The rational prescription of dermatological medications is critical in reducing treatment costs and minimizing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). With rising polypharmacy and irrational drug use in dermatology, Structured pharmacovigilance is very important for keeping an eye on drug-related hazards and prescribing trends, especially in emerging nations like India. The aim of this study was to analyze prescribing trends and identify the spectrum of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) experienced by dermatology patients receiving treatment at a tertiary care hospital, evaluating their rationale in accordance with WHO prescribing indicators and pharmacovigilance metrics. An observational study was carried out on 979 dermatology outpatients over three months at RUHS CMS, Jaipur. Data were collected using WHO core drug-use indicators, and ADRs were monitored actively via a departmental pharmacovigilance program. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were utilized. Collectively, 2,848 drugs were prescribed across 979 encounters, with a mean of 2.75 drugs per prescription. Oral route was predominant (57.3%), with tablets (44.5%) as the most common dosage form. Antifungals (24.8%) and antihistamines (23.6%) were the most frequently prescribed. Itraconazole and levocetirizine were the leading agents. cADRs were reported in 2.3% of patients; steroid-induced acne and photodermatitis were common. All prescriptions adhered to generic naming (100%) and 93.6% Includes medications from the list of necessary drugs. This study underscores generally rational prescribing practices but highlights the need for enhanced ADR monitoring. Dermatology remains a high-risk specialty for cADRs, necessitating continuous pharmacovigilance, education of prescribers, and patient counseling to mitigate preventable drug harms. Keywords: Dermatology, Rational Drug Use, WHO Prescribing Indicators, Adverse Drug Reactions, Pharmacovigilance

