEM–LOM pathway as a general mechanistic framework for the rational design of stable and efficient acidic OER catalysts.

Charging energy (EC) is essential in quantum dot (QD) devices. Previous studies on PbTe QDs have reported both the presence and absence of EC. To resolve this ambiguity, we vary the QD size, i.e., the cross-sectional area of PbTe nanowires, and track the evolution of EC. For large cross-sectional areas (' 16 000 nm2), the PbTe QDs exhibit no measurable EC, while quantized levels are well resolved. Decreasing this area successively to 5000, 1500, and 460 nm2, EC becomes finite and increases to 80, 160, and 210 & micro;eV, respectively. We further demonstrate the strong tunability of local gates, which can tune the PbTe device from the QD regime to the regime of ballistic transport. These results address concerns regarding the large dielectric constant of PbTe and provide key insights in engineering advanced PbTe quantum devices.

We introduce an innovative approach for reducing speckle noise in holographic reconstruction images utilizing the Transformer architecture. This approach not only effectively captures speckle noise from digital holographic images but also better preserves details in images, owing to the characteristics of the Swin Transformer in globally and locally capturing relationships between image features. The network is trained using a large dataset with a distribution similar to real speckle noise. Experimental results demonstrate outstanding denoising performance of the proposed method and effectively preserving the details.

One key characteristic of the Chinese spelling check (CSC) task is that incorrect characters are usually similar to the correct ones in either phonetics or glyph. To accommodate this, previous works usually leverage confusion sets, which suffer from two problems, i.e., difficulty in determining which character pairs to include and lack of probabilities to distinguish items in the set. In this paper, we propose a light-weight plug-and-play DISC (i.e., decoding intervention with similarity of characters) module for CSC models.DISC measures phonetic and glyph similarities between characters and incorporates this similarity information only during the inference phase. This method can be easily integrated into various existing CSC models, such as ReaLiSe, SCOPE, and ReLM, without additional training costs. Experiments on three CSC benchmarks demonstrate that our proposed method significantly improves model performance, approaching and even surpassing the current state-of-the-art models.

Based on a fan-out grating periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), a high efficiency, continuous-wave, narrow linewidth, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was demonstrated. This OPO exhibited a broad tuning range of 2890-3574 nm, attributable to the unique properties of the fan-out grating PPLN crystal. The OPO achieved over 3 W output power across 2956-3525 nm, due to pump-enhancement technology and an optimized input coupler, whose transmissivity was optimized based on the efficiency on the tuning range. The maximum output power was 4.06 W at 3014 nm. The signal light was employed for locking, resulting in a standard deviation of idler output power of 0.8% over a duration of 30 min. The linewidth of the idler was measured and estimated to be less than 665 kHz. At the maximum output power at 3238 nm, the M2 factors were determined to be 1.25 and 1.33 in the x and y directions, respectively.

Nb2SiTe4 (NST) has been shown air-stable with narrow band gap, high electron mobility, excellent absorption properties, and anisotropic optical properties. In this research, liquid phase exfoliation method was employed to prepare NST QDs which were subsequently applied to the tapered fiber to form saturable absorbers for erbiumdoped fiber laser. A two-armed balanced probing system was used to assess the nonlinear optical properties, resulting a saturation intensity of 2.36 KW/cm2 and a modulation depth of 9.56%. Following the implementation of the NST QDs-SA to Er-doped fiber laser (EDFL) system, stable mode-locked pulses were produced exhibiting the center wavelength of 1574.43 nm, the repetition frequency of 21.50 MHz, and the pulse duration of 747 fs. Those results demonstrate the potential of NST as a narrowband SA, offering new avenues for the design of airstable ultrafast photonic devices.

In this paper, the performance and applications of erbium-doped fiber lasers based on topological semi-metallic GaGeTe quantum dots saturable absorbers are investigated, and the dynamic behavior of its soliton generation is also investigated. GaGeTe quantum dots were successfully prepared by a simple liquid-phase stripping method. The resulting saturable absorber had a modulation depth of 10.61%, a saturation optical intensity of 13.9 kW/ cm2, and an unsaturated composition of 9.32%. The experimental results show that the achieved erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on GaGeTe QD has a repetition frequency of 20.31 MHz, an operating wavelength of 1573.72 nm, a maximum output power of 5.54 mW, and a small pulse width of 830 fs. The conventional soliton formation and dynamical evolution processes are further revealed by numerical simulations, which are consistent with the experimental observations. Those observations show that the GaGeTe QD SA devices have potential applications in nonlinear optics and provide more options for the development of ideal 2D materials.

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), encompassing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), is a major global health challenge due to its high mortality rate. Current molecular classifications of NSCLC fail to adequately integrate subtype-specific molecular and phenotypic differences, and many are not directly applicable to clinical diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis guidance. To address this, we develop a machine learning-based tumor subtyping framework, Morphgene, that integrates morphological analysis from Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides with multiomics data, successfully delineating four distinct survival-related subtypes for both LUAD and LUSC. Our analysis identifies unique molecular profiles and treatment responses for these subtypes: LUAD's Cluster C is characterized by low mutation rates and EGFR mutations, showing resistance to immunotherapy but sensitivity to targeted therapies. In contrast, LUAD's Cluster B and LUSC's Cluster D are likely to benefit from immunotherapy. LUSC's Cluster A also shows enhanced survival with chemoradiotherapy. This integrated subtyping approach provides clearer insights for personalized treatment strategies in NSCLC.

