随着国家对大气环境治理的推进,可凝结颗粒物(CPM)成为工业烟气防治的关键污染物.CPM 在烟道高温环境中为气态物质,排入大气环境后快速凝结成颗粒态物质,对其进行准确测量是国内外的前沿技术挑战之一.通过研究分析 CPM 在烟气和烟羽中演化特征与监测技术现状,阐明 CPM 的概念、形成机制与排放特征,阐释已有的工业烟气CPM 采集与分析方法及其存在的问题,并进一步对超低排放烟气中 CPM 的在线监测和质控技术提出展望.

基于已完成超低排放改造的大型钢铁企业的有组织排放评估监测情况,对超低排放改造废气有组织排放评估监测中的常见问题进行了探讨分析.钢铁企业在超低排放改造中需特别注意废气有组织排放采样口和采样平台的规范性改造,并按照相关标准系统检查自动监控设施安装、运维和质控的规范性;同时,在废气有组织排放评估监测工作中,准确划定评估监测范围、全面记录监测期间的生产工况、正确选用监测分析方法和执行标准,以保证评估监测结果的准确性和客观性.建议强化超低排放改造企业主体责任,加强钢铁企业超低排放监督管理,并深化超低排放评估监测技术指导,进一步推动钢铁行业高质量发展.

Protecting human health from fine particulate matter (PM) pollution is the ambitious goal of clean air actions, but current control strategies largely ignore the role of source-specific PM toxicity. Here, we proposed health-oriented control strategies by integrating the unequal toxic potencies of the most polluting industrial PMs. Iron and steel industry (ISI)-emitted PM 2.5 exhibit about one order of magnitude higher toxic potency than those of cement and power industries. Compared with the current mass-based control strategy (prioritizing implementation of ultralow emission standards in the power sector), the proposed health-oriented control strategy (priority control of the ISI sector) could generate 5.4 times higher reduction in population-weighted toxic potency-adjusted PM 2.5 exposure among polluting industries in China. Furthermore, the marginal abatement cost per unit of toxic potency-adjusted mass of ISI-emitted PM 2.5 is only a quarter of that of the other two sectors under ultralow emission scenarios. We highlight that a health-oriented air pollution control strategy is urgently required to achieve cost-effective reductions in particulate exposure risks.

In order to verify the applicability and feasibility of CO 2 emission testing technology and obtain the CO 2 emission characteristics of coal-fired power plants, the CO 2 emission differences of different methods are systematically compared, and the CO 2 emission of a typical coal-fired power plant is tested.The results show that the measured concentration of carbon dioxide emission of different test principles and equipment is close.The CO 2 concentration was between 11.28% and 14.21%,which was positively correlated with loads, and the reference concentration（6% O 2 ） basically did not change under different loads.The CO 2 emission amount is positively correlated with the load.The emission amount of the guide with default value is the highest, which the average relative deviation with other methods is 31.6%.There is no significant difference in emissions amounts between the NDRC and the MEE guidelines using the measured data of coal, with the relative deviation is 0.1%;the emissions amount of the two editions of guidelines using the measured data of the coal are higher than those of the direct measurement method, and the average relative deviation is 4.9%.The average relative deviation between the direct measurement methods is 1.0%,and the average relative deviation between the CEMS method and the manual method is 1.2%.The CO 2 emissions amount per ton is negatively correlated with load.

目前我国燃煤电厂超低排放改造已基本完成,钢铁行业正在进行超低排放改造.固定源排放的可过滤颗粒物(filterable particulate matter,FPM)浓度越来越低,可凝结颗粒物(condensable particulate matter,CPM)排放逐渐引起广泛关注.揭示燃煤电厂和钢铁厂CPM中有机组分特征对于认识CPM成因及控制具有重要意义.采用稀释间接法收集了 8个燃煤电厂和3个钢铁厂(2个烧结厂和1个焦化厂)烟气中的CPM,测试和分析了其中有机组分特征.结果表明:燃煤电厂CPM中有机组分含量较低,脱硫入口和总排口平均含量分别为0.082 mg/m3(0～0.331 mg/m3)和0.060 mg/m3(0～0.254 mg/m3),占CPM的比例分别为4.95％和10.1％;钢铁厂CPM中有机组分含量和比例均高于电厂,脱硫入口 CPM中有机组分平均含量为1.94 mg/m3(0.408～3.98 mg/m3),占比为22.2％,经过污控措施净化后总排口 CPM中有机组分平均含量为0.382 mg/m3(0.149～0.572 mg/m3),占比为11.1％.燃煤电厂CPM中有机组分主要为酯类,钢铁厂CPM中有机组分主要为烷烃类和烷酸类.2类固定源CPM中有机组分占比均相对较低,其无机组分减排工作应予以更多重视.