Background/Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition that frequently necessitates prolonged pharmacological treatment and is frequently complicated by polypharmacy and comorbid conditions. These components elevate the likelihood of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that demand active pharmacovigilance to enhance drug safety and patient adherence. This study aimed to generate actionable insights to improve prescribing practices, strengthen pharmacovigilance infrastructure and enhance patient safety in chronic disease management by systematically evaluating the incidence, severity, causality and preventability of ADRs in T2DM patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out over duration of 12 months at a tertiary care teaching hospital located in Central India. A total of 964 adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled. Data on demographics, comorbidities and drug prescriptions were recorded. Adverse events were identified through clinical evaluation and assessed for causality, severity and preventability. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were utilised for statistical evaluation. Binary logistic regression determined independent predictors of adverse events, with findings presented as adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 964 patients (mean age 46.9 ± 12.4 years), the highest prevalence was observed in the 41-50 age group (32.6 %). Adverse events were reported in 231 patients (23.96 %). Hypoglycaemia (notably with sulfonylureas, p < 0.01) and gastrointestinal disturbances (mainly with metformin) were the most common adverse event. The Naranjo assessment categorised 62.3 % of adverse events as probable, with 89.1 % classified as mild-to-moderate in severity. According to Schumock and Thornton criteria, 54.5 % of adverse events were preventable. Logistic regression revealed polypharmacy (OR = 2.73, p < 0.01) and kidney dysfunction (OR = 2.21, p < 0.01) as significant predictors of adverse events. Conclusion: This research underscores a significant prevalence of adverse events in patients with T2DM, with many being preventable. Sulfony-lureas and metformin were frequently implicated. Strengthening pharmacovigilance practices and promoting rational drug use are necessary for improving patient safety and therapeutic results in diabetes management.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus poses a major challenge to the Indian healthcare system due to its rising prevalence, early onset, and long-term pharmacological requirements. Evaluating drug utilization patterns is essential to promote rational prescribing, improve glycemic control, and ensure adherence to the guidelines. The study aimed to evaluate prescribing patterns of antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a tertiary care center in Central India. Methods: A prospective exploratory study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2024 at Index Medical College, Indore, including 964 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged ≥ 20 years attending opd. demographic details, comorbidities, and prescription data were collected using a structured case report form. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 30, applying descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square, Pearson’s correlation, and ANOVA), with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.91 ± 12.42 years, with significant male predominance (56.33%, p = 0.002); most patients belonged to the 41–50-year age group (32.57%). Metformin was the most commonly prescribed drug (48.03%), followed by glimepiride (36.41%), sitagliptin (17.43%), and dapagliflozin (13.07%). Combination therapy was more frequent (66.29%) than monotherapy (33.71%). The most common fixed-dose combination was metformin with glimepiride (15.98%). Polypharmacy (≥5 drugs) was observed in 34% of patients and was significantly associated with hypertension (11.31%, p < 0.0001) and dyslipidemia (6.95%). A strong positive correlation was noted between BMI and HbA1c (r = 0.997, p = 0.003), with significantly higher HbA1c levels in obese patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study indicates a predominant use of metformin-based combination regimens in line with standard treatment protocols. The high prevalence of polypharmacy and its association with comorbidities highlights the need for regular prescription audits and individualized therapy to ensure rational drug use and improved patient outcomes.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus imposes a considerable strain on the Indian healthcare system, with rising prevalence, early age of onset, and complex pharmacological needs. Evaluating drug utilization patterns is critical to ensuring rational prescribing, improving glycemic control, and aligning with evidence-based treatment guidelines. Objective: To analyze the prescribing patterns of antidiabetic medications in patients with T2DM at a tertiary care facility in Central India, with emphasis on drug used, combination therapy, and demographic data. Material and Methods: A prospective exploratory study was performed from January 2022 to December 2024 at Index Medical College, Indore. A total of 408 T2DM patients (aged ≥20 years) attending the OPD were enrolled. Demographic data, comorbidities, and medication prescriptions were gathered via a structured case report form. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v30. A p-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The mean chronological age of the study population was 45.74 ± 10.61years, with a significant male predominance (56.61%). The predominant age group was 41-50 years, comprising 39.95%. Metformin was the most commonly prescribed medication (40.75%), succeeded by glimepiride (21.66%), sitagliptin (10.47%), and dapagliflozin (7.17%). Combination therapy was more prevalent (60.54%) compared to monotherapy (39.46%), with dual therapy (48.04%) being significantly more common than triple therapy (12.5%). The most prescribed fixed-dose combination was metformin with glimepiride (19.12%). The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values exhibited a positive connection (r = 0.997). indicating a relationship between obesity and poor glycemic control. Conclusion: This study highlights a strong preference for metformin-based combination regimens, reflecting adherence to standard treatment protocols. The high prevalence of polypharmacy and significant associations with comorbidities underscore the need for periodic prescription audits and individualized therapy to ensure rational drug use and optimize patient outcomes.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a formidable force ready to transform the pharmaceutical business. This study investigated the integration of smart contracts and decentralised apps as potential future possibilities, emphasising their ability to automate crucial operations and strengthen pharmaceutical product integrity, based on the recently published articles in PubMed between 2015 to 2023 with "pharmacology" and "blockchain" as search keywords. Recent study backed up the idea that blockchain can improve openness, security and efficiency in the industry. According to research, it has the ability to speed up regulatory approvals while also considerably reducing the risk of counterfeit medications penetrating the supply chain. Furthermore, the ability of blockchain to disrupt existing intermediaries and enable disintermediation may result in a more streamlined and efficient industry. While there are implementation obstacles, the benefits of this technology in medicines are significant. Embracing blockchain promises a future of increased security, transparency and patient-centric-ity, ultimately changing healthcare. This article explored blockchain application in the pharmaceutical sector with innovations like Medledger and chaincodes, addressing drug tracing and supply chain security. It presents a structure for a private network using Hyperledger Fabric, showcasing blockchain's potential to enhance transparency, security and efficiency beyond traditional areas.

