Estuarine ecosystems are jointly regulated by freshwater plumes and seawater intrusion, yet their impact mechanisms on community dynamics remain insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated the response of ciliate community to freshwater plume-seawater intrusion disturbance in a large subtropical estuary in China. Ciliate distribution exhibited clear turnover along environmental gradients in both community composition and abundance. In summer, community composition showed gradual horizontal and vertical shifts that corresponded with broad environmental gradients generated by strong freshwater plumes. In contrast, in winter, community variation was most pronounced between the inner and middle estuary, reflecting the upstream compression of environmental gradients driven by strong seawater intrusion. These patterns were corroborated by our determinants analyses. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that physical factors explained a substantial proportion of community variation in both seasons, and structural equation modelling further demonstrated that physical factors exerted the strongest total effects on community structure. In addition, species abundances closely followed a log-normal distribution in both seasons, which is consistent with predictions of niche-based community theory. Niche differentiation along environmental gradients shaped by freshwater plumes and seawater intrusion may contribute to this pattern. Overall, our findings reveal a clear linkage between ciliate distribution and freshwater plume-seawater intrusion dynamics, suggesting that ciliate communities can sensitively reflect the spatial-temporal variability of these physical processes.

Gelatinous zooplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by regulating food web dynamics, mediating carbon flow, and affecting fisheries productivity and coastal resources. However, the mechanisms by which combined anthropogenic and climatic stresses drive their long-term dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we document a shift in gelatinous zooplankton communities on both interannual and seasonal scales in Daya Bay, a subtropical, eutrophic coastal bay in the northern South China Sea, over the past three decades (1994-2023). We identified 2007 as a statistical break point marking an abrupt change in community composition, with winter being the most responsive season to this shift. Following this break point, we observed: (1) a pronounced decline in both species richness and diversity; (2) An abrupt decline in the relative abundance of gelatinous zooplankton in 2008, followed by a gradual increase that did not fully recover to pre-break point levels; (3) a shift in the community composition from jellyfish and thaliaceans to larvaceans dominance; and (4) an increasing contribution of Oikopleura dioica to total gelatinous abundance, particularly in winter. We interpret this community reorganization as resulting from the synergistic effects of chronic anthropogenic stress and acute climatic perturbation. Long-term anthropogenic stressors progressively destabilized the gelatinous zooplankton communities, while the prolonged cold anomaly of winter 2008 (January-February) likely acted as an acute event that accelerated this compositional restructuring, particularly by reinforcing the wintertime dominance of small-bodied taxa such as O. dioica. These findings highlight the sensitivity of gelatinous zooplankton to both climatic and human-driven environmental changes and provide critical insights for monitoring and predicting the functioning of subtropical coastal ecosystems at the gelatinous taxa level.

Abstract Biological nitrogen fixation in the Indian Ocean exhibits pronounced spatial variability, yet its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, rates of dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and nitrogenase gene ( nifH ) abundances of major diazotrophs were investigated in the northeastern Indian Ocean during the pre‐monsoon period (March‐May). Observed N 2 fixation rates ranged from below detection to 5.17 nmol N L −1 d −1 , with elevated rates (approximately 2–5 nmol N L −1 d −1 ) in surface waters at equatorial stations, whereas lower rates (<1 nmol N L −1 d −1 ) were recorded in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). N 2 fixation rates also displayed strong spatial heterogeneity within the BoB: no detectable rates were observed at southern stations (2.5–7°N), while measurable rates (0.25–0.59 nmol N L −1 d −1 ) occurred in surface waters at northern stations (7–14°N). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and correlation analyses identified Trichodesmium spp. as the dominant diazotrophs and the primary contributors to N 2 fixation. In addition, relatively high N 2 fixation rates detected at depths dominated by Crocosphaera watsonii (UCYN‐B) suggest a substantial contribution from this group. Overall, elevated N 2 fixation rates were observed in equatorial surface waters, which exhibited elevated iron‐to‐nitrogen ratios (Fe:N) and lower dissolved inorganic nitrogen‐to‐total dissolved phosphorus (DIN:TDP) ratios than those in the BoB, suggesting more favorable conditions for N 2 fixation. We further propose that the supply of Fe, P (in both inorganic and organic forms), and N—potentially derived from freshwater inputs, upper‐ocean mixing, and atmospheric deposition—collectively exerts a key control on diazotroph community structure and rates of N 2 fixation in this region.

