To enhance the yield of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (rosemary) essential oil (REO), solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a synthetic microbiome was applied and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in significant enhancing yield of REO, 58% increase compared to the control group. GC-MS results showed the main components of fermented REO were mainly terpenes and their derivatives, consistent with literature and the control group. Fermented REO release mechanism was investigated by studying the changes of 9 key enzymes’ content, the cellulose content and the micro-structure. These enzymes can provide favorable conditions for the release of free monoterpenes from exogenous sites in oil glands by disrupting the structural integrity of plant cell walls. This study demonstrates the effectiveness and mechanism of solid-state fermentation in enhancing the yield of REO, providing a green, economical and efficient method for saving rosemary resources.

This study explored the potential of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) to mitigate hepatic injury and metabolic disturbance induced by a high-starch diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish were distributed into three groups (with three replicates per group) and fed for 56 days with a basal diet (BD), a high-starch diet (CSD), and the BVP-supplemented diet (CSDB, added 2.0 g/kg BVP to the CSD diet), respectively. After the feeding trial, fish in the CSD group exhibited a significant decrease in weight gain rate (WGR) and an increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) (P < 0.05). Concurrently, hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism of fish in the CSD group were suppressed, leading to the accumulation of hepatic lipids and glycogen, along with histopathological manifestations such as hepatic vacuolation and nuclear shift. Furthermore, immune competence and hepatic antioxidant status were also compromised. However, relative to the CSD group, fish in the CSDB group demonstrated significant improvements in growth performance, immune function, and liver injury. Furthermore, BVP upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2, a key regulator of antioxidant defense) and downregulated the nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb, a central transcription factor in inflammation) (P < 0.05). More importantly, BVP might improve the metabolism of hepatic glucose and lipid in fish, by suppressing gluconeogenesis and promoting glycolysis to optimize glucose metabolism, as well as by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting both lipid transport and catabolism to enhance lipid metabolism. Notably, dietary BVP supplementation significantly altered hepatic metabolite profiles, affecting pathways such as alpha-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism, and increasing the levels of several lipid metabolites, including docosahexaenoic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine species, compared to the CSD group (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrated that BVP improved growth performance, liver health, and glucose-lipid metabolism in largemouth bass fed a high-starch diet.

To enhance the yield of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary) essential oil (REO), solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a defined four-strain microbial consortium was applied and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in significant enhancing yield of REO, 58% increase compared to the control group. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed the main components of fermented REO were mainly terpenes and their derivatives, consistent with the control group. Fermented REO release mechanism was preliminarily investigated by studying the changes of key enzymes' content, the crude cellulose, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin content and the microstructure. These enzymes can provide favorable conditions for the release of free monoterpenes by disrupting the structural integrity of plant cell walls. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of SSF in enhancing the yield of REO, providing chemical and theoretical foundation for the utilization of fermented rosemary essential oil in food-related fields.

Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) stems are a promising yet underutilized source of bioactive components, such as polysaccharides and sterols, which are of significant agricultural importance. However, their recalcitrant structures, including indigestible cellulose frameworks, acicular calcium oxalate crystals, and hydrophobic waxy cuticles, render them unsuitable for direct application as animal feed. Large-scale discarding of pitaya stems poses considerable environmental hazards if not properly disposed of, while existing extraction technologies for their bioactive components struggle with issues such as high pollution loads or difficulties in scale-up. Consequently, the development of efficient resource utilization strategies is imperative. This study adopts synthetic microbiome construction technology for the solid-state fermentation of pitaya stems, aiming to enhance their nutritional value for feed applications. This study utilized a synthetic microbial consortium consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, and Aspergillus niger. After optimizing the fermentation conditions using response surface methodology (RSM), with the optimal parameters determined as 34 °C, 12 days of fermentation, and 55