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heterogeneous genetic cardiovascular disorder. Its pathophysiology involves left ventricular hypertrophy, increased fibrosis, hypercontractility, and reduced compliance. The symptomatic obstructive HCM presents as dyspnoea, syncope, chest pain, palpitations, arrhythmias, or sudden death, usually after provocative manoeuvres like exercise. Until April 2022, treatment options were disease non-specific like Beta blockers, Cardio-selective Calcium Channel Blockers, Dipyridamole, and Ranolazine. Mavacamten is a first-in-class, FDA-approved drug molecule for HCM. It works by selective and reversible inhibition of the cardiac myosin ATPase thereby decreasing the formation of actin- myosin cross- bridges in systole and diastole. The excessive actin-myosin cross-bridging is the hallmark of disease and is responsible for the compromised functioning of the heart in both the systole and diastole phase due to left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and increased ventricular filling pressure respectively. Mavacamten acts by producing super-relaxed state of heart which is then translated into decreased LVOT obstruction and improved cardiac filling pressures thereby improving the functional capacity and symptoms in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) stage II, and III symptomatic or obstructive heart failure. Mavacamten is administered orally 2.5-15 mg per day with titration guided by lab investigations and clinical symptoms. Its bioavailability is 85%, undergoes metabolism by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 and is excreted mainly in urine. It is also an enzyme inducer and shows considerable drug interactions. Common adverse effects are dizziness and syncope. Sometimes the drug may worsen heart failure or completely block ventricular function. Mavacamten has raised hopes for the possibility of managing this potentially lethal intrigue disorder with medicines alone.

Recurrent, intense headaches that are accompanied by a number of other symptoms are the hallmark of the complicated neurological illness known as Migraine. This research focuses on finding a therapeutic relationship between Migraine and Music. Music therapy, a specialised field that employs music to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals, has gained traction in diverse medical settings. We have taken in account several musical characteristics like duration of listening, category of music, effectiveness of music in improving the migraine associated pain, gender wise differences in music listening habits, and many more. Between August 31, 2023, and October 6, 2023, a Pan-India cross-sectional analysis was carried out across several medical colleges in India. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to collect data using web-based links and statistical analysis was made using appropriate tools. All participants were 18 years old or older, moreover all of them were enrolled in MBBS colleges in India. A total of 384 students participated in the study (170 Females and 214 Males). With the help of Headache Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) 8.41% males and 13.52% females are suspected migraine patients. Furthermore, the type of music preferred by subjects and the duration of music listening was taken into account. Then, the Chi-squared value was obtained as 4.40649125 and with the help of the same, P-value was obtained to be 0.110449. The p-value < 0.05, indicating that the result is not statistically significant. While this study did not find a robust relationship between music and migraine pain relief, future research with more advanced tools and a larger sample size could potentially uncover a significant association. The current findings suggest that music may play a modest role in the therapeutic management of migraine pain. However, further exploration is warranted, as music therapy holds promise as a fascinating complementary approach that could aid in migraine treatment with minimal or no medication. Delving deeper into the psychological and neurological mechanisms underlying music's perceived efficacy in migraine management may elucidate its true therapeutic potential. Keywords:­ Migraine, Music Therapy, Migraine Treatment, Music, Migraine

