Background: Anemia is a global health issue, particularly among pregnant women in developing countries, with an estimated 35% of pregnant women worldwide expected to be anemic by 2023. This condition increases the risk of complications for both mother and fetus, such as fatigue, preterm birth, and low birth weight. It is influenced by maternal factors, including age, chronic energy deficiency (CED), and educational level. Purpose: This study aims to identify the relationship among maternal age, chronic energy deficiency, education level, and the occurrence of anemia in pregnant women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the working area of the Pakuncen Community Health Center and involved 192 pregnant women selected using purposive random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to determine the age, educational level, CED, and anemia status. Anemia status was determined by measuring hemoglobin levels using HemoCue, while CED status was assessed by upper-arm circumference (UAC). Data analysis used chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 40.60%. Maternal age, education level, and CED status were significantly associated with anemia incidence (p<0.05). Logistic regression showed that mothers with low education (AOR = 3.41; 95% CI: 1.77-6.53), experiencing CED (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.12-4.20), and aged <20 or >35 years (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.18-4.68) had a higher likelihood of anemia. Conclusion: Maternal age, nutritional status, and education level significantly affect anemia risk. Improving nutrition education and supporting empowerment can help reduce anemia and improve the health of mothers and infants.

Background: The success of tuberculosis (TB) treatment largely depends on patient adherent to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. Medication supervisors play a crucial role in supporting adherence through the Directly Observed Treatment Short course. Purpose: This study aims to describe medication adherence and the role of medication supervisors based on TB patients’ perceptions. Methods: This descriptive quantitative study involved a population of 35 tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment at Depok III Health Center (27 cases) and Godean I Health Center (8 cases) from May to October 2023. A total of 31 patients with consent were included as respondents using a total sampling technique. Data on medication adherence and perceptions of the role of medication supervisors were collected through a structured questionnaire tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed descriptively. Results: The majority of respondents were male, aged 15–39 years and demonstrated a high level of medication adherence (96.8%). Respondents perceived medication supervisors as effective in reminding them to take medication and explaining treatment procedures, but less optimal in providing direct assistance, family education, and information about side effects. Conclusion: Medication adherence among TB patients in the study area was high. However, the role of medication supervisors needs to be strengthened in direct assistance, family education, and side effect management. Capacity building through structured training and supervision is required to increase the success of TB treatment.