Curcumin, a natural polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa L., exhibits diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects, making it a versatile candidate for food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. However, its industrial application is hindered by low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and high production costs. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advances in curcumin’s physicochemical properties, production routes (phytoextraction, chemical synthesis, and microbial biosynthesis), and wide applications. Compared with existing reviews, this work emphasizes quantitative benchmarking of production methods (yield, productivity, and environmental metrics), critical evaluation of application feasibility including regulatory hurdles and clinical evidence, and actionable future directions for industrial scalability. We systematically analyze the advantages, limitations, economic and environmental trade-offs of each production route, and highlight recent innovations in bioavailability enhancement and metabolic engineering. This review aims to provide a holistic theoretical and technical framework for accelerating curcumin’s sustainable development and commercialization in high-value products.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary betaine on the growth, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid (BA) metabolism in Micropterus salmoides fed high-cottonseed concentrated protein (CPC) diets. In this study, Micropterus salmoides were fed six experimental diets: the basal diet (BD diet; high fish meal), the low-fish meal diet (LF diet; 75% of the fish meal protein in the BD diet was substituted with CPC), and four betaine-supplemented diets (1.0 g/kg, 2.0 g/kg, 4.0 g/kg, and 8.0 g/kg of betaine were added to the LF diet, designated as LFB1.0, LFB2.0, LFB4.0, and LFB8.0, respectively). After an 8-week feeding trial, compared with the BD diet, fish fed the LF diet had decreased weight gain rate, reduced feed utilization efficiency, and poor liver health and impaired metabolic function. Conversely, fish fed the LFB4.0 diet showed an increased weight gain rate and feeding rate, improved liver antioxidant capacity, and decreased hepatic lipid droplets and glycogen content. Non-targeted metabolomics of the liver revealed that betaine regulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and was associated with primary bile acid metabolism. Moreover, the hepatic levels of the BA regulatory factors short heterodimer partner and farnesoid-X-receptor, as well as the gene expression of BA transporter bile salt export pump, were increased in fish fed the LFB4.0 diet. Supplementing the LF diet (high CPC levels) with 4.0 g/kg betaine improves fish growth performance and enhances hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via the positive regulation of BA metabolism by betaine.

Considering the diverse biological activities of condensed tannin (CT), the study aimed to evaluate the effect of CT on growth performance and intestinal health in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through a 56-day feeding trial. Largemouth bass (5.99 +/- 0.03 g) were fed a basic diet supplemented with different levels of CT: 0 g/kg (the control group, CG), 0.60 g/kg (the T0.6 group), 1.50 g/kg (the T1.5 group), 3.75 g/kg (the T3.75 group), and 9.38 g/kg (the T9.38 group). The results indicated that dietary supplementation of CT at 3.75 g/kg promoted growth performance, feed conversion ratio, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein and crude lipid, the crude protein of whole-body, the intestinal antioxidant capacity, and intestinal immune response, as well as the development of intestinal villi (P < 0.05), while the fish fed with 9.38 g/kg CT exhibited the opposite trend. Further, dietary CT (3.75 g/kg) decreased crude lipid in the whole-body compared to the CG (P < 0.05). Dietary CT (3.75 g/kg) altered the microbial community, the relative abundance of Bacillus and Lysinibacillus were increased compared to the CG. Additionally, the serum metabolome results revealed a negative correlation between Lysinibacillus abundance and lipid metabolites in the serum. These findings suggested that supplementing the diet with 3.75 g/kg CT promoted the growth performance, feed utilization, and intestinal health of largemouth bass. The optimum CT level was 4.15 g/kg based on second-order polynomial regression analyses of weight gain rate.