Oceanic eddies are physical processes significantly influencing marine primary production and biogeochemical cycling. However, the impacts of the mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes on phytoplankton communities at different development stages remain poorly understood, partly because of the observational barrier. Based on high-resolution sampling within a couple of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the northwestern South China Sea, phytoplankton community structures and physicochemical parameters were studied. Our results revealed that Ochrophyta dominated at the edges of all eddies contributing to high community stability and diversity influenced by sub-mesoscale processes. However, the dinoflagellate genus Gyrodinium prevailed at the center of the decaying-phase cyclonic eddy, associated with the lowest diversity and stability. Chlorophyta exhibited high relative abundances in the intensified phase of anticyclonic eddy, with the mixotrophic picoplankton Chloroparvula pacifica (24.0 ± 4.5

The northeastern South China sea (NESCS) is characterized by highly dynamic currents regulated by monsoonal variability. To understand the responses of copepods to local currents, two cruises were conducted in the NESCS during the 2015/16 El Ni & ntilde;o event in summer and winter. In the shelf waters off the NESCS, coastal upwelling (CU) occurs in summer and the southward China Coastal Current (CCC) happens in winter. The intrusion of Kuroshio Current (KC), which extends from the basin to the slope-shelf, was observed with in situ observations and remote sensing in both summer and winter. The individual-size-based community structure of copepods varied with seasons, areas, and depths, and was characterized by an increase in large-sized taxa from the shelf to basin, and from upper to deep water. This size-based distribution pattern is more pronounced during winter. The species-based copepod community structure was altered by increased KC intrusion, which was associated with high species diversity, and relatively low abundance and carbon biomass, and greater network stability of copepod community in winter than in summer through the network invulnerability test. The CU in summer and the CCC in winter shaped the copepod community structure different from the KC, shown by a low species number, and a high abundance and biomass of copepods. Temora turbinata, Calanus sinicus and Lucicutia flavicornis were effective indicators for the occurrence of the CU, CCC, and KC, respectively, in the NESCS. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the responses of copepods to the ocean currents at a species level.

Holoplanktonic molluscs are a group of overlooked but ecologically important zooplankton in marine ecosystems that play a crucial role in the marine food web and carbon cycle. However, changes in the marine environment can lead to an increase in the abundance of pelagic molluscs, causing ecological disasters. To understand the environmental factors that structure holoplanktonic mollusc assemblages, their diversity and abundance were analyzed in the northwestern South China Sea (NWSCS). A total of 39 holoplanktonic molluscs were identified, including 24 pteropod and 15 heteropod species. Significant seasonal and regional differences were observed in species diversity and abundance. Species richness was higher in offshore waters than in nearshore waters during summer and winter, whereas species abundance was significantly higher in summer than in winter. High species abundance was mainly concentrated in waters influenced by cyclonic eddies and coastal upwelling during summer. Temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a are important factors for structuring holoplanktonic mollusc assemblages. Creseis acicula was an effective indicator species in nearshore waters in both seasons, whereas Limacina bulimoides and Heliconoides inflatus were the best indicators in offshore waters in summer and winter, respectively. These findings can form a baseline for understanding the distribution of holoplanktonic molluscs in the marginal sea of the northwestern Pacific Ocean and provide a solid foundation for monitoring zooplankton in a changing ocean and for sustainable ecosystem management.

Phytoplankton, the main contributor to ocean carbon and nitrogen fixation, responds rapidly to physicochemical changes caused by hydrodynamics. To understand the response of phytoplankton community succession to monsoon-driven hydrographic changes, we analyzed the phytoplankton and environmental data of four cruises in the southern South China Sea (SSCS) during different monsoon periods. The results revealed that the phytoplankton communities in the monsoon interval (MI) period significantly differed from those in monsoon periods. Specifically, the phytoplankton communities exhibited the highest diversity owing to the pronounced environmental heterogeneity in the sampling time of MI. However, the total abundance of phytoplankton (4.2 +/- 4.0 x 103 cells/L) was the highest in the northeast monsoon (NEM) period due to the nutrient-rich conditions caused by strong vertical mixing possibly induced by the western boundary current. Notably, diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium (0.9-21.3 x 103 cells/L) exhibited high abundances at the edge of the anticyclonic eddy during the southwest monsoon (SWM) sampling period. Moreover, Trichodesmium (0.6-18.0 x 103 cells/L) remained abundant primarily in the nitrogen-limited areas with sufficient phosphate during the sampling periods of the pre-NEM and NEM. Our study provides new insights into the importance of Trichodesmium in supplying new nitrogen to monsoon-influenced seas and the role of monsoon variability in shaping phytoplankton community succession.