One commercial granular catalyst was investigated, including catalysts characteristics, removal efficiencies (RE) and mechanism of polychlorinated-rho-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and NOx, kinetics analysis of PCDD/F. The high surface area (96.77 m2/g), the dominative species of V5+ (74.79%), and good redox ability and anatase-TiO2 provided the advantages on catalysis of PCDD/F. The RE of PCDD/F were high and followed 94.59% for total PCDD/F (95.43% for toxic PCDD/F)>90.57% (91.74%)>87.48% (84.98%), with decreasing operating temperature of SCR (200 degrees C, 180 degrees C and 160 degrees C, respectively), which were closely associated with the decreasing catalytic reaction rate (k). While the RE of NOx was generally low and decreased from 67.51% to 45.03% and 42.74%, respectively. The catalyst better favors the PCDF removal in higher operating temperature (200 degrees C, 180 degrees C) but PCDD removal in lower temperature (160 degrees C). Kinetics analysis revealed the k of most PCDD/Fs generally decreased with the decreasing operating temperature, and the correlation coefficient (R2) with the k of PCDD, PCDF and PCDD/F were 0.91, 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of PCDD/F was 14.40 kJ/mol, and the Ea of PCDD (11.26 kJ/mol) was lower than that of PCDF (17.11 kJ/ mol).

固定污染源监测作为生态环境监测的重要组成部分,随着生态环境监测改革的总体推进,取得了显著成效,同时也面临新的问题.尤其是排污许可制度的全面实施,固定污染源监测数据质量提升日益重要,其准确可靠是"三个治污"的基础支撑,是污染防治攻坚战获胜的根本保障.在对影响固定污染源监测数据质量的因素和面临的问题与挑战深入剖析的基础上,从完善制度体系、业务体系、技术体系和加强基层能力建设方面,提出持续提升固定污染源监测数据质量的相关建议.

研究了采用便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法测定气体中的总烃浓度时,氧气浓度对测定结果的影响,并采用多元线性回归模型对总烃的测定结果进行了校准.当总烃的实际浓度不低于9 mg/m3时,氧气的干扰较小(相对标准偏差≤2％).在试验的所有总烃实际浓度下(1～200 mg/m3),当氧气浓度为1％～7％时,也无需考虑氧气干扰的影响(相对标准偏差≤2％).当总烃的实际浓度低于9 mg/m3且氧气浓度为9％～21％时,需依据多元线性回归分析原理并采用模型对测得的总烃浓度进行校准.线性回归方程分析结果显示,模型拟合情况良好(R2=0.999),可以用来修正测试结果,从而得到更加准确的总烃实际浓度.

党的十八大以来,特别是"十三五"时期我国固定污染源监测体系在管理制度、监测技术、信息平台、业务体系方面均取得了积极进展.但随着排污许可制度的全面实施,省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂改全面完成,减污降碳全面提级,我国固定污染源监测体系面临着专项制度不完善、自行监测数据质量监管压力大、基层执法监测高需求与低能力矛盾突出、减污降碳监测体系有待系统设计等突出问题.为了适应新形势下生态环境管理需求,建议:健全制度体系,研究制订《固定污染源监测管理办法》;完善技术体系和质控体系,加快快速、便携、智能化的污染源监测新技术体系及基于物联、信息技术的全流程、全链条质控体系的研究应用;优化业务体系,推动污染源执法监测与排污单位自行监测帮扶规范化和监测信息平台改造提升及应用.

温室气体排放嗌测对于评估温室气体排放水平,推动温室气体减排具有重要意义,国际上部分发达国家已形成较好的温室气体排放监测基础,而我国无论从监测方法标准制定还是监测活动组织方面均还较为薄弱.为支撑我国碳达峰和碳中和,应加快夯实我国温室气体排放监测基础,补齐短板.建议加强温室气体排放监测技术研发和标准化,为规范相关监测活动提供技术保障;加快推动重点领域温室气体排放监测试点,并强化数据应用研究和数据共享.

排污许可制度是固定源核心管理制度,对污染源监测技术提出"便捷、智能、精细"的发展要求,依规发证、依证管理2个阶段均需要污染源监测技术的有效支撑.针对当前污染源监测技术体系现状,应进一步完善自行监测技术指南体系,对发证行业指南实施情况跟踪评估,适时修订;为将工业园区纳入核发排污许可证范围扎牢基础,制定工业园区自行监测技术指南;加快构建支撑证后监管执法的快速便捷方法标准体系和现场快速监测质控体系;加快构建智能化监测数据管理平台,实现"智慧大脑"功能;建立自行监测监督检查技术体系,强化排污许可制度框架下的自行监测质量的监督检查.