ABSTRAK Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang terus meningkat dan memerlukan upaya pencegahan sejak dini melalui edukasi kesehatan. Pengetahuan remaja dan mahasiswa tentang diabetes melitus menjadi dasar penting dalam penyusunan materi edukasi yang tepat sasaran. Mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang diabetes melitus sebagai dasar pelaksanaan edukasi kesehatan. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada 15 Desember di Kampus 3 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan dengan melibatkan 165 mahasiswa. Metode yang digunakan berupa pengisian kuesioner pengetahuan tentang diabetes melitus yang terdiri atas 15 item pertanyaan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan edukasi kesehatan oleh Dinas Kesehatan. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Mayoritas peserta berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 141 orang (85,50%), sedangkan laki-laki sebanyak 24 orang (14,50%). Sumber informasi terbanyak berasal dari guru sebanyak 71 orang (43,00%). Tingkat pengetahuan peserta secara umum tergolong sangat baik, ditunjukkan oleh tingginya proporsi jawaban benar pada hampir seluruh item pertanyaan. Pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang diabetes melitus tergolong sangat baik, tetapi masih terdapat beberapa aspek yang perlu diperkuat. Edukasi kesehatan penting dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman secara lebih menyeluruh dan mendukung pembentukan perilaku hidup sehat. Kata Kunci: Diabetes Melitus, Pengetahuan, Mahasiswa, Edukasi Kesehatan. ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that continues to increase and requires early prevention efforts through health education. The knowledge of adolescents and university students about diabetes mellitus is an important basis for developing appropriate and targeted educational materials. To identify the level of students’ knowledge about diabetes mellitus as a basis for implementing health education. This activity was conducted on December 15 at Campus 3 of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan and involved 165 students. The method used consisted of administering a diabetes mellitus knowledge questionnaire with 15 items, followed by health education provided by the Health Office. The data were analyzed descriptively. Most participants were female, with 141 students (85.50%), while 24 students (14.50%) were male. The main source of information was teachers, reported by 71 students (43.00%). Overall, the participants’ level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus was very good, as shown by the high proportion of correct answers on almost all questionnaire items. Students’ knowledge about diabetes mellitus was generally very good, although several aspects still need improvement. Health education is important to enhance students’ understanding more comprehensively and to support the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Knowledge, Students, Health Education.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health burden, and treatment success is strongly influenced by sustained adherence supported by family caregivers. This study developed a family-based tuberculosis education module (“Empowering Families to Learn More About Tuberculosis”), assessed its content validity through expert judgment, and examined feasibility through a limited field trial. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was applied among family members accompanying TB patients. Seven experts (TB, health promotion media, and language) evaluated module feasibility using Aiken’s V, yielding an average value of 0.80. Knowledge scores significantly increased after module use (mean 12.87 to 15.32; median 15 to 16), with Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicating a significant improvement (p<0.001). The module is valid, acceptable, and practical for implementation in primary and community care settings to strengthen family support in TB care.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains a worldwide health concern, with Indonesia having the secondhighest number of cases in the world. Contact investigation is a crucial tool for the early diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis transmission, and health cadres play a vital role in this process. However, a lack of training reduces their efficiency in discovering instances. This study investigates the impact of IC training on cadre knowledge at the Girisubo Health Center, which had the highest number of TB patients in Gunungkidul in 2022. With most cadres not yet trained, this training will deepen their understanding and support TB case detection. This quasiexperimental study used a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design to investigate the influence of TB contact investigation training on the knowledge of 48 health cadres at the Girisubo Health Center. A validated questionnaire was used to gather data before and after the exam. A paired t-test with a 95% significance level (p<0.05) was used to assess changes in knowledge following training. This study found that TB patient contact investigation education was beneficial for the understanding of health cadres (p-value = 0.000; 95% CI: 2.962-5.643). TB contact investigation education improves cadres’ knowledge at the Girisubo Health Centre. The rise in post-test scores demonstrates the efficacy of lecture, audiovisual, and role-playing modalities. Interactive talks help alleviate boredom and improve comprehension. Continuous assistance is required to optimize the role of cadres in TB detection. tuberculosis contact investigation education was effective in increasing health cadres’knowledge regarding contact investigation.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes without using a mask or personal protective equipment, transmission occurs, resulting in a rise in TB cases. This is significant because without sufficient measures by the diseased individual, the chance of disease transmission increases. This study aims to evaluate the link between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour in avoiding TB transmission in the Bantul Health Service Work Area. Methods: This is an analytical observational study using a cross-sectional research methodology. This research included 55 TB patients still being treated at the Health Center of the Bantul Health Service Work Area. This study used a comprehensive sample approach. Data was obtained via a questionnaire, and the results were analyzed using chi-square, logistic regression, and Rasch models. Results: Knowledge (sig: 0.003; OR: 10.334) and attitudes (sig: 0.029; OR: 4.938) are associated with TB prevention behaviour in the Bantul Health Service Work Area. The most manageable behaviour to avoid transmission to those around them is taking medicine regularly and eating healthy food (logit: -2.10), while the most challenging activity is opening the home window (logit: 1.96). Conclusion: Knowledge and attitude are risk factors for preventing TB transmission, thorough education about tuberculosis prevention is required through multiple health promotion media.