Coffee intake is a popular and widespread habit worldwide, with many individuals relying on it for its stimulating effects on cognitive function and mood. However, coffee's neurologic and psychiatric effects have been the subject of debate among researchers and health-care professionals. This review essay aims to synthesize the existing literature on the topic to understand better the relationship between coffee intake and neurologic and psychiatric outcomes. A systematic search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify relevant research articles published between 2005 and 2022. The search terms included “coffee,” “neurologic,” “psychiatric,” “cognitive,” “mood,” and “depression.” Studies were included if they examined the effects of coffee intake on neurologic or psychiatric outcomes, were published in English, and were conducted on human participants. A total of 29 studies were included in the final review. The studies reviewed in this essay provide evidence for coffee intake's neurologic and psychiatric effects. Caffeine, the essential psychoactive compound in coffee, is known to have stimulating effects on the central nervous system. It has also been shown to improve cognitive function and attention by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, leading to increased activity in the prefrontal cortex. Several studies have demonstrated that moderate coffee intake can enhance cognitive function, particularly in older adults. In addition, the consumption of coffee has been implicated with a reduced risk of depression, as well as a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, coffee intake positively affects cognitive functioning and mood, particularly in moderation. However, further research is required to understand the mechanisms behind these effects and determine the optimal coffee intake for neurologic and psychiatric benefits. In addition, future research should explore the potential adverse effects of excessive coffee intake, such as anxiety and sleep disturbances, to inform safe coffee intake recommendations for individuals. Overall, this review essay provides valuable insight into the neurologic and psychiatric effects of the consumption of coffee and highlights the need for further research in this field.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize drug design and discovery by significantly reducing the time and costs involved in developing new drugs. This literature review aims to explore the use of AI in drug design, focusing on virtual screening, de novo drug design, and prediction of ADME properties. Objective: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the AI techniques used in drug design and their applications in virtual screening, de novo drug design, and prediction of ADME properties. The review also aims to summarize the advantages and limitations of these approaches and present case studies and examples showcasing their use in drug design. Methodology: A comprehensive search of academic databases was conducted, and 11 relevant articles were selected for inclusion in this review. The selected articles were analyzed to identify the AI techniques used in drug design, their applications, advantages, and limitations. Case studies and examples were also examined to demonstrate the efficacy of AI in drug design. Results: AI techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning have been successfully used in virtual screening, de novo drug design, and prediction of ADME properties. Virtual screening involves the use of AI algorithms to identify promising compounds for further testing, while de novo drug design involves the generation of novel compounds using AI techniques. Prediction of ADME properties involves the use of AI to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug candidates. The case studies and examples presented in this review demonstrate the potential of AI to accelerate drug design and discovery. Conclusion: AI has the potential to revolutionize drug design and discovery by significantly reducing the time and costs involved in developing new drugs. Virtual screening, de novo drug design, and prediction of ADME properties are among the most promising applications of AI in drug design. However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential of AI in drug design and overcome some of the limitations of current approaches. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Drug Design; Virtual Screening; De Novo Drug Design; ADME Prediction

Background: Skin diseases are chronic in nature and they require lifetime treatment. Prescription pattern reflects health professional attitude towards the disease and role of drugs in its treatment. The study of prescription pattern is important to make medical care rational and monitoring adverse drug reactions. Methods: An observational and prospective study was carried out in Skin and VD department along with department of pharmacology, RUHS college of medical sciences, Jaipur. Data collection was done in three months after ethical approval. Data was entered and analysed with latest Microsoft Excel version. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results. Results: During the study period, a total of 979 prescriptions were included and analysed, out of which the usage of dermatological drugs was maximum among males (n=520, 53.11%). Total 2848 drugs were prescribed in 6 different dosage forms. The most common dosage form prescribed was tablet (1267, 44.49%) followed by cream (685, 24.05%). Total 1632 (57.30%) drugs were prescribed through oral route and 1216 (42.70%) drugs were prescribed through topical route. the present study depicted that dermatophytosis (n=243, 24.82%) was one of the most common dermatological manifestations. antihistaminic (673, 23.63%) were the most commonly prescribed drug. Conclusions: The study of drug use is an effective tool to promote rational drug prescribing. Such type of study will help in formulation of proper antibiotics, drugs policy, prescription of cost-effective drugs, improvement in the patient compliance and reduction in undesirable effect of drugs.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing concern worldwide. The common etiological factors include infection, alcohol abuse, exposure to hepatotoxic drugs, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic diseases. The chronic liver disease progresses to liver cirrhosis and its consequent complications. It is routinely managed by a combination of various therapies in combination with lifestyle modifications. The current literature supports the growing importance of the usage of herbal medicines in the management of CLD due to their efficacy and very low incidence of adverse effects. Liv.52 is a known polyherbal formulation and has been used for over 50 years in India and other countries. The evidence collected from preclinical and clinical studies supports the use of Liv.52 in symptomatic improvement and supportive treatment due to hepatitis (including Hepatitis B), alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatotoxicity due to drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Liv.52 has also shown some preliminary hepatoprotective effects in patients with liver cirrhosis due to its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Both the syrup and tablet formulations are well tolerated and have shown a good safety profile. Liv.52 may be a favorable herbal choice for the management of CLD due to various etiologies.

