The GEOROC and PetDB databases provide peer-reviewed geochemical data on igneous rocks, minerals and related materials for >25 years to cover the full range of igneous compositions, mantle xenoliths and minerals. Combined they provide access to more than 48.2 million individual data values from around 27,000 publications through web applications for search, filtering and download. These comprehensive datasets support large-scale regional and global geochemical data-based research spanning traditional geochemical studies to data-driven and machine-learning approaches.GEOROC’s holdings have reached over 40.8 million data values from more than 23,000 publications focusing on ocean islands, continents and subduction zones. The PetDB database complements with ca. 7.4 million data values for igneous and metamorphic samples of the ocean floor, ophiolites, mantle xenoliths, tephra, and arc rocks.The DIGIS project is modernizing the GEOROC data infrastructure in alignment with FAIR principles by introducing a new API, improved web interface, and unified data model. Further, topical global collections of data are extracted into individual DOI-minted data sets that are regularly updated from the GEOROC data holdings. These compilations and additional author-contributed data sets with rich metadata are accessed through GFZ Data-Services. GEOROC has recently been reconnected with the updated GeoReM database on geochemical reference materials. PetDB is part of the EarthChem data services and the IEDA2 data facility. PetDB was migrated to a new architecture and a new, simplified search interface was released in 2025 to improve usability. EarthChem also offers repository services where researchers can publish and archive their data.Based on close collaborations between PetDB and GEOROC, the EarthChem Portal has provided for nearly 20 years a central access point to the content of both databases, as well as several smaller databases. Today, nearly 50 million data values are accessible at the ECP.While the EPOS data resources are strong on geophysical (and other types of) data, EPOS has lacked a systematic inclusion of geochemical data from rocks on the European continent. The data services that the geochemical research community provide on geochemical compositions of rocks minerals and ore deposits globally has the potential to become a strong contribution to the EPOS data platform. To this end, we offer collaboration with EPOS to provide access points for two types of geoscience data: curated geochemical data on rocks and minerals in a domain-specific data base and large compiled selected data sets on specific types of rocks and minerals and/or from specific geological or geographic settings in the DIGIS-GEOROC repository at GFZ-data services. This also requires further developments: Under the umbrella of OneGeochemistry and NFDI4Earth, DIGIS, EarthChem and other initiatives such as the Australian Geochemistry Network are developing authoritative vocabularies and metadata standards, as well as interoperability and integration across different global geochemical databases. Further, together we develop tools for data quality assessment for improved data usability. These advances also broaden the applicability of geochemical data beyond hardrock oriented research to fields such as environmental science, archaeology and geohealth, demonstrating how FAIR-aligned geochemical infrastructures enhance reproducible research in Earth System Science and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Global compilations of geo- and cosmochemical data are increasingly leveraged to address exciting new research questions through data-analytics and machine-learning approaches. These invaluable datasets are maintained and made accessible as synthesis databases, such as GEOROC and PetDB catering to terrestrial igneous and metamorphic rocks; AstroMat Data Synthesis encompassing diverse astromaterial samples; and GeoReM a comprehensive resource for geochemical, environmental and biological reference materials. The GEOROC and PetDB databases for igneous and metamorphic rocks collectively aggregate data from thousands of publications, combining over 42 million single data values (major and trace elements, stable and radiogenic isotope ratios, radiometric ages) for bulk rock, glass, as well as minerals and their inclusions.The diverse focus of these data systems include data from different sources and metadata makes data integration and interoperability challenging. The DIGIS and EarthChem projects are working towards designing machine-readable unified vocabularies for their data systems to achieve full interoperability. These vocabularies, associated with primary chemical data as well as geospatial, analytical and sample metadata, encompass many categories describing geographic location, sampling technique, lithology and mineral types, geological and tectonic setting, as well as analytes, analytical methods, reference materials, and more.Wherever possible, external machine- and/or human-readable external vocabularies from respected authorities are incorporated, such as MinDat’s "Subdivisions of Rock," the International Mineralogical Association’s "List of Minerals" (Warr, 2021), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry’s chemical terminologies. For remaining categories, a set of local vocabularies are developed by our group (e.g. analytical methods, see Richard et al. 2023). The collaborative effort between DIGIS, EarthChem, and the Astromaterials Data System is leading to an advanced vocabulary ecosystem relating samples, data, and analytical methods in geo- and cosmochemical research that reaches from local- to community-driven and, eventually global connections.Establishing a globally accepted vocabulary not only contributes to building interoperability between our existing geo-and cosmochemistry synthesis databases, but will also help pave the way toward interoperability with the GeoReM database, linking data with analytical methods and reference materials to provide means for data quality control and assessment of analytical uncertainty.Finally, the unified vocabularies of EarthChem, GEOROC, and GeoReM will advance the creation of a global network of geochemical data systems as promoted by the OneGeochemistry initiative (Klöcking et al., 2023; Prent et al. 2022), connecting and integrating the broadest range of geoanalytical data generated, for example, in studies of environmental samples, archeological artefacts, or geohealth matters.We report on these goals, achievements, state of advance, and challenges and seek community engagement and feedback. ReferencesKlöcking, M. et al. (2023). Community recommendations for geochemical data, services and analytical capabilities in the 21st century. In Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Vol. 351, pp. 192–205).Prent, A. et al. (2023) Innovating and Networking Global Geochemical Data Resources Through OneGeochemistry. Elements 19, Issue 3, pp. 136–137.Richard, S. et al. (2023) Analytical Methods for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry. Concept Scheme for Analysis Methods in Geo- and Cosmochemistry. Research Vocabularies Australia.Warr, L. N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320.