The major marine nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium, Crocosphaera watsonii , is restricted to warm tropical and subtropical oceans, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C. watsonii fixes nitrogen (oxygen‐sensitive) and carbon (oxygen‐evolving) during night and day, respectively. By diel analyses of physiological rates and transcriptome at its optimal (28°C) and a lower temperature (23°C), we found that the low temperature delayed the enhancement of respiration (oxygen‐consuming) and the onset of nitrogen fixation during nighttime. Transcription of the master regulator of circadian gene expression, circadian genes, and major metabolic pathways (e.g., respiration, nitrogen fixation, and photosynthesis) was delayed at the low temperature, suggesting that low temperature might decouple intracellular and environmental diurnal cycles and cause resource limitation and reduced growth. We propose that temperature might mediate the circadian clock, thereby regulating diurnal rhythm of nitrogen and carbon fixation, explaining the temperature dependence (particularly the lower thermal limit) and biogeography of C. watsonii .

The targeted introduction of heteroatomic metal aggregates has been proven to be a feasible and efficient strategy to improve the activity and stability of single-atom electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the reported as-prepared electrocatalysts normally possess uniform inner structures, which cannot endow different nanoregions with specific functions. Herein, we propose a unique strategy to achieve heterogeneously functionalized electrocatalysts by precisely architecting sphere-like CuFe alloys as electron-rich containers, line-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive bridges and cube-like FeN4 frameworks as main active centers. In this special sphere-line-cube (SLC) structural design, CuFe alloys nano-spheres supply adequate charge flow to active FeN4 nano-cubes with the help of CNTs nano-lines, thereby modulating the d-band electron density of Fe-N-C to match the absorption/desorption energy requirement of crucial intermediates. Therefore, ascribed to this rational design of nanoregion heterogeneous structure, the intrinsic activity of the optimized electrocatalyst has been highly enhanced. As a result, the CuFe-CNTs-FeN4 electrocatalyst exhibits remarkable ORR activity with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.90V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and only 9mV decline of E1/2 after 10,000 potential cycles in alkaline electrolyte. Moreover, the zinc-air battery employing CuFe-CNTs-FeN4 as the cathode electrocatalyst displays an outstanding long-term cycle stability of over 1600 cycles and a high round-trip efficiency above 60%, as well as its excellent feasibility in flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs). This work provides a novel and valuable strategy to realize d-band modulation by introducing a nanoregion heterogeneous structure, aiming at boosting ORR performance for practical ZABs.

The coastal waters surrounding Nan'ao Island serve as important areas for marine ranching in southern China. In this study, we examined the structure and seasonal succession of the phytoplankton community in this region using an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approach. Across four seasons, we identified 6154 eukaryotic phytoplankton amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), with 510 known species annotated. The summer community was dominated by diatoms, primarily warm-water species such as Chaetoceros tenuissimus and Leptocylindrus sp. By contrast, dinoflagellates prevailed in other seasons, with Dinophyceae being the main group in spring and winter and Syndiniales in autumn. The biodiversity and stability of the communities were found to be the highest in spring and lowest in summer. Summer upwelling and winter Zhe-Min coastal currents led to significant seasonal changes in environmental conditions across habitats. NMDS analysis revealed that temperature, salinity, and ammonium nitrogen were the main factors driving community succession, while RDA analysis showed that pH and nutrient concentrations were the primary factors contributing to spatial differences in community distribution. In addition, we identified 52 harmful algal bloom species, among which, toxic species such as Karlodinium veneficum and Dinophysis acuminata pose the greatest threat in spring, potentially causing toxin accumulation or even mortality in farmed fish and shellfish. The seasonal eDNA data obtained in this study will contribute to gaining a better understanding of the successional dynamics of phytoplankton communities and their biodiversity in response to the influence of multiple stressors in coastal waters.

