This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt containing 6%, 8% and 10% waste tyre rubber crumbs. The study results revealed that the density decreased with the increase in the percentage of waste tyre rubber crumbs (6% addition of tyre crumbs with conventional asphalt resulted in a 1.52% reduction in density; 8% addition resulted in a 2.28% reduction and 10% addition resulted in a 2.6% reduction). Consequently, water absorption increased with the increase in the percentage of waste tyre rubber crumbs (6% addition of tyre crumbs with conventional asphalt resulted in an 8% increase in water absorption; 8% addition led to a 12% increase and 10% addition resulted in a 15% increase). As percentage of tyre increased, so did the load to penetrate an equal distance on the cone used in the penetration test (6% addition of tyre crumbs with conventional asphalt resulted in a 10.6% increase in penetration resistance in terms of loads; 8% addition resulted in a 14% increase, and 10% addition resulted in a 15% increase in penetration resistance). Tensile strength decreased with the increase in % waste tyre rubber. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the mixtures decreases with the addition of waste tyre rubber crumb; however, TSR values were above 70% indicating that all mixes may have adequate resistance against damage induced by moisture. The use of waste tyre rubber in asphalt is a waste reduction practice. Stormwater management; urban and traffic runoff management has provisions for low-density pervious bituminous pavements and surfaces where these Stone Mastic Asphalt can find their use.

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the profile of Autopsy cases at Rajshahi Medical College. Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out at Rajshahi Medical College. From January 2021 to June 2021. A total of 248 autopsy cases were included as a sample size during the study. Results: Most of the autopsy cases were found to be male ( 75% ), More than 40.72% death were due to poisoning, followed by suicidal hanging cases (19.76% ),homicide cases (14.51%), different types of accidental cases( 8.47%). In case of road traffic accidents (RTA) 70% cases were by 2-wheelervehicles followed by 25% were by 4-wheeler vehicles, 3% were by heavy vehicles and 2% were pedestrian cases. Death from suicidal hanging were mostly common in the age group 15-25 years, Homicide in47-67 years, poisoning in 47-67 years, Accidental fall from height in 15-25 years and Natural death in the age group of 67 years and above. Conclusion: This study helps to interpret several sorts of medico-legal situations, by policy makers, health care programmers, judiciary and investigation and then takes appropriate action to minimize mortality. KYAMC Journal. 2022;12(04): 205-207

The study was conducted to find out the performance and supply chain of Binalebu-1 in four major Binalebu-1growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Cumilla, Mymensingh, Rangpur and Dhaka districts. Simple random sampling technique was followed for this study. The average cost of lemon production was estimated at Tk. 206127 per hectare of which about 68% was variable cost and 32% was fixed cost. Human labour cost was the lion share (32%) of total cost and it followed by irrigation cost (6.63%), Insecticide (2.64%) sapling (2.60%), and in the study areas. The average yield of Binalebu-1 was recorded 28.32 t/ha in all study areas while it was highest in 3rd year (30.24 t/ha) followed by 2nd year (28.17 t/ha) and 1st year (26.58 t/ha). The average gross return, gross margin and net return of lemon were found to be Tk 744517.62/ha, Tk 454521.67/ha, and Tk 538390.75/ha, respectively. Average BCR was found to be 2.71 on the basis of total cost. Supply chain was classified into four types: Channel 1: Accounts for 40 % which was ranked as I; Channel II: Accounts for 20 % which was Ranked as II; Channel III: Accounts for 18 % which was Ranked as III, Channel IV: Accounts for 12 % which was ranked as IV; Channel V: Accounts for 10 % which was Ranked as V. It was revealed that the value addition of the Faria, Bepari, Paiker, Arathdar, Retailer were Tk.135, Tk.95, Tk.55, Tk.39 and, Tk155 per quintal, respectively.