Data are a fundamental building block of science. Ever-increasing volumes and diversity of data are allowing us to solve ever more complicated research questions; yet they are also creating new challenges around efficient data management and storage. This talk focuses on geochemical data, that are relatively low in volume compared to other Earth System Science disciplines, but are highly diverse due to the large range of materials analysed and analytical techniques employed. Modern geochemical research increasingly draws on large compilations of data previously collected by multiple authors using multiple analytical methods, over years and decades. Harmonising data from such diverse sources, and ensuring consistency and comparable data quality, is a non-trivial task that requires significant investment of time and resources. As a consequence, data compilations are increasingly published in high-ranking journals. Yet often they are singular, one-time efforts for specific projects by individual authors that quickly become outdated and lose relevance. In contrast, curated synthesis databases, such as the GEOROC database for igneous geochemical rock and mineral compositions, are continuously being updated and can offer long-term consistent curation over decades. By providing free access to, and customisable search of, their comprehensive data and metadata collections, they enable the compilation of a diverse range of smaller, targeted datasets that can form the basis of many different research projects across multiple (sub)disciplines. Long-term synthesis databases are an invaluable resource for the geochemical and broader scientific community. However, despite their broad relevance and usage, many such community databases struggle to secure the required resources for database maintenance and continuous technical developments to cater to changing scientific demands. This burden can be partly alleviated through integration of databases with curated, domain data repositories. Data harmonisation is greatly aided by adherence to best practices and standards during data publication. Repositories that publish curated, discipline-specific datasets, therefore, play an important role in ensuring new analyses are sufficiently well documented to allow quality assessment and reuse by third parties. They also support data rescue and the alignment of legacy data with modern data requirements. These standards and best practices should in turn be developed based on community expertise and consensus, which requires international collaboration. In geochemistry, data providers and services from three different continents formed the OneGeochemistry initiative. OneGeochemistry promotes exchange and agreement on minimum common variables between researchers from all geochemical sub-disciplines and the more than 15 international societies, associations and science unions that govern different types of geochemical data. As a participant in the WorldFAIR project, OneGeochemistry aims to reconcile cross-domain solutions for data interoperability with domain-specific geochemical requirements. The implementation of geochemical data standards in repositories, and their broad adoption by the geochemical community, will enhance the value of data and services provided by synthesis databases, which will lead to better access to comprehensive data compilations and, ultimately, better science.

The dynamics of Earth’s early mantle remain enigmatic. A wide range of tectonic settings have been proposed for the Archaean eon prior to cratonisation, a time from which few samples are preserved in the geological record. Here, we reexamine this topic by estimating temperatures and depths of melt generation in the late Archaean mantle using a new geochemical data compilation of mafic igneous rocks from the Yilgarn craton, Australia. We combine these results with stratigraphic and geodynamic constraints to better resolve Archaean upper mantle dynamics. The igneous data compilation was screened to identify samples most representative of melting conditions in the convecting mantle and to minimise the effects of crystal fractionation and assimilation of crustal or cumulate material. The dataset predominantly comprises tholeiitic basalts in the well-studied Kalgoorlie terrane that lie at the base of the stratigraphic sequence beneath komatiites, later mafic to felsic volcanic sequences, and the granites that make up the bulk of the Yilgarn cratonic crust. The screened data display depleted MORB-like rare earth element patterns with no evidence of a garnet signature. Forward and inverse modelling of these compositions, assuming a partially depleted peridotite mantle source, predicts melting at depths as shallow as ~40 km and mantle potential temperatures elevated by ~110-270 °C compared to present-day ambient mantle. These results are consistent with decompression melting under near-ambient Archaean mantle conditions. Lithospheric extension and the calculated temperature excess could be caused by non-adiabatic mantle flow ahead of a rising plume and/or melting of the plume head itself.

