Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) is recommended as third-line off-label treatment for the management of neuropathic pain. BoNT-A has been reported as treatment for different neuropathic pain conditions; however not for neuropathic pain after decompressive craniotomy for stroke. The aim of this retrospective case series is to provide information on safety, the effect and the application method of BoNT-A in clinical practice for the treatment of neuropathic pain after trepanation. This case series describes two patients treated in 2021 at a BoNT outpatient clinic for chronic neuropathic pain at the incisional site after decompressive craniotomy for stroke which was resistant to pain medication. Cases were a 48-year old woman and a 63-year old man suffering from chronic neuropathic pain since 3 and 6 years, respectively. They were treated regularly with BoNT-A with a total dose of 100 mouse units of incobutulinumtoxin-A dose injected into peri-incisional sites of the scalp. Both patients reported subjective decrease in pain frequency (40% and 60%), in pain intensity (60% and 90%) and an increase of quality of life (80%). BoNT-A should be further investigated as treatment for neuropathic pain – especially in underreported conditions such as neuropathic pain after craniotomy in stroke.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is considered a safe and effective treatment for spasticity and dystonia. Individual interjections intervals are critical for the maintenance of the effect. In Austria, BoNT outpatient clinics were shutdown from November to December 2020 during COVID-19 control measures, leading to rescheduling of BoNT-A injections. This survey aimed at investigating the influence of injection delays on symptoms, physical functioning and quality of life (QoL) of the affected patients. Between April and June 2021, 31 outpatients (20 females, mean age: 63.7 ± 12.2 years) treated ≥12 months at the BoNT outpatient clinic Horn (Austria) and experiencing ≥2 weeks injection delays completed a structured face-to-face questionnaire. Indications were dystonia (35.5%), spasticity (41.9%) and hyperhidrosis (3.2%). Injections were delayed by 10 weeks (median, range: 2–15). Muscle cramps increased in 94% of patients with spasticity, muscle contractions in 91% of those with dystonia, pain in 9% and 59% for dystonia and spasticity, respectively. Overall, 79% reported functional worsening, and reduces in QoL by 61% ± 17 (mean ± SD). The impact on QoL correlated with the subjective global improvement induced by BoNT-A (Rs:0.676; p < 0.001). For 76%, long-term assurance of BoNT-A therapy was very important, and 79% felt their patient rights not respected. COVID-19 related delays in BoNT-A injections illustrate the importance of this therapy for symptom relief, functional outcome and QoL in patients suffering from movement disorders. BoNT-A therapy is essential and has to be guaranteed even in circumstance such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Idiopathic Parkinson Syndrome (IPS) is the most common neurological disease in Germany. Patients have an increased risk to develop a secondary lung dysfunction. The reflective breathing therapy is a specific method of respiratory therapy for the treatment of pulmonary disorders. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to examine the applicability of reflective breathing therapy in patients with IPS. Method In the single-arm interventional pilot study the subjects received two treatment sessions of reflective breathing therapy per week during the three weeks' intervention phase. The follow-up documentation was performed using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ) 39, spirometry and the 6-minute walk test. In addition the patient's satisfaction and drop-out rates were collected. All data were descriptively analysed. Results The study included 10 subjects. Therapy could be performed in nine participants. The analysis of the follow-up data showed a consistent or positive development of the disease-specific quality of life and gait distance in the majority of patients. The satisfaction rate was 9.44 (+/- 0.69) out of 10 points. Drop outs as wells as loss to follow-up were recorded. Conclusion Reflective breathing therapy is an adjunct treatment modality for patients with IPS. The collected data may serve as reference value for further scientific studies.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Beim idiopathischen Parkinson Syndrom (IPS) handelt es sich um die häufigste neurologische Erkrankung in Deutschland. Die Patienten haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, sekundär eine Störung der Lungenfunktion zu entwickeln. Die reflektorische Atemtherapie ist eine spezielle Form der Atemtherapie zur Behandlung von Lungenfunktionsstörungen. Ziel Das Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war, die Anwendbarkeit der reflektorischen Atemtherapie bei Patienten mit IPS zu untersuchen. Methode In der einarmigen interventionellen Pilotstudie erhielten die Probanden in der 3-wöchigen Interventionsphase 2 Behandlungen reflektorische Atemtherapie pro Woche. Die Verlaufsdokumentation erfolgte anhand des Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ) 39, der Spirometrie und des 6-Minuten-Gehtests. Zudem wurden die Zufriedenheit und der Studienabbruch der Studienteilnehmer erfasst und die Daten deskriptiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 10 Probanden eingeschlossen. Bei 9 Teilnehmern konnte die Therapie durchgeführt werden. Bei der Verlaufsdokumentation zeigten sich für eine Mehrheit der Patienten gleichbleibende bis positive Entwicklungen der krankheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität und der Gehstrecke. Die Zufriedenheit lag bei 9,44 (± 0,69) von 10 Punkten. Sowohl Drop-outs als auch Lost-to-Follow-up wurden erfasst. Schlussfolgerung Bei Patienten mit IPS ist die reflektorische Atemtherapie eine ergänzende Behandlungsmethode. Die erfassten klinischen Daten können als Anhaltspunkte für nachfolgende wissenschaftliche Studien dienen.