Multivariate analysis of fifty five genotypes of snake gourd was performed at the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh from March to June, 2017 to estimate genetic diversity and choosing the potential parents for a successful hybridization program. The genotypes are grouped into six clusters according to an analysis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis D2. The highest inter-cluster distance was noted between clusters I and VI (205.66) and the lowest between clusters II and V (38.87). The maximum intra-cluster distance was in cluster V (31.23) while the minimum was in cluster VI (15.00). Among the six clusters the IV was the most important cluster, which contains most of the desirable parent selection characters. Taking into account the magnitude of genetic divergence, cluster distance and agronomic performance, 7 parents could be selected from the clusters for the future hybridization program. Crossing among the genotypes of the selected clusters would produce high heterotic progeny. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(2): 99-111, June 2020

BACKGROUND: The most popular social networking site, Facebook, has around 2.3 billion users globally. The goal of this study is to determine the connection between different mental health variables in Facebook users. METHODS: The study data consists of 306 Facebook users and 59 Facebook (Meta, Cambridge, MA, USA) non-users who were collected from Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. This study was performed using a questionnaire and different scales to measure the variables of interest. A.2 test for categorical data and a paired t-test for continuous data were used to demonstrate the association between mental health issues and Facebook users. The correlation coefficient was utilized to assess the relationship between different mental health variables. Furthermore, the homogeneity of covariance matrices was tested using Box's M test and the mean vectors between Facebook users and non-users were also tested using Hoteling's Trac test. RESULTS: Results illustrate that depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms are inversely correlated with subjective happiness (SH) and satisfaction with life (SWL). Moreover, using MANOVA, it has been found that Facebook users have significantly lower scores for SH and SWL, and when compared to Facebook non-users, the DASS-21 Score is much higher. Results suggest that Facebook non-users have higher coefficients of positive mental health variables and lower coefficients of negative mental health variables than Facebook users. CONCLUSIONS: The findings will be extremely beneficial to people and students at Khulna University in Bangladesh who would like to maintain good mental health.

Background & objective : Chicken pox or varicella is a disease of both tropical and temperate zones bearing a complex-relationship with climatic variables, like temperature, rainfall and relative humidity, wind velocity and so on. As no study has, by far, been conducted to relate its occurrence with these climatic variables in Bangladesh, this study was intended to explore the effect of weather conditions on the incidence of varicella in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Methods: The present cross-sectional study obtained data of 172 varicella cases from the records of the daily register of Out-patient Department of Dhaka Shisu Hospital, Dhaka between January 2018 to December 2019. According to the study protocol a child was diagnosed as having varicella or chicken pox who had a history of short febrile illness accompanied by a pruritic vesicular eruption (on the face and trunk)) of the skin and mucous membranes which ultimate weeps out and crusts. Total number of cases treated monthly at Out-patient Department (OPD) during the period was also recorded. Climatic data were provided by Bangladesh Meteorological Department, which among others, included monthly average temperature, relative humidity (RH) and amount of rainfall or precipitation. While the outcome variable was monthly number of varicella cases, the predictive variables were average temperature, humidity and rainfall during the study period. Result: Over 70% of children were 1-10 years old with median age of the children being 5.5 years (range: < 1 month -14 years). Boys were a bit higher (54%) than the girls (46%). A seasonal pattern of chicken pox was seen with clustering of cases between mid-February to mid-April (spring season) with two peaks – one in February and another in April, when monthly average temperature, total rainfall and humidity all were at their optimum. The peak incidences of chicken pox cases during the spring both in 2018 and 2019 as correlated with climatic data of the same period, it is seen that the prevailing weather then was optimum-average temperature was 23°C, average precipitation was 20-25% of the total annual precipitation and relative humidity was around 65%. Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of the varicella cases occur under ten years of age and boys are a little more susceptible to have the infection than the girls. A seasonal pattern of chicken pox is clearly seen with clustering of cases between mid-February to mid-April (spring season) with two peaks when monthly average temperature, total rainfall and humidity all are optimally favorable for the multiplication of varicella zoster virus. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 11-17