Understanding the effect of land use change on different organic carbon components of grassland soil is crucial to predict the role of grassland in reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration, developing strategies for carbon sequestration of grassland, and for the sustainable utilization of grassland resources. We estimated different components of soil organic carbon in the 0–30 cm soil layer under different land uses (i.e., free grazing in winter - WG, enclosed grazing land – FL, and annual oat pasture - OL) on the Tibetan Plateau. Field samples were collected following the five-point sampling method combined with acid hydrolysis and other analysis methods. Our results showed that different land use modes have different distribution modes of above-ground and underground productivity. The content of recalcitrant carbon (RC) in the 0–10 cm soil layer was the highest in the FL, and the content of mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) in each soil layer was the highest in OL. Soil surface (0–10 cm) microbial biomass carbon (MBC), readily oxidized organic carbon (ROC) content, were significantly higher in WG and FL than in OL, but there was no significant difference in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content between land uses, and particulate organic carbon (POC) content in OL was the lowest. Soil physical and chemical properties were important reasons for the differences in soil carbon pool composition observed under different land uses. Our results suggest that WG is beneficial for the accumulation of soil recalcitrant carbon. After prohibition of grazing, soil recalcitrant carbon content is reduced and the stability of soil organic carbon is weakened. This study highlights that different land uses mainly affect soil organic carbon components by affecting soil physical and chemical properties, especially the contents of different forms of soil nitrogen.

High-capacity silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries face significant challenges due to substantial volume changes and low initial Coulombic efficiency, which hinder their commercialization. While optimizing the intrinsic properties of the active material is essential, the binder plays a crucial role in enhancing the cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of silicon-based anodes. In this study, we present a novel three-dimensional network composite binder developed through a soft-hard combination strategy. This binder features the natural elastic supramolecule guar gum (GG), rich in hydroxyl groups, which is crosslinked to a linear rigid polymer polyacrylic acid (PAA) backbone via hydrogen bonding. Leveraging its exceptional self-adaptive capability, the GG-PAA composite binder significantly improves the efficiency and durability of the anode composed of commercial micron-sized SiOx, achieving an initial Coulombic efficiency of 75.09 % and retaining a capacity of 882.2 mAh g-1 after 150 cycles at 1.0 A g-1. This work offers a viable strategy for designing self-adapting binders for silicon-based anode applications.

Thaliaceans are globally distributed and play an important role in the world's biological carbon pump and marine ecosystems by forming dense swarms with high feeding rates and producing large amounts of fecal pellets and carcasses. The contribution of thaliacean swarms to the downward transport of carbon depends not only on their abundance but also on their body size. However, the key factors influencing the distribution of different-sized thaliaceans remain unstudied. To discriminate thaliacean assemblages and examine the key factors determining the zoogeographical distribution and abundance of different-sized thaliaceans during different monsoon periods, we conducted three cruises in the South China Sea from before the southwest monsoon to the peak of the northeast monsoon. Our results revealed that high thaliacean abundance corresponded to high chlorophyll a concentration, which were associated with hydrodynamic processes, such as upwelling and eddies. Hierarchical partitioning and niche difference analyses demonstrated that current velocity and temperature are key factors that shaped the zoogeographical distribution of different-sized thaliaceans. The global dataset indicated that small-sized thaliacean species tend to occur in coastal areas where the current velocity is generally high, while large-sized species tend to occur in open ocean areas where the current velocity is generally low. The results revealed that global warming-induced changes in surface current velocity and temperature may alter the zoogeographical distribution and abundance of thaliaceans with different sizes, thereby affecting the biological carbon pump and surrounding marine ecosystem. Overall, this study sheds light on the potential responses of pelagic tunicates to global climate change through changes in their hydrodynamic conditions.