Drop foot is a frequent abnormality in gait after central nervous system lesions. Different treatment strategies are available to functionally restore dorsal extension during swing phase in gait. Orthoses as well as surface and implantable devices for electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve may be used in patients who do not regain good dorsal extension. While several studies investigated the effects of implanted systems on walking speed and gait endurance, only a few studies have focussed on the system's impact on kinematics and long-term outcomes. Therefore, our aim was to further investigate the effects of the implanted system ActiGait on gait kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters for the first time with a 1-year follow-up period. 10 patients were implanted with an ActiGait stimulator, with 8 patients completing baseline and follow-up assessments. Assessments included a 10-m walking test, video-based gait analysis and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for health status. At baseline, gait analysis was performed without any assistive device as well as with surface electrical stimulation. At follow-up patients walked with the ActiGait system switched off and on. The maximum dorsal extension of the ankle at initial contact increased significantly between baseline without stimulation and follow-up with ActiGait (p = 0.018). While the spatio-temporal parameters did not seem to change much with the use of ActiGait in convenient walking speed, patients did walk faster when using surface stimulation or ActiGait compared to no stimulation at the 10-m walking test at their fastest possible walking speed. Patients rated their health better at the 1-year follow-up. In summary, a global improvement in gait kinematics compared to no stimulation was observed and the long-term safety of the device could be confirmed.

BACKGROUND:Neurorehabilitation requires the development of severity-dependent and successful therapies for arm/hand rehabilitation in stroke patients.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of adding mirror therapy to bilateral EMG-triggered multi-channel electrostimulation for the treatment of severe arm/hand paresis in stroke patients.METHODS:The subjects of this randomized, controlled, multicentre study were stroke patients who had suffered their first insult between 1 and 6 months before study start and had severe or very severe arm/hand paresis, as classified by Fugl-Meyer-Assessment. Subjects were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 16) or control group (n = 17). Both groups were treated for 3 weeks (5x week, 30 minutes) with bilateral EMG-triggered multi-channel electrostimulation. The intervention group additionally received mirror feedback of the unaffected limb. The primary outcome measure was motor recovery of the upper extremities, as measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment.RESULTS:The Intervention Group with very severe paresis had significantly better motor recovery in total Fugl-Meyer Assessment (p = 0.017) at a medium effect size (Cohen) of d = 0.7, due to a significant recovery of shoulder and elbow function (p = 0.003) in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Part A subtest. For subjects with severe paresis, additional mirror therapy did not significantly influence outcome.CONCLUSION:Additional mirror therapy in combination with EMG-triggered multi-channel electrostimulation is therapeutically beneficial for post-acute stroke patients with very severe arm/hand paresis.

Background: Along with the characteristic neurological deficits in patients after stroke often cardiovascular functional capacity and autonomic (vegetative) nervous system's constraints become apparent. Moderate endurance training improves cardiovascular capacity and heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy, elderly and cardiac subjects. In patients after stroke it has, however, not yet been investigated sufficiently. A high HRV can be considered as an indicator of a well-balanced autonomic nervous system.Objective: This randomised controlled pilot study with patient-blinded design investigated whether a three week's pulse frequency controlled endurance can improve HRV in patients after stroke.Method: Patients after subacute stroke were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomised into 2 exercise groups (group A: pulse frequency controlled, group B: no intensity modulation). During the intervention period all subjects performed ergometer training 4 times per week for 20 - 30 minutes. The autonomic nervous system was investigated using the 24 hours' HRV measurement and the functional walking ability was assessed using the 6-minutes walk test (6-MWT).Results: There were no statistically significant group differences to be found for primary (HRV) and secondary (6 MWT) outcomes. The time and frequency ranges of HRV did not change sufficiently in neither group, in order to attain the significance level of p < 0.05. In both groups the functional walking ability during 6 MWT improved significantly (group A: 21.5 %, p = 0.002); group B. 14.4 %, p = 0.04). In group A the ergometer performance grew significantly by 28.1 % (p = 0.02) and in group B by 13.9 % (p = 0.4).Conclusions: In patients after stroke no HRV improvements were to be found during the three weeks' investigation period using individual pulse frequency controlled endurance training. However, in patients after subacute stroke physiotherapy accompanied by endurance training improved significantly the functional walking ability.