Recently, waterlogging damage of mungbean is most common in many mungbean growing areas of the world. The exogenous application of phytohormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellic acid (GA) could be an effective way of managing mungbean under waterlogging stress. Therefore, we applied different levels of CK and GA at the onset of waterlogging and ten days after waterlogging, and the results were observed in waterlogged plants as compared to control. The CK and GA application showed much improvement in depressed morpho-physiological and yield-related traits and seed yield. However, the responses varied depending on the types and doses of CK and GA. The plant height and the number of leaves were higher in GA-applied plants than CK-treated plants. The GA responded more in shoot growth, whereas CK in root development under waterlogged situations. The application of CK at 150 mg/L displayed the highest 33.9% yield advantage. It reveals that exogenous CK could be a good management practice in areas prone to waterlogging stress for attaining better yield in mungbean.

Riverbank erosionRiverbank erosion is common as a disaster event in riverine Bangladesh. It not only affects people living in inland charChars areas and along the major braided rivers, but also the coastal areas. Charlands are characterized by both erosion and deposition. When the rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion, over time, some charsChars become attached to the mainland, particularly, in the coastal areas. While coping strategiesCoping strategies of displaced peopleDisplaced people in inland areasInland areas have been widely studied, relatively little is known about such strategies for people displaced by riverbank erosionRiverbank erosion in coastal BangladeshCoastal Bangladesh. This chapter addresses this gap via a questionnaire surveyQuestionnaire survey conducted among 413 households in 15 villages of Ramgati UpazilaUpazila in the Lakshmipur DistrictDistrict. The Survey was followed by Focus Group MeetingsFocus group meetings and Key Informant InterviewsKey informant interviews. All study villages are located along the eastern bank of the lower Meghna RiverLower Meghna River, around the main outlet of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna drainage basin. The survey revealed that people of the study area mitigated impacts of riverbank erosionRiverbank erosion by adopting various coping strategiesCoping strategies, some similar to those adopted by erosion affected people of inland areasInland areas and others different. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to assist those adversely affected by riverbank erosionRiverbank erosion in the lower Meghna RiverLower Meghna River estuary in coastal BangladeshCoastal Bangladesh.

Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Advancing age is a well-recognized risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Myocardial infarction is less common in young adults. Prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in young individuals is increasing progressively. These patients have different risk profile, presentation and prognosis. Early recognition and risk factor modification in this population sub-set is of key importance.Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the differences in risk factors and coronary angiographic profile of young patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) vs. those with non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods: In this cross sectional analytical study total 135 patients (70 STEMI and 65 NSTEMI) aged ≤45 years were enrolled to see the differences of risk factors and angiographic profile.Results: The mean age of the study population was 39.39±5.12 years and the study showed male predominance (90.40 % was male and 9.60 % was female). Smoking/tobacco consumption was significantly higher in STEMI patients, whereas diabetes mellitus and hypertension were more prevalent in NSTEMI patients. The frequency of single vessel disease and involvement of left anterior descending artery was significantly higher in young STEMI patients. In case of young NSTEMI patients frequency of triple vessel disease, noncritical coronary artery disease and involvement of left circumflex coronary was significantly higher. The frequency of double vessel disease and involvement of left main coronary artery was also nonsignificantly higher in young NSTEMI patients. There was no significant difference regarding involvement of right coronary artery.Conclusion: There are significant differences between young STEMI and young NSTEMI patients in respect to risk factors and angiographic profile. Key words: Young patient, STEMI, NSTEMI, Risk factors, Coronary angiographic profile.Bangladesh Heart Journal 2021; 36(2): 124-132