To address the escalating challenge of food scarcity and the associated conflicts between human and animal consumption, it is imperative to seek alternative resources that can substitute for traditional feed. Non-grain feed (NGF) raw materials represent a category of biomass resources that are distinct from grains in their composition. These materials are characterized by their high nutritional content, cost-effectiveness, ample availability, and consistent supply, which contribute to their significant economic potential. Nonetheless, the extensive application of NGF is currently hindered by several limitations, including a high concentration of antinutritional factors, suboptimal palatability, and an offensive odor, among other shortcomings. The synergistic fermentation of probiotics and enzymes (SFPE) is an innovative approach that integrates the use of a diverse array of enzymes during the feed fermentation process, as well as various strains of probiotics throughout the feed digestion process. This method aims to enhance the nutritional value of the feed, diminish the presence of antinutritional factors, and improve the overall palatability, thereby facilitating the optimal utilization of NGF. This strategy holds the promise of not only replacing conventional feed options but also mitigating the pressing issue of grain scarcity. This paper delves into the practical applications of NGF and presents an overview of the latest research advancements in SFPE fermentation techniques, which can provide cutting-edge and valuable reference for researchers who devote themselves to research in this field in the future.

Over recent decades, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production to enhance product quality and maximize economic returns has raised critical concerns. However, antibiotic misuse has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poses substantial health risks to humans through drug residue accumulation. In response, nations globally have progressively implemented bans on antibiotic inclusion in animal nutrition, redirecting scientific attention toward antibiotic-free feed additives that maintain or enhance animal health performance. Among these alternatives, four categories of microecological agents (MEAs) - probiotics, prebiotics, their synergistic combination (synbiotics), and inactivated probiotic derivatives (postbiotics)- have emerged as a research priority due to their functional parallels with antibiotics while circumventing associated drawbacks. However, the similar nomenclature and overlapping functional definitions of these four MEAs have led to classification ambiguities, complicating their targeted application strategies. To resolve this, we narratively reviewed over 130 studies on MEAs in animal husbandry, emphasizing their capacity to promote beneficial microbiota proliferation, suppress pathogenic colonization, and exert synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects within the gastrointestinal tract.aiming to clarify their classification criteria, mechanistic distinctions, and application protocols in precision livestock farming. It helps to provide researchers and the feed additive industry with theoretical references when developing or using MEAs.

To more effectively address the scarcity resources and elevated costs associated with fishmeal (FM), the utilization of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as an alternative in aquaculture feeds has become increasingly prevalent. However, high levels of CPC substitution for FM have been reported to suppress the growth of fish and impair intestinal health. Hydrolysable tannin (HT) has been reported to exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but whether the HT can generate positive biological effects on the intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) remains unknown. Largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.03 ± 0.01 g) were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial with three different diets: a basic diet (named as the NC), a high CPC diet (in which CPC replaced 75

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of adding hydrolysable tannin (HT, 1.25 g/kg) to a high-fat diet on the flesh quality of fish (Micropterus salmoides) after 12 weeks rearing. Results showed that high-fat diet supplemented with HT increased the content of crude protein and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and optimized the amino acid composition of flesh. Meanwhile, the high-fat diet reduced the antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber density, and collagen content of flesh, but HT supplementation counteracted these negative effects. According to metabolomics analysis, dietary HT reduced the abundance of hypoxanthine and inosine, suggesting that HT might potentially mitigate the deterioration of flesh by delaying the degradation of adenosine triphosphate. Short-term frozen storage analysis indicated that dietary HT contributed to maintain flesh color, texture, and pH, and reduce total volatile base nitrogen‌. This study provides insights for enhancing the nutritional value and flesh quality of fish fed high-fat diets.

In recent years, the integration of atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis with droplet-based microfluidic (DBMF) technology has enabled the development of a novel high-efficiency mutagenesis and screening system. This system not only enhances microbial mutagenesis efficiency but also achieves precise screening and high-throughput detection, demonstrating broad applications in biosynthesis, fermentation engineering, biological feed production, edible fungus breeding, and environmental remediation. This review comprehensively elaborates on the principles and advantages of the system and discusses its diverse applications across multiple fields.