The GEOROC database is a leading, open-access source of geochemical and isotopic datasets that provides access to curated compilations of igneous and metamorphic rock and mineral compositions from >20,600 publications. It is a data resource that supports and facilitates hundreds of new research publications each year across multiple geoscientific and related disciplines.This presentation is to “advertise” to the geochemical community this data product and our ongoing efforts to improve the service by providing FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) geochemical data. We will also describe some recently published research where authors were using large geochemical data compilations such as GEOROC and PetDB for innovative approaches in digital geochemistry.To further support such research also in the future, the Digital Geochemical Data Infrastructure (DIGIS) initiative is developing a new IT and data infrastructure for GEOROC 2.0 to enable modern solutions to data submission, discovery and access. GEOROC data compilations are made accessible via a web search interface and an API. In addition, DIGIS maintains a direct data pipeline between the data compiled in GEOROC and the EarthChem Portal. Hence, GEOROC represents one of six different geochemical databases that can be queried and accessed synchronously within the EarthChem Portal. The DIGIS infrastructure further partners with GFZ Data Services, a domain repository for geosciences data, hosted at GFZ, offering data publication services with assigned digital object identifiers (DOI). Individual researchers can directly submit their geochemical datasets to the repository (using the EarthChem Data Templates) where they are archived for the long term. Regular thematic snapshots of the GEOROC synthesis database are archived in the GRO.data repository of the University of Göttingen.Part of this cooperation is the development of standardised vocabularies and data reporting to enhance interoperability of geo- and cosmochemical data systems. Harmonized data entry for the GEOROC, PetDB and Astromat synthesis databases will avoid duplication and ensure consistent data and metadata. With these efforts, and as a participant of the OneGeochemistry(1,2) initiative, DIGIS is working towards the goal of globally harmonised geochemical data to enable interdisciplinary, data-driven research. ReferencesKlöcking, M. et al. (2023). Community recommendations for geochemical data, services and analytical capabilities in the 21st century. In Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Vol. 351, pp. 192–205).Prent, A. et al. (2023) Innovating and Networking Global Geochemical Data Resources Through OneGeochemistry. Elements 19, Issue 3, pp. 136–137.

<p>As geochemical data enable understanding of the Earth system and help to address critical societal issues the organisation thereof is important. Questions asked about processes affecting our environment and geological past become more complex and interdisciplinary in nature as well as multidimensional. To help answer these questions within the geochemistry research capabilities and data compilations are required to be comprehensive and both human and machine readable. Various international organisations are building infrastructure to capture and distribute geochemical data in a consistent manner adhering to the FAIR principles. </p><p>Since May 2021 the OneGeochemistry initiative has officially started efforts towards aligning these organisations’ data frameworks in order to standardise how geochemical data is reported around the globe. In November 2022 the OneGeochemistry initiative applied and was granted to become the OneGeochemistry CODATA Working Group as part of the International Science Councils Committee on Data. The initiative has now also been endorsed by the Geochemical Society, the European Association of Geochemistry and the Working Group has been endorsed by the IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines. Coordination of the OneGeochemistry initiative is funded through the WorldFAIR project where it is one of the work packages in the larger ‘WorldFAIR: Global cooperation on FAIR data policy and practice’ project. A FAIR Implementation Profile analyses of the geochemistry communities of Australia (AusGeochem), USA (EarthChem, AstroMat) and Europe (GEOROC-DIGIS, EPOS-MSL, NFDI4EARTH) resulted in recognition of the need for common vocabularies for geochemistry data reporting as one of the most important actions to undertake towards international geochemistry data interoperability. A task adopted by EarthChem-DIGIS(GEOROC)-GFZ(DataSystems) collaboration and Research Vocabularies Australia.</p><p>Here we will present an overview of the current OneGeochemistry initiative and its preliminary outcomes with regards to FAIR Implementation Profiles and processes that will help enable geochemical data interoperability between various stakeholders.</p>