Nature is inherently multiphase and multicomponent. Water being ubiquitous in nature, any oil and gas formation is necessarily multiphase. In general, conditions pertaining to fluid, commonly designated as “black oil,” show the presence of water, oil, and gas. For simplicity, previous chapters have dealt with single-phase fluid. This chapter presents the basics of modeling a black-oil reservoir. In this context, we present the necessary engineering concepts for multiphase flow in porous media, followed by the derivation of the flow equation for any component in the system in a 1-D rectangular reservoir. Then, using CVFD terminology, we present the component general flow equations in a multiphase, multidimensional system, which apply to interior and boundary reservoir blocks. From these component flow equations, the basic flow models of two-phase oil/water, oil/gas, and gas/water and three-phase oil/water/gas are derived. The accumulation terms in flow equations are expressed in terms of changes in the reservoir block unknowns over a time step. We present the equations for phase production and injection rates from single-block and multiblock wells operating with different conditions. The treatment of boundary conditions as fictitious wells is presented and discussed in detail. Methods of linearization of nonlinear terms in multiphase flow are discussed. We introduce two of the basic methods for solving the linearized multiphase flow equations, the implicit pressure–explicit saturation (IMPES) and simultaneous solution (SS) methods. Because this chapter forms an introduction to the simulation of multiphase flow, we present the two solution methods (IMPES and SS) as they apply to the two-phase oil/water flow model only. The extensions of these methods to other flow models are straightforward, whereas the application of additional solution methods, such as the sequential (SEQ) and the fully implicit methods, is discussed elsewhere. More recently, Mustafiz et al., 2008a, Mustafiz et al., 2008b developed a new solution technique that solves nonlinear equations without linearization. Recently, the possibility of generating multiple solutions in the form of cloud points, which can then be used to draw the boundary of probable solutions, has been discussed in the literature. Such analysis is likely to unlock future directions of knowledge-based simulation.

Traditionally, the steps involved in the development of a simulator include the following: (1) derivation of the partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the recovery process through formulation, (2) discretization of the PDEs in space and time to obtain the nonlinear algebraic equations, (3) linearization of resulting algebraic equations, (4) solving the linearized algebraic equations numerically, and (5) validation of the simulator. The mathematical approach refers to the first three steps. The engineering approach independently derives the same finite-difference equations, as special cases of approximating the integral equation in the engineering approach, without going through the rigor of PDEs and discretization. The two approaches; however, have a few differences in treating nonlinearities and boundary conditions. The objective in this chapter is to highlight the similarities and differences between the two approaches.

Wells in reservoir simulation are the most astute form of discontinuity. As such, the difficulties encountered due to boundary conditions are accentuated by the presence of wells. Yet, wells are paramount to reservoir evaluation because of the fact that engineering is all about optimizing well performance. In general, the contribution of any reservoir block penetrated by a well to the well flow rate is independent of the flow equation for that block. Such contribution has to be estimated separately from and then substituted into the flow equation for the wellblock. Fluid flow toward a well in a wellblock is radial regardless of the dimensionality of the flow problem. A well is modeled as a line source/sink term. In this chapter, the emphasis in 1-D and 2-D flow problems is on the estimation of the well geometric factor, while in 3-D flow problems, the focus is on the distribution of the well rate among the different blocks that are penetrated by the well. The estimation of the wellblock geometric factor is presented for a well hosted by one block and falling inside block boundaries and a well hosted by one block and falling on one or two of block boundaries (in 1-D and 2-D flow) that are reservoir boundaries. We present the production rate equation for a wellblock and the equations necessary for the estimation of the production rate or flowing bottom-hole pressure (FBHP) for wells operating under different conditions, which include (1) a shut-in well, (2) a specified well production rate, (3) a specified well pressure gradient, and (4) a specified well FBHP.