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms leading to decreased mobility, independence and social isolation. Traditionally the management of PD is based on symptomatic treatment including drugs and surgical approaches. However, some of the symptoms do not respond sufficiently to medication and surgery. This article reviews therapeutic strategies of rehabilitation in PD, considered as an adjuvant to pharmacological and surgical treatments, with the aim of minimizing functional disabilities and improving quality of life. Growing evidence has been seen for the effectiveness of various types of rehabilitation interventions, particularly the effectiveness of aerobic training, gait training and balance training combined with cognitive training.

Cervical dystonia is a neurological movement disorder causing abnormal posture of the head. It may be accompanied by involuntary movements which are sometimes tremulous. The condition has marked effects on patients’ self-image, and adversely affects quality of life, social relationships and employment. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the treatment of choice for CD and its efficacy and safety have been extensively studied in clinical trials. However, current guidelines do not provide enough practical information for physicians who wish to use this valuable treatment in a real-life setting. In addition, patients and physicians may have different perceptions of what successful treatment outcomes should be. Consequently, an international group of expert neurologists, experienced in BoNT treatment, met to review the literature and pool their extensive clinical experience to give practical guidance about treatment of CD with BoNT. Eight topic headings were considered: the place of BoNT within CD treatment options; patient perspectives and desires for treatment; assessment and goal setting; starting treatment with BoNT-A; follow-up sessions; management of side effects; management of non-response; switching between different BoNT products. One rapporteur took responsibility for summarising the current literature for each topic, while the consensus statements were developed by the entire expert group. These statements are presented here along with a discussion of the background information.

Stroke is a common disease worldwide, with an estimated incidence of 150 per 100 000 in developed countries. Moreover, stroke is a leading cause of disability and rehabilitation is a major part of patient care. Most research into stroke rehabilitation has focused on the effect of interventions on recovery in different forms of impairment and disability. The substantial increase in the number of clinical trials investigating rehabilitation in the past 20 years shows the rising interest of rehabilitation clinicians in evidence-based care. The most promising options for motor recovery of the arm include constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and robotic-assisted strategies. Beneficial interventions to improve postural stability and gait include fitness training, high-intensity therapy and repetitive task training. However, information about the clinical effect of various strategies of cognitive rehabilitation and strategies for aphasia and dysarthria is scarce. Nevertheless, we believe that neuroplasticity enhanced due to neuromodulation of different neuronal systems will play a major role in the field of neurorehabilitation in the future.

In recent years, efforts have focused on investigating the neurophysiological changes that occur in the brain after stroke, and on developing novel strategies such as additional brain stimulation to enhance sensorimotor and cognitive recovery. In the 1990s, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was introduced as a therapeutic tool for improving the efficacy of rehabilitation for recovery after stroke. It is evident that disturbances of interhemispheric processes after stroke result in a pathological hyperactivity of the intact hemisphere. The rationale of using rTMS as a complementary therapy is mainly to decrease the cortical excitability in regions that are presumed to hinder optimal recovery by low-frequency rTMS delivered to the unaffected hemisphere, while high-frequency rTMS delivered to the affected hemisphere facilitates cortical excitability. However, the exact mechanisms of how rTMS works are still under investigation. There is a growing body of research in stroke patients investigating the effect of rTMS on facilitating recovery by modifying cortical and subcortical networks. Clinical trials applying rTMS already yielded promising results in improving recovery of sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Altogether, in combination with conventional therapeutic approaches, rTMS has a potential to become a complementary strategy to enhance stroke recovery by modulating the excitability of targeted brain areas. In future studies, emphasis should be placed on selecting patient populations to determine whether treatment response depends on age, lesion acuteness, or stroke severity. Furthermore, it is important to identify parameters optimizing the beneficial effects of rTMS on stroke recovery, and to monitor their long-term effects.