近年来,我国大气污染防治取得了显著成效,但污染形势依然十分严峻,尤其是臭氧污染问题逐步显现,加强对挥发性有机物的污染防治是当前改善大气环境的主要手段,国家近年来先后密集出台了诸多加强挥发性有机物污染防治的政策和措施.本文针对当前挥发性有机物排放监测监管控制标准、监测仪器、监测方法、监管方式的现状和问题进行了深入分析,并从规范挥发性有机物定义,明确挥发性有机物控制的关键指标,尽快完善挥发性有机物排放监管标准体系,加快挥发性有机物监测技术体系研究,强化挥发性有机物监测监管等方面提出了对策和建议.

二氧化硫是中国重点管控的废气污染物.固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定有定电位电解法、非分散红外吸收法、碘量法等,其中非分散红外吸收法具有选择性好、寿命长、灵敏度高等优势,是固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定的常见方法.在波长为7.3μm附近的红外吸收波段,甲烷和二氧化硫的特征吸收峰有明显重叠,造成交叉干扰.实验研究表明:甲烷将对二氧化硫的测定引入5％左右的正干扰.现场验证表明:对于含有高浓度甲烷的焦化废气,非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫结果显著偏高,经过数学修正后与其他方法可比.在应用非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫时,应确认烟气中不含甲烷或其浓度很低,否则应当采取有效手段消除或减小甲烷的干扰.

将开发的便携式烟气汞分析仪与国标方法进行比对,数据具有很好的一致性,而且相比比对方法,本设备操作简单可靠,数据准确可靠,现场直接读取数据,减少了实验室分析的时间,同时也避免了样品运输、现场人员操作、背景空气(汞浓度高)等所引入的误差,因此本设备可以广泛的应用于固定污染源气态总汞比对及应急监测,在大部分工况条件下设置甚至可以取代比对方法所使用的设备.

由于我国入河排污口监测监管部门存在职责交叉和缺位的现象,机构改革后,亟待重构入河排污口监测体系.构建入河排污口监测体系的关键是实现入河排污口监测与污染源监测制度的融合,厘清相关责任主体的职责分工,明确企业排污口和入河排污口的关系,并按照衔接融合的思路进行监测技术要求的整合.基于对关键问题的分析,按照污染源监测与入河排污口监测管理制度、技术整合的总体原则,分别从入河排污口自行监测和监督性监测2个维度,对监测范围、监测点位、监测指标、监测频次、监测技术、监测信息报送等重点内容进行研究,形成入河排污口监测体系框架.

Supervising and inspection of pollution sources self-monitoring is of great significance to environmental management. Supervising and inspection technology for self-monitoring is underdeveloped in China,and there is specific requirements for waste water and exhaust gas in the US. Based on the previous research,two inspection ways are put forward. Supervision and inspection based on data analysis include three aspects,which are data identification discrimination,single-source data analysis and multisource data analysis. Supervision and inspection based on on-site inspection includes five aspects,which are implementation of monitoring activities,monitoring equipment,quality control plan,normative operation on site and comparability of monitoring results.From the perspective of improving efficiency and operability, inspection implementation route is put forward.

Pollutant discharge agencies are not clear on how to standardize self-monitoring, and the standardization and quality of monitoring need to be improved in China. Key aspects of self-monitoring include developing monitoring programmes, setting up and maintaining monitoring facilities, conducting self-monitoring and quality control, and recording and maintaining monitoring data. In order to improve the quality of self-monitoring, the key issues of self-monitoring need to be designed and arranged in a more proper manner. It is recommended to continuously strengthen training, improve relevant standards and norms, strengthen supervision and inspection, and conduct investigations on typical cases.

排污单位自行监测是构建多元共治的环境治理体系的重要内容.我国目前大力推进排污单位自行监测,但自行监测尚未发挥应有的作用.本研究认为要使自行监测发挥作用,要保证“测起来”“管起来”“用起来”.当前,排污企业对自行监测的认识不足、自行监测数据的法定地位不够明确、信息公开缺少科学设计等因素,制约了自行监测作用的发挥.对此,文章提出应强化激励处罚机制,促进排污单位提供真实性监测信息;政府的监管重心应从监管排污向监管排污和监管自行监测行为并重转变;科学设计信息公开内容和方式,为社会监督和公众参与提供便利条件;以充分发挥自行监测的作用.

Based on Action Plan for Upgrading and Transformation of Energy Saving and Pollution Emission Reduction for Coal Power Industry and 13th Five?Year Plan of National Environmental Protection, it is required that the emission concentration of coal?fired power plant should be meet the current emission standard of gas?fired boiler. Analyzer for atmospheric particulate matter concentration need to be updated according to this standard. Currently there are two kinds of dust sampling tube that can monitor the particulate matter for the upgraded coal?fired power plant. This study is mainly discussed the following issues, firstly, with the parallel experimental method, analyzing the results that are collected by using two different dust sampling tubes, secondly analyzing and evaluating these affected factors if the results by using these two methods have been determined differently, lastly, giving suggestions on how to improve the accuracy of monitoring the particulate matter for the coal?fired power plant.