Background/Aim: From accurate diagnostics to personalised treatment plans, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionise healthcare. The abundance of medical data has led to AI being employed for accurate diagnoses, treatment protocols and patient care. Students' perception of AI integration in medical education is crucial for its successful implementation. This study aimed to assess the acceptance and understanding of AI integration among students in medical education across different regions of India through a cross-sectional observation. Methods: A pan-India survey was conducted among medical students between 1 August 2023 to 20 August 2023 with a pre-validated questionnaire covering AI awareness and understanding through Google Form, circulated via WhatsApp. Results: A total of 730 medical students completed the survey of which 58.6 % were males and 41.4 % were females. Most students (80.7 %) knew about AI, but 53.6 % had limited awareness of AI in medicine. Opinions on AI integration was diverse, with 46.8 % in favour. Workshops (45.2 %) and lectures (31.1 %) were preferred learning formats. Students were interested in various AI topics and expect AI to positively impact medicine (45.9 %). Radiology, surgery and general medicine were predicted to be most influenced by AI. Concerns about overreliance on AI (49.2 %) and lack of empathy (43.7 %) were highlighted. Conclusions: Medical students in India display a keen interest in AI and its integration into medical education. To fully harness AI's potential in healthcare, comprehensive AI curricula and faculty training are needed. Students are aware of the challenges and opportunities, emphasising the importance of balanced AI adoption in medical practice and education.

Both epigenetic and genetic changes in the cancer genome act simultaneously to promote tumor development and metastasis. Aberrant DNA methylation, a prime epigenetic event, is often observed in various cancer types. The elevated DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) enzyme creates DNA hypermethylation at CpG islands to drive oncogenic potential. This study emphasized to decipher the molecular mechanism of endogenous regulation of DNMT1 expression for finding upstream signaling molecules. Cancer database analyses found an upregulated DNMT1 expression in most cancer types including breast cancer. Overexpression of DNMT1 showed an increased cell migration, invasion, and stemness potential whereas 5-azacytidine (DNMT1 inhibitor) and siRNA mediated knockdown of DNMT1 exhibited inhibition of such cancer activities in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Infact, cancer database analyses further found a positive correlation of DNMT1 transcript with both cholesterol pathway regulatory genes and BMP signaling molecules. Experimental observations documented that the cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin decreased DNMT1 transcript as well as protein, whereas BMP-2 treatment increased DNMT1 expression in breast cancer cells. In addition, expression of various key cholesterol regulatory genes was found to be upregulated in response to BMP-2 treatment. Moreover, simvastatin inhibited BMP-2 induced DNMT1 expression in breast cancer cells. Thus, this study for the first time reveals that both BMP-2 signaling and cholesterol pathways could regulate endogenous DNMT1 expression in cancer cells.

Background: Vaccines are a key strategy to stop the COVID19 pandemic. The present study was conducted to assess the incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions to the Covishield vaccine among healthcare workers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, questionnaire-based study was carried out on healthcare workers of R.U.H.S. College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The study tool consisted of a digital questionnaire. Results: The present study was carried out among 316 healthcare workers who received the first dose of the Covishield vaccine. 83 (26.26%) participants complained of side effects after receiving the first dose of the Covishield vaccine. Fatigue (64), fever (52), body ache (40), swelling at the vaccination site (35), headache (25), and pain in the limb (18) were the most prevalent symptoms. Most post-vaccination symptoms were found to be mild. 67 participants showed side effects of vaccination within 24 hours while 16 showed side effects after 24 hours. Conclusion: This study reflects that one fourth of participants complained of side effects after receiving the first dose of the Covishield vaccine. These side effects are not severe and should not be an obstacle to the successful control of the Covid-19 pandemic in India.