Nanoplastics pollution is a growing environmental problem worldwide. Recent research has demonstrated the toxic effects of nanoplastics on various marine organisms. However, the influences of nanoplastics on marine nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, a critical nitrogen source in the ocean, remained unknown. Here, we report that nanoplastics exposure significantly reduced growth, photosynthetic, and nitrogen fixation rates of Crocosphaera watsonii (a major marine nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that nanoplastics might harm C. watsonii via downregulation of photosynthetic pathways and DNA damage repair genes, while genes for respiration, cell damage, nitrogen limitation, and iron (and phosphorus) scavenging were upregulated. The number and size of starch grains and electron-dense vacuoles increased significantly after nanoplastics exposure, suggesting that C. watsonii allocated more resources to storage instead of growth under stress. We propose that nanoplastics can damage the cell (e.g., DNA, cell membrane, and membrane-bound transporters), inhibit nitrogen and carbon fixation, and hence lead to nutrient limitation and impaired growth. Our findings suggest the possibility that nanoplastics pollution could reduce the new nitrogen input and hence affect the productivity in the ocean. The impact of nanoplastics on marine nitrogen fixation and productivity should be considered when predicting the ecosystem response and biogeochemical cycling in the changing ocean.

Cyanobacteria, the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in oceans, are tightly associated with diverse microbiota. However, the relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria, particularly the diazotrophic group, are not fully understood. Here, we compared diel gene expressions of N2 fixing cyanobacteria Crocosphaera watsonii WH0003 and non-diazotrophic Synechococcus sp. RS9902 and their associated bacteria using metatranscriptomics approach. WH0003 showed significant up-regulation of O2 restriction and oxidative phosphorylation related genes at nighttime due to large carbon and energy investments for active N2 fixation. In contrast, RS9902 had higher expression for those genes at daytime. The two cyanobacteria hosted distinct bacterial communities with clear separate substrate utilization niches to reduce competition. Light-dark partitioning of nutrient acquisition among the dominant bacterial groups likely contributed to the dynamic balance for community coexistence. Moreover, particle-attached (PA) bacteria in RS9902 largely expressed glycoside hydrolases to hydrolyze complex carbohydrate compounds, while free-living (FL) bacteria priorly assimilated soluble, diffusible molecules. Spatial partitioning of nutrient acquisition between PA and FL bacteria implied that location initially influenced metabolic features of host associated bacteria. Our results advance knowledge on light-dark regulated metabolic activities of diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria, and provide new insights into the coexisting strategies of different bacterial groups.

This study presents the synthesis of a transparent, flexible gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on the protic ionic liquid BMImHSO4 and on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through solution casting and electrochemical evaluation in a 2.5 V symmetrical C/C electrical double-layer solid-state capacitor (EDLC). The freestanding GPE film exhibits high thermal stability (>300 °C), wide electrochemical windows (>2.7 V), and good ionic conductivity (2.43 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 20 °C). EDLC, using this novel GPE film, shows high specific capacitance (81 F g−1) as well as good retention above 90% of the initial capacitance after 4500 cycles. The engineered protic ionic liquid GPE is, hopefully, applicable to high-performance solid-state electrochemical energy storage.

ABSTRACT Microorganisms are significant drivers of organic matter mineralization and are essential in marine biogeochemical cycles. However, the variations and influencing factors in prokaryotic communities from cold-seep sediments to the water column and the specific role of these microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles in the water column above cold seep remain unclear. Here, we investigated prokaryotic communities and their roles in nitrogen/sulfur cycling processes and conducted in situ dissolved organic matter (DOM) enrichment experiments to explore the effects of diverse sources of DOM on prokaryotic communities. Field investigations showed that the prokaryotic communities in the near-bottom water were more similar to those in the deep layer of the euphotic zone (44.60%) and at a depth of 400 m (50.89%) than those in the sediment (18.00%). DOM enrichment experiments revealed that adding dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus DOP caused a notable increase in the relative abundances of Rhodobacterales and Vibrionales, respectively. A remarkable increase was observed in the relative abundance of Alteromonadales and Pseudomonadales after the addition of dissolved organic sulfur (DOS). The metagenomic results revealed that Proteobacteria served as the keystone taxa in mediating the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in the Haima cold seep. This study highlights the responses of prokaryotes to DOM with different components and the microbially driven elemental cycles in cold seeps, providing a foundational reference for further studies on material energy metabolism and the coupled cycling of essential elements mediated by deep-sea microorganisms. IMPORTANCE Deep-sea cold seeps are among the most productive ecosystems, sustaining unique fauna and microbial communities through the release of methane and other hydrocarbons. Our study revealed that the influence of seepage fluid on the prokaryotic community in the water column is surprisingly limited, which challenges conventional views regarding the impact of seepage fluids. In addition, we identified that different DOM compositions play a crucial role in shaping the prokaryotic community composition, providing new insights into the factors driving microbial diversity in cold seeps. Furthermore, the study highlighted Proteobacteria as key and multifaceted drivers of biogeochemical cycles in cold seeps, emphasizing their significant contribution to complex interactions and processes. These findings offer a fresh perspective on the dynamics of cold-seep environments and their microbial communities, advancing our understanding of the biogeochemical functions in deep-sea environments.