Bamboo vinegar powder (BVP), a secondary product of bamboo charcoal production, contains multiple bioactive compounds. However, its effects on largemouth bass remain unclear. To investigate these effects, six experimental diets containing different BVP levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/kg) were designed, and a 56-day feeding experiment was conducted on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, 7.00 +/- 0.02 g). Results demonstrated significant increase in the weight gain rate (P < 0.05) and specific growth rate (P < 0.05) and decrease in the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) with administration of diet containing 2.0 g/kg BVP. In addition, BVP (0.5-8.0 g/kg) significantly improved the levels of health indicators, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) in the liver. In terms of antioxidative properties, BVP (1.0-2.0 g/kg) improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes, including total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05), reduced the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (P < 0.05). Regarding lipid metabolism, BVP (1.0-8.0 g/kg) decreased the triglyceride (P < 0.05) and total cholesterol (P < 0.05) levels in the liver and improved hepatic lipid metabolism by upregulating the expression of lipid transport (hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase) and lipid metabolism (fatty acid transport protein and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) genes (P < 0.05). With regard to inflammation, BVP (0.5-4 g/kg) modulated the expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-beta, and interleukin-10; P < 0.05) to improve the inflammatory response. Collectively, these results suggested that dietary BVP at a level of 2.0 g/kg can help improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response and reduce lipid deposition in the liver of largemouth bass.

This study investigated the effects of condensed tannin (CT) supplementation on the intestinal health and mitochondrial function in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed a high-fat diet. Six experimental diets were formulated, comprising three lipid levels in the diets (10 %, 15 %, and 20 %) with or without 3.75 g/kg CT supplementation. The largemouth bass were fed those diets for 56 days. Results demonstrated that a dietary lipid content of 20 % had a detrimental impact on the growth, intestinal health, and mitochondrial function of largemouth bass. However, the adverse effects of high dietary lipid levels were mitigated by incorporating of CT. This mitigation may be ascribed to the ability of CT to improve the intestinal barrier (claudin-1, claudin-4, and zo-1), increase the abundance of beneficial intestines microbe, and enhance intestinal antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, CT promoted mitochondrial biogenesis (pgc-1α, nrf1, and ampk-α), maintained the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion, increased ATP content, and enhanced the activity of mitochondrial complexes II, IV, and V. In conclusion, CT preserved intestinal health and function while boosting mitochondrial function, thereby facilitating the growth of largemouth bass.

The direct feeding value of distillers grains is low due to the presence of higher cellulose, lignin and anti-nutritional factors such as mannan and xylan. In this study, complex enzymes and probiotic flora based on “probiotic enzyme synergy” technology were used to produce fermented distillers grains. The optimal substrate ratio, moisture content, fermentation time and temperature were determined. Subsequently, scale-up experiments were conducted to determine the performance of fermented feed. The results showed that multi-probiotic (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae) cooperated with complex enzymes (glucanase, mannanase, xylanase) showed excellent fermentation effect, crude protein, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein and fat increased by 31.25, 36.68, and 49.11% respectively, while crude fiber, acidic fiber and neutral fiber decreased by 34.24, 26.91, and 33.20%, respectively. The anti-nutritional factors mannan and arabinoxylan were reduced by 26.96 and 40.87%, respectively. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermented organic acids increased by 240.93, 76.77, and 89.47%, respectively. Butyric acid increased significantly from scratch, and the mycotoxin degradation effect was not significant. This study provides a potential approach for high-value utilization of distillers grains.

This study provided evidence that the inclusion of hydrolysable tannin (HT) in high soybean meal (SBM) diets improved growth performance and glycolipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In vivo, various levels of HT were added to high SBM diets and fed to largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.00 ± 0.03 g) for 56 days. Results showed that a high level of SBM led to the reduction in growth performance, as evidenced by decreased weight gain rate and impaired hepatic function. Dietary supplementation with HT (1.0 g/kg) improved growth performance of largemouth bass, accompanied by the enhancements in hepatic antioxidant capacity and glycolipid metabolism. In vitro, HT facilitated glucose utilization in hepatocytes and positively influenced the modulation of crucial genes within the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conversely, administration of LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) reversed the detrimental effects observed in hepatocytes exposed to high glucose levels. Overall, incorporating HT (1.0 g/kg) into the diet enhanced liver health and improved the absorption and utilization of SBM in largemouth bass, potentially achieved through modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