Introduction: The gender paradox can be described as when violence against boys is considered minor, while violence against girls is considered oppression. What are the experiences of psychological dating violence among urban adolescents in Indonesia, and how can these be evaluated using Rasch modelling? Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey approach with 114 junior high school students in private schools in Yogyakarta. The instrument used was the 10-PDV. The psychological violence paradox in adolescent dating was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Differential Item Functioning (DIF). Gender paradoxes were assessed based on p-value, DIF contrast, Rasch-Welch t, and Mantel-Haenszel Prob. Results: The results of the study indicate the normalization of unhealthy behavior among urban adolescents in dating relationships, with a prevalence of psychological violence exceeding 50%. On the one hand, the percentage of female adolescents reporting psychological violence was higher than that of male adolescents. On the other hand, adolescent boys reported experiencing psychological violence with a higher severity level compared to adolescent girls. Conclusion: These findings indicate a gender paradox in urban adolescent psychological dating violence.

Introduction: Indonesia did not meet the MDGs and SDGs targets. Factors contributing to the reduction of infant mortality in Indonesia in the last decade need to be understood. Methods: This cross-sectional study uses a dataset from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The sample size is 3413 infants. Multiple logistic regression results are performed by odds ratio (OR). Results: Infants living in the middle wealth index were at higher risk of infant death compared to infants with the poorest and poor counterparts (AOR=1.73; 95% CI=1.14~2.61). The risk of infant death was almost two times higher among infants who were born in Sumatera (AOR=1.83; 95% CI=1.02~3.27), Java and Bali (AOR=2.14; 95% CI=1.21~3.76), and Sulawesi (AOR=2.39; 95% CI=1.15~4.96) than infants who were born in Papua and Maluku. Conclusion: Infants living in the middle wealth index, Sumatera, Java and Bali, and Sulawesi had a higher mortality risk than others.

Background: Health technology has enormous potential for preventing and curing TB. As a result, this research aims to create a prototype of an early detection tool for clinical symptoms based on Android. Methods: The Cure-TB application prototype is being developed through Research and Development, type 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). A total of 45 potential users evaluated the Cure-TB prototype utilizing 10 System Usability Scale (SUS) criteria. The SUS scale employs a five-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The SUS scale's item dependability is 0.91, and its Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.68. Prospective users' test results were examined using Rasch modelling approaches such as Logit Value of Person (LVP), Logit Value of Item (LVI), and Wright map. Results: Cure-TB contains seven main elements that help in the treatment of tuberculosis. The seven elements provided support the role of each user, which includes patients, health staff, and the general public. The SUS test findings showed a score of 75, meaning that the Cure-TB application received good feedback from most prospective users. Feedback from users that it takes time to get used to the various features provided. Conclusion: The Android-based Cure-TB application provides a unique option for early tuberculosis identification, enhancing patient treatment compliance and monitoring patients' side effects and nutritional condition.

Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is a global public health problem that has a serious impact on adolescents' physical, psychological, and social development. This study aimed to explore gender disparities in Indonesian adolescents' knowledge of dating violence using the Rasch Model and Differential Item Function Analysis. A total of 250 junior high school students in Yogyakarta, consisting of 107 males and 143 females, participated. The ADV knowledge measurement instrument consisted of 16 previously tested items for validity and reliability. Results showed that female students had a higher level of knowledge than male students, especially in identifying emotional and physical violence. Differential item function (DIF) analysis revealed that two items showed differences in perception based on gender, with female students focusing more on physical violence. In contrast, male students tended to view physical violence as a more common behaviour. This study highlights the importance of more inclusive and gender-sensitive educational programs to increase adolescents' knowledge of different forms of dating violence. The findings provide important insights for the development of interventions that can help prevent dating violence among adolescents.