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the period from November, 2018 to April, 2019 to study the effects of planting time and spacing on the growth and yield of carrots under dry land condition at BINA, Mymensingh. Five different planting times viz. November 10, November 20, November 30, December 10 and December 20 and four different spacing’s of 25× 20 cm, 20× 20 cm, 15× 15 cm and 10× 10 cm were used . This experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting time showed significant effects on the growth and yield of carrot in respect of plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots, length ad diameter of roots, gross and marketable yields of carrot. The highest marketable yields (39.70 t/ha) was obtained from November 20 planting, whereas the lowest yields (25.02 t/ha) from December 20 planting. Plant spacing also significantly influenced on all the mentioned parameters. The highest marketable yields (34.95 t/ha) was observed from the closest spacing of 10× 10 cm. In respect of combined effect, November 20 planting with the closest spacing of 10× 10 cm produced significantly the highest marketable (42.29 t/ha) yields of carrot. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 373-382, December 2020

Goats, among the livestock species, are considered the most prolific ruminant especially under callous climatic conditions. The aim of the present study was to depict the current phylogenetic status and genetic diversities of Black Bengal (BBG) and Jamunapari goat of Bangladesh and the world. Cytochrome b (cytb) gene (1140 bp) of mitochondrial DNA of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus) was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the first time in Bangladesh. The sequence from BBG had no nucleotide (nt) difference and 100% homology with the BBG (C. hircus) of India and also the goats (C. hircus) from China (Yangtze River Delta White Goat), Thailand (Wild Cervidae), Japan (Bezoar goat) and South Africa (Domestic goat). The sequence had 1-5 nt differences and 99% homology with the goats (C. hircus) from China, Thailand and Japan (other goats), and also with the goats (C. hircus) from Malaysia, South Korea, France, Italy, Pakistan, Slovenia, Switzerland and USA. Phylogenetic tree constructed with Black Bengal Goat (BBG-K-2) and Jamunapari goats (SG-1) of Bangladesh with cytochrome b nucleotide sequences were closely related to China-HM7. China-YP xj46, Pakistan-Lineage C1, Pakistan-Lineage C2, Slovenia- ChSo1, Switzerland-ChTo2992 and shared 98.8% to 99% and 98.3% to 98.6% similarity, respectively and 1-1.2% and 1.4 to 1.7% genetic distance, respectively. Based on Ctb gene Sequence collected from Bangladeshi Black Bengal Goats (BBG-K-2) and Jamunapari goats (SG- 1) that were closely related and shared with the same genetic lineage of China HM18 and India-BBG-DQ073048, respectively, suggesting a common origin. SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 23-35 (2019)

To analyze genetic variability of 48 brinjal genotypes by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, four primers named smSSR01, smSSR03, smSSR11 and smSSR14 were selected for analyze the data. Four primers generated clear bands and a total of 44 alleles were detected among the 48 brinjal genotypes (9.0 to 14.0 alleles per locus with a mean of 11.0 alleles per locus). According to Nei’s (1973), the highest level of gene diversity value 0.8672 was observed in loci smSSR11 and the lowest level of gene diversity value 0.6580 was observed in the loci smSSR14 with a mean diversity of 0.7847. As a measure of the informativeness of microsatellites, the PIC value ranges from a low of 0.6413 (smSSR14) to a high of 0.8536 (smSSR11) and averaged 0.7660. The genetic distance (GD) between genotypes was computed from combined data for the four primers, ranging from 0.250 to 1.000. The highest genetic distance (1.000) was observed between Morich Begun (Small) vs. Laffa (Long, Violet), Morich Begun (Small) vs. BARI Begun -1 and many other genotype pairs and also the lowest genetic distance (0.250) was found in Morich Begun (Small) vs. Pahoza-2, Morich Begun (Small) vs. BAU Begun-1, Singnath (Long, Violet) vs. Laffa BAU (Long, Violet), Borka (Long, Green) vs. Purple Long and many other genotype pairs. The Unweighed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) cluster tree analysis lead to the grouping of the 48 genotypes into seven major clusters and the genotypes that are derivatives of genetically similar type form cluster together. Maximum brinjal genotypes include cluster IV. The SSR markers used in the present study were able to differentiate forty eight brinjal genotypes genetically. The results of the study suggested that SSR can be used as a suitable genetic marker to identify the brinjal genotypes. However, further studies involving large number of genotypes and primers need to be conducted to get more precise information and help enhance the knowledge of students and researchers relating to molecular characterization of other solanaceious crops. Key words: Brinjal, SSR, Genetic Diversity