Dinitrogen (N2) fixation is a crucial source of bioavailable nitrogen in carbon-dominated cold seep systems. Previous studies have shown that diazotrophy is not necessarily dependent on sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane for energy, and diverse catabolism can fuel the high-energy-demanding process in sediments. However, it remains unclear whether diazotroph can obtain energy by sulfur oxidation in sulfur-rich cold seep water column. Here, field investigations and in situ experiments were conducted in Haima cold seep to examine the effects of diverse sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on N2 fixation, specifically containing sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. We found that active N2 fixation occurred in the water column above the Haima cold seep, with the Dechloromonas genus dominating the diazotroph community as revealed by nifH gene using high-throughput sequencing. In situ experiments showed an increased rate of N2 fixation (1.15- to 12.70-fold compared to that in control group) and a greater relative abundance of the Dechloromonas genus following enrichment with sulfur-containing organic matter. Furthermore, metagenomic assembly and binning revealed that Dechloromonas sp. carried genes related to N2 fixation (nifDHK) and sulfur compound oxidation (fccAB and soxABCXYZ), implying that the genus potentially serves as a multifunctional mediator for N2 fixation and sulfur cycling. Our results provide new insights regarding potential coupling mechanism associated with sulfur-driven N2 fixation in methane- and sulfide-rich environments. IMPORTANCE:N2 fixation is an important source of biologically available in carbon-dominated cold seep systems as little nitrogen is released by hydrocarbon seepage, thereby promoting biological productivity and the degradation of non-nitrogenous organic matter. Cold seeps are rich in diverse sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from the sinking of photosynthetic products in euphotic layer and the release of chemosynthesis products on the seafloor. However, it remains unclear whether N2 fixation is coupled to the metabolic processes of DOM, as determined by e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur content, for energy acquisition in sulfur-rich cold seeps. In this study, diazotroph community structure and its response to DOM compositions were revealed. Moreover, the metagenomics analysis suggested that Dechloromonas genus plays a dominant role in potential coupling N2 fixation and sulfur oxidation. Our study highlighted that sulfur oxidation in deep-sea cold seeps may serve as an energy source to drive N2 fixation.

Labyrinthulomycetes play important roles in organic matter remineralization, carbon sinks, and food webs. However, the true diversity of Labyrinthulomycetes is still unclear due to limitations in isolation and culture methods. In addition, previous studies on their relationship with environmental factors are inconsistent and even contradictory, and it is speculated that their community composition may have spatial heterogeneity along the environmental gradient. In this study, the distribution pattern and key regulators of Labyrinthulomycetes in the PRE were revealed. Combining the niche of dominant species, it is suggested that salinity determines the spatial differences in Labyrinthulomycetes diversity, and the resources of substrate (terrestrial input or phytoplankton-derived) determine the dominant species, and its abundance is mainly determined by organic matter concentrations. Our study provided new information on the Labyrinthulomycetes diversity and verified the spatial heterogeneity of Labyrinthulomycetes community composition, providing reliable explanations for the inconsistencies in previous studies.

单锂离子导电聚合物（SLCP）固态电解质作为一种由锂离子迁移为主进行导电的固态电解质,可以解决传统聚合物固态电解质所存在的浓差极化、枝晶生成等问题,有望作为未来固态锂电池电解质极具潜力的选择方案.本文综述了近年来开发的一系列SLCP固态电解质的制备方案,重点阐述了SLCP阴离子基团的选择和设计方案,并总结了当前SLCP固态电解质在应用中存在的问题,对其未来发展进行了展望.