Introduction: The second-largest tuberculosis hotspot in the world is located in Indonesia, which creates a significant threat to global health. The disease causes severe harm to patients' health status because it damages their physical health, mental state, and social relationships. The development of tuberculosis control strategies requires knowledge about elements that impact the maintenance of the health quality of tuberculosis patients. This study aims to explore the determinants of quality of life in tuberculosis patients qualitatively using thematic analysis techniques with Atlas.ti software in Yogyakarta. Methods: This study used a qualitative design and a case study technique. Patients and TBC program holders from Yogyakarta City's primary healthcare institutions participated in the event. Nine participants were selected using a purposive sampling strategy from individuals who had recently completed treatment and were educated about TBC. In-depth interviews were conducted utilizing an interview guide to gather data. Atlas.ti was used for thematic analysis of the data. This project has been granted ethical approval under license number 369/EA/KEPK-FKM/2024. Results: Most TBC patients have a low quality of life due to physical and psychological disorders, as well as the influence of social stigma. At the same time, the environmental health dimension is in good condition. Determining factors include intrapersonal aspects (knowledge, self-efficacy, motivation), interpersonal aspects (family knowledge and support), and environmental aspects (stigma). Therefore, psychosocial education for patients and their families is crucial for improving quality of life. Conclusion: Tuberculosis patients in Yogyakarta City continue to have a bad quality of life in terms of physical, psychological, and social dimensions. As a result, education is required to promote awareness of TBC among patients and their families, encouraging social support to aid in the healing process, and reducing societal stigma.

Background: Couple victimization among adolescents has an impact on their physical and psychology. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the validity and reliability of a physical and psychological violence scale among dating adolescents. Methods: A total of 294 students participated in this study. The participants were chosen using a basic random sampling approach. The validity of the proposed scale was assessed using expert judgement, t-values, and Standardized Loading Factors (SLFs) using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The reliability of each construct was determined using the Construct Reliability (CR) value. The acquired data satisfied the criterion for goodness-of-fit based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The experts deemed a total of 37 items valid. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrates that the 32-item scale measuring victims of physical and psychological violence meets the criteria for validity and reliability. The t-values range from 6.41 to 17.87, the standardized loading factor ranges from 0.38 to 0.85 confirming construct validity achieved, and the construct reliability ranges from 0.89 to 0.93 showing all construct or latent factors achieving acceptable reliability criteria. Conclusion: Victims of physical and psychological assault met the criteria for being valid and reliable.

Hipertensi merupakan suatu keadaan dimana tekanan darah sistolik ?140 mmhg dan tekanan darah diastolik ?90 mmhg pada dua kali pengukuran dengan selang waktu lima menit dalam keadaan istirahat. Kegiatan pengabdian dilakukan dengan senam bersama, pemaparan materi terkait hipertensi, skrining hipertensi, serta pretest dan posttest. Kegiatan ini dihadiri oleh 53 responden. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan pemahaman masyarakat mengenai hipertensi serta memberikan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat tentang hipertensi. Dengan adanya kegiatan pengabdian dapat diketahui adanya peningkatan pengetahuan pada masyarakat dengan nilai ilai rata-rata pengetahuan peseta pada saat sebelum diberi edukasi yaitu sebesar 80.76 dan rata-rata pengetahuan setelah diberi edukasi sebesar 91.92 yang dapat diartikan bahwa pemberian edukasi terkait hipertensi kepada masyarakat berhasil.

Introduction: Globally, tuberculosis (TBC) continues to be a factor causing morbidity and death. During the COVID-19 epidemic, case detection has decreased globally; Indonesia is one of the countries that sees this. For many years, the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) approach has been used as a TB control program. Based on case studies, the success rate for tuberculosis treatment in Yogyakarta is 86.4%, which does not meet the national target. Aims: To evaluate the Yogyakarta DOTS strategy in reducing TB. Methods: This research uses a qualitative case study design methodology. Six people participated in this research as respondents; two of them were drug swallowing supervisors, and four of them were TBC program participants. Theme analysis was applied to data analysis. Results: Yogyakarta successfully implemented DOTS which consists of five strategies. There are no gubernatorial regulations derived from presidential regulations regarding TB control; however, there was a decision by the governor to accelerate the eradication of TB, which later became a political commitment. Cases were identified through sputum examination using a rapid molecular test. Healthcare institutions have adequate access to medicines, which are monitored by the drug swallowing supervisors. Tuberculosis information system (SITB) is used in monitoring, recording and reporting systems. Conclusion: Implementing the five of Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse strategies in controlling TBC in Yogyakarta has been done quite well. However, implementation is still hampered by a lack of human resources, computer infrastructure, and connections, all of which impact timely reporting.