<p>‘WorldFAIR: Global cooperation on FAIR data policy and practice’ is a European Commission funded project composed of 11 discipline and cross-discipline case studies drawn together by CODATA, the Committee on DATA of the International Science Councils Committee on DATA, and is supported by the Research Data Alliance. WorldFAIR is a diverse, global community effort that currently has 19 partners located in Africa, Australasia, Europe, and North and South America, representing organisations from research, government and industry. The 11 individual case studies are drawn from Chemistry, Nanomaterials, Geochemistry, Social Surveys, Population Health, Urban Health, Biodiversity, Agriculture, Oceans, Disaster Risk Reduction and Cultural Heritage. The WorldFAIR project aims to focus on the interoperability and reusability of research data products from both within and across disciplines by creating a Cross-Domain Interoperability Framework (CDIF).</p><p>The foundation of the CDIF will be a series of FAIR Implementation Profiles (FIPs) which will be used as a methodology for individual communities to express their FAIR practices and decisions for each of the 15 individual FAIR guiding principles. </p><p>As an example of how this will work, the WorldFAIR’s Geochemistry case study is led by OneGeochemistry, an international network of national geochemical data infrastructure organisations. Initially an informal network with representatives from AuScope (Australia), GEOROC (Germany), EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (Europe), EarthChem (US) and AstroMaterials (US). With the advent of WorldFAIR, OneGeochemistry has formalised it’s governance structure and is now a CODATA Work Group. Over the life of WorldFAIR, OneGeochemistry will work towards developing a community prototype FAIR Implementation Profile(s) for individual geochemical techniques, including the minimum defined variables, through workshops and consultations, and subsequently be responsible for their communication, publication and dissemination. The Geochemistry case study will work closely with the Chemistry case study and leverage relevant chemical standards and vocabularies wherever possible.</p><p>Through the development of community lead FAIR Implementation Profile(s) for geochemistry within a global Cross-Domain Interoperability Framework (CDIF), WorldFAIR and OneGeochemistry are both advancing the adoption of the FAIR data principles within Geochemistry and simultaneously enabling interoperability of geochemical research data products across the other ten discipline case studies.</p>

A vision of the not-to-distant future: Imagine yourself as a researcher who is making plans for fieldwork in the Andes Mountains. You are behind your computer and load a three-dimensional visualisation of the Earth and its geology to investigate the research already done in the southern Patagonian regions. You zoom in to the mountain range of interest and select various data layers to show samples, their chemical and isotopic compositions, as well as rock ages for further reference. One area shows particularly young ages and a single click brings up an image showing the thermal and chemical evolution of the rocks, bringing to life the events experienced by that part of the Earth. Each sample and data point have all the necessary information about uncertainties in the data, and the associated description of the analytical methods enables you to verify and trust the quality of data associated with (anomalous) points. Looking back at the visualisation, you change a few parameters and, in (close to) real-time, the modelled Earth changes to display the outcomes of the selected model scenario. The model recipe and selected data are exported by another click to a standard formatted file. These data are directly usable in your chosen application and offline device. Adding your own recently collected data to the model via drag and drop makes them show up in bright colours, contrasting with the prior known data and putting them in direct context. The visualised additional data alters the prior geological understanding and confirms your suspicions regarding what information is missing. Together with a customisable visualisation of model uncertainty, this information helps you to plan the collection of new samples. You are excited to go into the field to collect and subsequently analyse samples that you know will complement existing research in the area and vastly improve the current geological understanding of this region. With this preparation in hand, you are now able to apply for the necessary funding, proposing an efficient plan that minimises cost at a high likelihood of success.

<p>Although intra-plate volcanism is commonly attributed to the presence of thermal anomalies in the sublithospheric mantle (e.g. deep mantle plume, small-scale convection), recent geodynamic and geochemistry studies have emphasized the role of the thermochemical structure of the overlying lithosphere in dictating the type, timing and volume of surface volcanism in intra-plate environments. From the observational point of view, however, it has been difficult to formally link geophysical imaging techniques (e.g. seismic tomography) with geochemical data from erupted lavas to obtain an internally-consistent image of the thermochemical environment and melting regime responsible for intra-plate volcanism. Here we present the first geochemical-geophysical-geodynamic (‘G-cubed’) joint inversion approach capable of inverting both major and trace element lava compositions together with multiple geophysical datasets within a fully probabilistic framework. The result of this inversion is a complete thermo-chemical-dynamical model of the subsurface, including the melting regime. We illustrate the benefits and limitations of the method with a case study in eastern China. We show that our approach can successfully derive a thermochemical model that is fully consistent with all the inverted geochemical and geophysical data sets, providing fundamental constraints on the nature of the intra-plate volcanism and the underlaying mantle dynamics.  </p>