To meet the demand for differentiated field of view of near-infrared time of flight lenses in smart home devices, this paper designs a near-infrared wide-angle lens based on a special surface using CodeV optical design software. The lens consists of four plastic lenses and one infrared bandpass filter. The four plastic lenses adopt a negative-positive-positive-positive lens structure, and the lens type is a combination of deformable non spherical and free curved surfaces. The design simulation results show that the F-number of the lens is 3.5, the maximum angle of the full field of view is 127 degrees, the ratio of horizontal and vertical angles is 1.8:1, the total length of the system is 11.9 mm, and the modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 40% when the spatial frequency is 83 lp/mm, which can complete the function of near-infrared recognition and detection tasks very well.

Currently, the image information visibility range of head-up display (HUD) on the market is limited, typically only accessible to the main driver. To enable not only the driver but also other passengers to observe speed, navigation, and entertainment information, a three-image-plane single-reflection panorama head-up display (PHUD) optical system is designed. The image plane size is 300 mmx 45 mm, with the vehicle's center as the eyebox center. The eyebox measures 1000 mmx 120 mm. The virtual image distances are 1.25 m for the main driver, 1.2 m for the center, and 1.25 m for the front passenger. The central image plane corresponds to a field of view of 14.25 degrees x2.15 degrees , with the left and right image planes having a wrap angle of 12 degrees . For the three virtual image distances, the spot sizes at the central eye point are all smaller than the Airy disk diameter. The modulation transfer function (MTF) at 6 lp/mm is greater than 0.5, approaching the diffraction limit. The distortion is less than 5%, and the dynamic distortion is less than 2 '.

Despite the material point method (MPM) provides a unified particle simulation framework for coupling of different materials, MPM suffers from sticky numerical artifacts, which is inherently restricted to sticky and no-slip interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel transfer scheme called Decomposed Compatible Affine Particle in Cell (DC-APIC) within the MPM framework for simulating the two-way coupled interaction between elastic solids and incompressible fluids under free-slip boundary conditions on a unified background grid. Firstly, we adopt particle-grid compatibility to describe the relationship between grid nodes and particles at the fluid–solid interface, which serves as the guideline for subsequent particle–grid–particle transfers. Then we develop a phase-field gradient method to track the compatibility and normal directions at the interface. Secondly, to facilitate automatic MPM collision resolution during solid–fluid coupling, in the proposed DC-APIC integrator, the tangential component will not be transferred between incompatible grid nodes to prevent velocity smoothing in another phase, while the normal component is transferred without limitations. Finally, our comprehensive results confirm that our approach effectively reduces diffusion and unphysical viscosity compared to traditional MPM.

High operating temperatures generally degrade the luminous performance of color converters used in high-power, laser-driven white lighting systems. This study demonstrated that the operating temperature of LuAG:Ce films can be significantly reduced, particularly under high-power laser excitation near the saturation threshold. This improvement was achieved by enhancing the crystallinity and increasing the Ce3+ content in LuAG:Ce films. LuAG:Ce films, approximately 22.17 μm in thickness, were deposited on sapphire substrates via spray pyrolysis techniques. The crystallinity was controlled by the annealing temperature, while the Ce3+ content was regulated by the annealing atmosphere. Compared with those with a crystallinity of 75.5%, the air-annealed films with a crystallinity of 87.4% exhibited a remarkable 95.6 °C decrease in operating temperature under 18 W/mm2 blue laser excitation. Additionally, the incorporation of a higher Ce3+ content through CO annealing led to a further reduction in the operating temperature. By lowering the operating temperature, LuAG:Ce films on sapphire substrates exhibit enhanced luminous performance and thermal stability under prolonged high-power laser excitation, which could inspire the design and development of advanced color converters for laser lighting applications.

This paper presents a design for a tunable plasmon refractive index nanosensor based on Fano resonance. The proposed structure comprises a metal-insulator-metal waveguide featuring a silver baffle and a ring cavity embedded in a square (RCSQ). This innovative structural configuration effectively excites dual Fano resonances by leveraging the unique properties of its constituent elements and geometry. The transmission spectrum and electric field at the resonance were simulated using the finite element method (FEM) in two-dimensional space, providing an in-depth explanation of the formation mechanism of the Fano resonance, as well as analyzing how various structural parameters influence sensor characteristics. Simulation results indicate that the Fano peak can be readily tuned by adjusting cavity parameters and refractive indices. Common tuning of the Fano resonance is achievable through modifications to the proportionality constant of the RCSQ. Finally, we optimize and analyze the sensor characteristics of this structure, achieving sensitivity levels up to 2750 nm/RIU with a figure of merit (FOM) of 3.48×104. Consequently, this structure holds significant potential for applications in optical nanosensors.

In this study, femtosecond laser technology was employed to fabricate micro-textures on Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) surfaces, and the effect of laser power on micro-texture formation was systematically investigated. A three-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to simulate and analyze the formation of micro-textures in laser-processed PEEK materials through comprehensive numerical simulations. The wettability and friction properties of the micro-textures were examined by parameter optimization. Results demonstrate that under varying laser power conditions, the groove profiles predicted by the model align closely with experimental measurements, with a maximum dimensional error of less than 10 %. Micro-textures fabricated under optimized parameters exhibit significant hydrophobicity (contact angle more than 115 degrees) and reduced friction coefficient (less than 0.2), achieving simultaneous optimization of both wettability and friction through a single laser processing step. The experimental findings and numerical models presented in this study offer valuable insights for advancing laser processing techniques in the fabrication of PEEK micro-textures.