In Indonesia, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) continues to be an issue. Although there have been fewer dengue infections in the past three years, many areas of Indonesia remain dengue endemic. Insecticide use is one DHF prevention and control method that has been used for a long time. Long-term usage of insecticides can cause the vector, Aedes aegypti, to develop resistance. Insecticide resistance to Aedes aegypti in Indonesia was the focus of this study's analysis of the literature review. A systematic review using keywords based on population, interest and context (PICo) was employed in the study strategy. The databases used to find the publications were ScienceDirect, ProQuest, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda from 2018 to 2022. Hence, 40 papers out of the 6,429 total articles were relevant and should be reviewed and analyzed. According to an analysis of the paper, it was discovered that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are resistant to insecticides of the pyrethroid and organophosphate classes in various parts of Indonesia. However, it was discovered that several regions were both tolerant of and vulnerable to pyrethroids and organophosphates. If insecticides are to be utilized intolerant and vulnerable locations, monitoring and evaluation of their usage must be done, and a strategy of varying insecticide kinds and dosages and boosting community empowerment toward mosquito nest elimination behaviour must be implemented.

Introduction -Tuberculosis is one of the main problems of infectious diseases in the world and Indonesia is ranked third in the world. Efforts to prevent transmission are carried out in various ways, both preventive and promotive efforts. Health education is carried out to increase public awareness of this disease. Elementary school students are good targets for increasing knowledge and self-efficacy, so that they can have an early awareness of this disease. Giving material classically is one of the methods used to deliver material about TB to students. This study aims to determine the differences in knowledge and self-efficacy of elementary school students about tuberculosis before and after being given classical material. Methodology - This was a pre-posttest quasi-experiment without a control study. with a target of 52 elementary school students grades 4-6 at SD Kembangan Bantul. The sampling method is total sampling. The intervention given is an hour-long classical offline lecture. The questionnaire developed by the researcher was used to measure the knowledge and self-efficacy of the respondents before and after the intervention. Data analysis using Wilcoxon from the Jamovi statistical program application. Results: there was an increase in the average self-efficacy value after the intervention although it was very low, but the knowledge score between before and after the intervention decreased. Conclusion: The impact of this counseling is that counseling has a positive impact on children's self-efficacy, although it does not have much effect on children's self-efficacy

Negative self-esteem makes them vulnerable to becoming victims of Dating Violence (DV). Violence in dating is a worrying problem that arises in today's youth. The impact of those experiencing it also varies from mild to severe. This study aimed to analyze the impact of dating violence on adolescents in Yogyakarta. This is qualitative case study research. The research subjects were selected based on certain criteria, namely adolescents aged 18-24 years and women living in Yogyakarta who had experienced dating violence and had an impact on their psychology with a snowball sampling technique. The data collection technique used is structured in-depth interviews. The research instrument used was an interview guide to key informants and triangulation to informants' friends. The validity test was carried out through source triangulation. The two informants experienced psychological violence in their dating relationship in the form of an easily angry partner, berated, excessively jealous, limiting the relationships, manipulative, and prohibited from looking attractive and taking care of themselves. These forms of psychological violence impact self-esteem, such as the emergence of a sense of insecurity, liking to compare, always feeling like a failure, low self-esteem, interfering with daily activities, and causing trauma for both informants. Psychological violence in dating received by the two informants impacts their self-esteem.