In spite of recent advances made in understanding its progression, cancer is still a leading cause of death across the nations. Molecular pathophysiology of these cancer cells largely differs depending on cancer types and even within the same tumor. Pathological mineralization/calcification is seen in various tissues including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Osteoblast-like cells derived after trans-differentiation of mesenchymal cells usually drive calcium deposition in various tissues. This study aims to explore the presence of osteoblast-like potential in lung cancer cells and its prevention. ALP assay, ALP staining, nodule formation, RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis experiments were carried out in lung cancer A549 cells to achieve said objective. Expressions of various osteoblast markers (e.g., ALP, OPN, RUNX2, and Osterix) along with osteoinducer genes (BMP-2 and BMP-4) were observed in A549 cells. Moreover, ALP activity and ability leading to nodule formation revealed the presence of osteoblast-like potential in lung cancer cells. Here, BMP-2 treatment increased expressions of osteoblast transcription factors such as RUNX2 and Osterix, enhanced ALP activity, and augmented calcification in this cell line. It was also observed that antidiabetic metformin inhibited BMP-2 mediated increase in osteoblast-like potential and calcification in these cancer cells. The current study noted that metformin blocked BMP-2 mediated increase in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells. The above findings for the first time unravel that A549 cells possess osteoblast-like potential which drives lung cancer calcification. Metformin might prevent BMP-2 induced osteoblast-like phenotype of the lung cancer cells with concomitant inhibition of EMT to inhibit lung cancer tissue calcification.

Background: Stress is a global phenomenon that affects nearly everyone. The medical curriculum is often regarded as one of the most difficult professional degree courses in the world, and so the prevalence of stress is clear. Because of this trend, the pupils' mental health must be evaluated. The purpose of this study was to gather information about stress levels among undergraduate medical students. Methods: The research was carried out at the RUHS college of medical sciences. Data was acquired using Google Forms via a self-administered questionnaire that contained students' consent and semester information. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions based on the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS21). Results: The response rate of this study was 91.02% (213/234). The study also revealed more active female participation than male respondents. Out of the total responses (n=234), 54.6% were females and 44.8% were male. The analysis showed that medical students had experienced higher levels of depression (55%), and anxiety (64%) relative to stress (34%). Female students were found more anxious and depressed. Conclusions: The study found a high prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among medical students. Preventive approaches for improving student mental health are so required.

Background: The increasing prevalence of hypertension is attributed to population growth, ageing and behavioural risk factors, such as unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, lack of physical activity, excess weight and exposure to persistent stress. The aim of study is the prescribing pattern and the consumption of antihypertensive drugs in isolated hypertensive patients and in hypertensive patients with different co-existing morbidities. Methods: The present study is a Prospective observational study. The study was conducted at Medicine Department of associated hospital of RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur. Results: A total of 965 patients having hypertension were analyzed, in that 556 patients were male and 409 patients were female. In hypertension patients, angiotensin receptor blockers ARB, diuretics and β- blockers (29.90%) were mostly used classes in three drug therapy. Whereas telmisartan, hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol (35.05%) were mostly prescribed. Drugs. In hypertension patients, angiotensin receptor blockers ARB, diuretics, β- blockers and calcium channel blockers (56.67%) and calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers and diuretics (43.33%) were used classes in four drug therapy. Whereas Telmisartan, Hydrochlorothiazide, Nebivolol and Amlodipine (62.5%) were mostly prescribed drugs. Hypertensive Patients with Comorbidity were found in higher prevalence with 276 hypertensive patients (28.60%) along with Diabetes Mellitus most commonly found and 389 hypertensive patients (40.31%) were found to be with No Comorbidity. Conclusions: Present results reveal that antihypertensive medication adherence to JNC-8 recommendations is suboptimal. Therefore, physicians should follow JNC-8 guidelines to improve the patients care because suboptimal adherence leads to adverse clinical outcomes. The present study demonstrated that physicians are not completely adhering to standard guidelines while treating hypertension with co-morbid conditions.