This study focused on developing an effective cell wall-breaking method for Phaffia rhodozyma, followed by utilizing subcritical fluid extraction to isolate, extract, and concentrate astaxanthin from the complex fermentation products of P. rhodozyma. A comprehensive comparison of seven distinct methods for disrupting cell walls, including dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, lactic acid treatment, sodium hydroxide treatment, β-glucanase enzymatic digestion, β-mannanase enzymatic digestion, and a combined enzymatic treatment involving both β-mannanase and β-glucanase was conducted. The results identified the lactic acid method as the most effective in disrupting the cell walls of P. rhodozyma. The software, Design Expert, was used in the process of extracting astaxanthin from cell lysates using a subcritical extraction method. Through fitting analysis and response surface optimization analysis by Design Expert, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 41 °C, extraction frequency of two times, and extraction time of 46 min. These parameters facilitated the efficient extraction, concentration, and enrichment of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma, resulting in an astaxanthin concentration of 540.00 mg/L. This result can establish the foundation for its high-value applications.

Mulberry leaves (ML) have diverse biological activities and show potential as a functional additive. However, it is unclear whether ML can alleviate the adverse effects of high cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) inclusion in carnivores. In this study, Micropterus salmoides were respectively fed six different diets over an 8-week period. Four experimental diets were formulated with varying levels of ML (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%), designated as CG (basic diet), ML2, ML4, and ML6. Additionally, two diets replaced 75% of fishmeal (FM) protein with CPC in the CG diet, with or without 4% ML, named CPC and CM4 diet, respectively. Results showed that ML4 diet improved growth and feed utilization in largemouth bass compared with the control. The growth of fish fed with the CPC diet were significantly lower than those fed with the CG diet (P P < 0.05). However, supplementing 4% ML in the CPC diet could improve the decreased growth and feed utilization, compromised intestinal barrier, and intestinal inflammation caused by high CPC in largemouth bass. Through 16S rDNA and intestinal transcriptome correlation analysis, it was revealed that ML could reduce non-homeostatic apoptosis by positively regulating intestinal microbiota to down-regulate the expression of pro-apoptosis genes in the PI3K-Akt pathway of the Apoptosis pathway.

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of condensed tannin (CT) in mitigating the adverse effects on growth and intestinal health induced by high cottonseed concentrate protein (CPC) diets in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass were respectively fed with the basic diet, the high CPC diet, and the CPC + CT diet (incorporated 3.75 g/kg CT into the high CPC diet) for a duration of 8 weeks. Results indicated that the high CPC diet resulted in decreased growth performance and compromised intestinal health. Dietary CT enhanced the growth of fish, improved intestinal function, and optimized intestinal microbiota. Additionally, intestinal transcriptome analysis revealed that dietary CT might mitigate intestinal inflammation by downregulating the related gene expression in the cell adhesion molecule pathway. Furthermore, the gene expression of cd22 and mhc2 was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Geodermatophilus, an indicator species of intestinal microbiota in high CPC treatment. Our research suggests that the inclusion of CT (3.75 g/kg) in the high CPC diet of largemouth bass can stimulate growth and alleviate negative impacts on intestinal health, indicating that CT can be utilized to enhance the utilization of CPC in fish nutrition.

With the rapid development of synthetic biology, researchers can design, modify, or even synthesize microorganisms de novo, and microorganisms endowed with unnatural functions can be considered “artificial life” and facilitate the development of functional products. Based on this concept, researchers can solve critical problems related to the insufficient supply of natural products, such as low yields, long production cycles, and cumbersome procedures. Due to its superior performance and unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, Yarrowia lipolytica is a favorable chassis cell used for green biomanufacturing by numerous researchers. This paper mainly reviews the development of synthetic biology techniques for Y. lipolytica and summarizes the recent research progress on the synthesis of natural products in Y. lipolytica. This review will promote the continued innovative development of Y. lipolytica by providing theoretical guidance for research on the biosynthesis of natural products.