This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of physical and psychological violence victimization (PPVV) scales in adolescent dating. The PPVV scale consists of 37 items (17 items of physical violence and 20 items of psychological violence), with a 4-point Likert rating scale. A total of 682 students met the inclusion criteria as respondents (88.56% female, 11.44% male). Respondents are in the age range of 15-24 years and from the first year of college to the fourth year. The results showed that two items did not fit statistically, and six were biased toward the respondent’s attributes. The average difficulty level of the item is higher than the respondent’s ability level. The PPVV instrument developed shows unidimensionality. Meanwhile, the four rating scales used have not shown satisfactory performance. They need to be simplified into three scales. However, analysis of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch model shows that the PPVV scale has a good factor structure and psychometric properties as a measuring tool. So, the PPVV instrument can be used by future researchers by eliminating PhyV11 and PhyV16 and using a three-level rating scale.

Background : Dating violence is experienced by many adolescents. It's just that it is considered normal because of commitment in dating relationships. This study examines forms of dating violence, intending to get an overview of the most dominant forms of dating violence experienced by males and females. Method : The type of research used is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 313 adolescents aged 18-24 years who had or were in a dating relationship and had or were experiencing violence during a dating relationship. Researchers collected primary data using courtship violence instruments. Results: The dominant frequency of victims experiencing physical and psychological violence was in the frequent category , namely 31.0% (26.8% female and 4.2% male). Meanwhile, in the very frequent category, the number of victims experiencing physical and psychological violence was 17% (15.4% female and 1.6% male). The type of violence experienced by adolescents was psychological violence in the very high category of 40% (underestimating, demanding, getting angry when reprimanded, limiting associations, limiting male friends, not respecting feelings, bringing up the past, and saying hurtful things). The high category was experienced for psychological violence, as much as 22.5% (underestimated partner, scolded partner, stingy, treated like a fool, rude, ridiculed appearance, threatened, shouted and shouted at partner, and scared), while physical violence was 7.5% (pushing, pulling and demanding to do something you want). Conclusion : Dating violence can be experienced by both males and females. The frequency of males experiencing dating violence is smaller than that of females. Males are more dominant in experiencing physical violence, while females are more dominant in experiencing psychological violence. Abstrak: Latar Belakang: Kekerasan dalam pacaran banyak dialami oleh remaja. Hanya saja dianggap biasa saja karena komitmen dalam hubungan pacaran. Penelitian ini mengkaji bentuk-bentuk kekerasan dalam pacaran, bermaksud untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang bentuk-bentuk kekerasan dalam pacaran yang paling dominan dialami oleh laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 313 remaja berusia 18-24 tahun yang pernah atau sedang menjalin hubungan pacaran dan pernah atau sedang mengalami kekerasan saat berpacaran. Peneliti mengumpulkan data primer dengan menggunakan instrumen kekerasan pacaran. Hasil: Frekuensi dominan korban mengalami kekerasan fisik dan psikis termasuk kategori sering yaitu 31,0% (26,8% perempuan dan 4,2% laki-laki). Sedangkan pada kategori sangat sering, jumlah korban yang mengalami kekerasan fisik dan psikis sebanyak 17% (15,4% perempuan dan 1,6% laki-laki). Jenis kekerasan yang dialami remaja adalah kekerasan psikis dengan kategori sangat tinggi yaitu 40% (meremehkan, menuntut, marah jika ditegur, membatasi pergaulan, membatasi teman laki-laki, tidak menghargai perasaan, mengungkit masa lalu, dan mengatakan hal-hal yang menyakitkan). Kategori tinggi dialami untuk kekerasan psikis, sebanyak 22,5% (diremehkan pasangan, dimarahi pasangan, pelit, diperlakukan seperti orang bodoh, kasar, penampilan diejek, diancam, dibentak dan dibentak pasangan, dan ketakutan), sedangkan kekerasan fisik sebesar 7,5%. % (mendorong, menarik dan menuntut untuk melakukan sesuatu yang Anda inginkan). Kesimpulan: Kekerasan dalam pacaran dapat dialami baik oleh laki-laki maupun perempuan. Frekuensi laki-laki yang mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran lebih kecil dibandingkan perempuan. Laki-laki lebih dominan mengalami kekerasan fisik, sedangkan perempuan lebih dominan mengalami kekerasan psikis.