Background/Aim: Nutraceuticals or dietary supplements have been recognised as a fundamental part of the holistic approach to achieve complete wellness and health. Their usage is continuously increasing due to lifestyle and sport-style requirements. The present study was designed to estimate the use of nutraceuticals in the younger population and find the association between gender and community in their usage. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out on the younger population (between 15 and 30 years of age) of North India over a period of two weeks in October 2022. The data regarding the demographic profile and nutraceutical use among participants was collected per predesigned and pre-validated questionnaire. The collected data were analysed to determine the outcomes. Results: The study included 575 participants, with 272 males and 303 females. Out of them, 321 were from the urban background. It was found in the study that a total of 275 (47.82 %) study subjects were using nutraceuticals, with 163 (59.27 %) and 112 (40.73 %) from the urban and rural dwellings, respectively. Among the users, 122 (44.36 %) were men and 153 (55.64 %) were women. Thus, overall, 153 (50.49 %) of females and 122 (44.85 %) of males in survey were consuming dietary supplements. The study further added that 189 (68.72 %) users believed that nutraceuticals improved their health, two-thirds of participants were using nutraceuticals for lifestyle reasons and 239 (86.90 %) of consumers were using single nutraceuticals. There was no association between gender and community in nutraceuticals usage (Chi-square test, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Almost half of the younger population was using nutraceuticals and there was no association between gender and community while using them.

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exploded into a global pandemic, killing over 6.5 million people and forever changing the world. While many developed countries are well into their vaccination campaigns, India outperformed global expectations by providing over 2 billion doses to its citizens and assisting other countries worldwide. Following the emergence of various covid variants, it is critical to comprehend the willingness of Indians to receive additional doses of the newer generation of covid vaccination, as well as the fatigue associated with maintaining the most essential covid appropriate behaviour, masking. This study aimed to determine general public attitudes and perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine in India. Method: A pan-India cross-sectional analysis was conducted at RUHS college of medical sciences, Jaipur, between October 20, 2022, and December 15, 2022. Through web-based links, a self-administered and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: Of the total responses received (n=391), 55.6% were males, and 43.8% were females. 63.2% have received two doses of the vaccine, while 33.8% have received three doses. 50.9% of respondents were willing to take the fourth dose of the vaccine, 20.5% were utterly unwilling, and 28.6% were undecided. 10.7% of our respondents were utterly reluctant to wear masks, whereas 26.6% always did. Conclusions: Based on the findings, vaccination acceptance in India remains high with 50.9% of applicants willing to take the fourth dose. Furthermore, the pandemic has resulted in the incorporation of face masks into our lifestyles, with the majority of people using a face mask in at least one setting.

Introduction/Objective Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most frequent type of headache, affecting approximately 1.89 billion individuals globally. It is characterised by dull, agonising head discomfort, a sensation of tightness within the head, and tenderness of the scalp, neck, and shoulders. Coffee is a beverage made from roasted coffee beans. Coffee constituents can act as CNS stimulants, scavengers of free radicals, and have antioxidant properties. The major goal of this study is to assess the relationship between TTH and coffee consumption among medical students. This study also intends to inquire about medical students' daily coffee consumption form and amount, as well as their preference for coffee over other pharmacological treatments in headache relief. Methods Between August 31, 2023, and September 21, 2023, a pan-India cross-sectional analysis was carried out across several medical colleges in India. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to collect data using Web-based links. Results 80% of the students experienced headaches in their everyday lives and 51.82% of students used coffee to relieve those headaches. The prevalence of TTH in coffee users was 13.06%. The prevalence of TTH in students who do not consume coffee was 12%. About 57% of students consumed about 1 tablespoon of coffee per day. In addition to that, 26.13% of students believed that coffee was equally as effective as pharmacological agents in treating headache and 11.06% of students believed that coffee was more effective than pharmacological agents. Conclusion Based on these results, we were not able to confirm a therapeutic effect of coffee on tension-type headache (TTH). On the contrary, the prevalence of TTH headaches was found to be marginally higher in coffee consumers.