Background Cognitive impairment after stroke is a considerable burden to patients and their caregivers and occurs in one-third of stroke survivors. No strategy to prevent cognitive decline after stroke exists thus far. Established vascular risk factors have been associated with cognitive decline and may be a target for therapeutic interventions in stroke survivors. Aim To test whether intensive multifactorial non-pharmacologic interventions based on lifestyle modification can reduce the risk of cognitive decline in patients who recently suffered ischemic stroke. Methods A randomized, controlled, multicenter, observer-blind trial was designed. The reference group obtains stroke care according to standard guidelines. The intervention group additionally receives intensive control and motivation for better compliance with prescribed evidence-based medication, regular blood pressure measurements, healthy diet, regular physical activity and cognitive training. Primary outcomes are the rate of cognitive decline at 24 months, assessed by a neuropsychological test battery and the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. Results 202 patients (29% women), aged 62 ± 9 years, were recruited during 2010 to 2012. Stroke related impairment at inclusion was low (mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: 1.9±1.8, median modified Rankin Scale: 1 (0-1)). At baseline, groups did not differ significantly in demographic, clinical or lifestyle characteristics. Conclusion The recruitment was successful and the groups are balanced regarding potential confounding variables. The study will provide essential data about the feasibility and efficacy of lifestyle intervention after stroke in order to develop a new approach to prevent cognitive decline in patients with mild ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE:Sleep apnea (SA) is common in stroke patients and is associated with poor functional outcome. Therefore, we studied the clinical value of the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), a subjective screening method to detect stroke patients with SA in a neurorehabilitation care unit, and compared it with respirographic sleep studies. Another aim was to explore the association of SA with functional status in the subacute phase after stroke. METHODS:Sixty-eight stroke patients were subjected to respirographic sleep studies to determine their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Subjective evaluation was performed by means of the BQ. Functional outcome was assessed by the Barthel Index (BI). Sensitivity and specificity of the BQ for detecting SA in stroke patients were calculated. RESULTS:Respirographic sleep studies showed a high prevalence of moderate and severe sleep apnea in 56% of stroke patients. Sensitivity and specificity of the BQ for SA (AHI ≯ 15) were 0.69 and 0.15, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for detection of SA was 0.58. The AHI correlated significantly with the BI (r = -0.57, P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION:As the BQ demonstrated low diagnostic utility in stroke rehabilitation, screening for SA should not be based solely on clinical interviews. SA is linked to poor functional status in the subacute phase post stroke.

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and therefore rehabilitation is a major part of patient care. Most interventions do not target aged patient but there is unequivocal evidence to promote rehabilitation in multidisciplinary stroke units or integrated care of a multidisciplinary team in the community. Most research has focused on the effect of interventions on recovery in different forms of impairment and disability. The most promising options for motor recovery of the arm include constraint-induced movement therapy and robotic-assisted strategies. Interventions to improve postural stability and gait include fitness training, high-intensity therapy, and repetitive-task training. However, information about the clinical effect of various strategies of cognitive rehabilitation and strategies for aphasia and dysarthria is scarce. Several large trials of rehabilitation practice are underway to test these interventions in the elderly, either alone or in combination with early mobilisation, cardiorespiratory fitness training and physical exercise.

See related article, p 1046.The diagnosis of chronic fatigue is largely based on exclusion of other conditions, shows frequent comorbidities, has no known neuropathological basis, and no confirmed single etiology, pathogenesis or established treatment. It is not easily accepted by patients and caregivers alike, and probably the most effective remedy up to now has been to find patients with similar conditions to share experiences. Chronic fatigue is an accepted medical term, especially when presenting in chronic multiple sclerosis or other mostly postviral conditions. In these patients, cognitive behavior therapy and graded exercise therapy have recently been shown to moderately improve outcome.1In stroke patients, however, fatigue has not been clearly defined, and interventions tested in these populations have only been based on very small numbers. In one review, poststroke fatigue has been described as “a feeling of early exhaustion developing during mental activity with weariness, lack of energy, and aversion to effort.”2 However, the most striking feature of chronic fatigue is that it is always present. It does not go away …

Stimulation of primary afferent neurons offers a new approach for the control of localized chronic pain. We describe the results with a new neurostimulation technique, subcutaneous target stimulation (STS), for the treatment of chronic focal noncancer pain. STS applies permanent electrical stimulation directly at the painful area via a percutaneous-placed subcutaneous lead. We reported the clinical outcomes of 111 patients with focal chronic, noncancer pain treated with STS in this first nationwide, multicenter retrospective analysis. The indications for STS were low back pain (n = 29) and failed back surgery syndrome (back pain with leg pain) (n = 37), cervical neck pain (n = 15), and postherpetic neuralgia (n = 12). Pain intensity was measured on a numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after implantation. Data on analgesic medication, stimulation systems, position, and type of leads and complications were obtained from the patients' records. After implantation, the mean pain intensity improved by more than 50% (mean NRS reduction from 8.2 to 4.0) in the entire patient group (P = 0.0009). This was accompanied by a sustained reduction in demand for analgesics. In all the patients, the STS leads were positioned directly at the site of maximum pain. Lead dislocation occurred in 14 patients (13%), infections in 7 (6%), and in 6 cases (5%), lead fractures were observed. The retrospective data analysis revealed that STS effectively provided pain relief in patients suffering from refractory focal chronic noncancer pain and that STS is an alternative treatment option. Prospective controlled studies are required to confirm these retrospective findings. This article presents a new minimally invasive technique for therapy-resistant focal pain.