An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Horticulture Division farm, BINA, Mymensingh on effect of different accessions on yield contributing characters and yield of strawberry under different growing conditions during October, 2016 to April, 2017. The twofactor experiment had two levels of planting conditions (Factor A) and three strawberry accessions (Factor B) as follows –Factor A- Planting conditions: a) pot condition and b) field condition and Factor B – strawberry accessions: accession-1( RABI strawberry-1), accession-2 (New York, USA) and accession-3(Kagawa, Japan). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results showed that accession-2 revealed the highest results almost all yield contribution characters and yield parameters. The tallest plant (29.78 cm), the highest number of leaves (46.35), longest leaf (26.58 cm), no. of inflorescences (15.95), number of flowers per inflorescence (8.21), number of fruit per inflorescences (7.45), diameter of fruit (4.25 cm), fresh weight of fruit (22.17 g), total soluble solids (18.54 %), yield (g/plot) (400.3 g) and yield per hectare (21.72 t/ha) were recorded from accession-2. But number of seeds per fruit (217.0) was observed from accession -1. The lowest values were found on all the mentioned parameters in accession-3.The significant difference between the growing conditions was observed on all the mentioned parameters. The highest yield (20.12 t/ha) per hectare and yield contributing characters were noted in field condition and the lowest values on all the mentioned parameters were obtained in pot condition. Statistically significant variations were found on all the mentioned parameters due to combined effect. The tallest plant (30.33 cm), highest number of leaves per plant (47.36), longest leaf (27.64 cm), number of inflorescences (16.66), number of flowers per inflorescences (8.99), number of fruit per inflorescences (7.68), individual weight of fruit (25.19 g), total soluble solids (18.98), yield per plot (482.6 g), yield per hectare (24.37t/ha) were found in accession-2 under field condition. The highest diameter of fruit (4.50 cm) was found in accession-3 in field condition which was statistically similar with accession-2 both in field condition and pot condition. The maximum number of seeds per fruit (217.0) was recorded from accession-3 both in pot and field condition. But accession-2 gave the minimum number of seeds per fruit (118.0) under field condition. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 171-179, August 2019

Background: Chromium (Cr) (VI) is one of the toxic heavy metals and environmental hazards. Alleviating the levels of contaminants in the environment is imperative, and studying the bioremediation of Cr via reduction or biosorption is an indispensable approach to this cause. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of reduction and biosorption of Cr(VI) by chromate resistant bacteria isolated from tannery wastewater. Results: From screening, 28 Cr resistant bacteria were selected, and only two isolates, SH-1 and SH-2, were found as potential candidates for the reduction of Cr(VI). Post 16s rRNA sequencing, SH-1 isolate was identified to be Klebsiella sp and SH-2 isolate as Lysinibacillus sp. SH-1 could tolerate up to 2000 mg/L of Cr(VI) whereas, SH-2 could tolerate up to 1500 mg/L of Cr(VI). In Luria-Bertani media containing 100 mg/L of Cr(VI), the relative reduction level was 95% (SH-1) and 88.77% (SH-2) but their reduction rate was 63.08% (SH-1) and 49.89% (SH-2) of Cr(VI), respectively in the tannery effluents after 72h period of incubation. In the presence of Cr(VI) at a concentration of 10 mg/L Cr(VI), the cell-free extracts of pre-grown SH-1 and SH-2 showed a reduction of 72.2% and 33%, respectively. This reduction indicates the production or the activity of Cr reducing enzyme being higher in these two isolates than that of control in the presence of Cr(VI). In biosorption study, live and dead biomass of SH-1 biosorbed 51.25 mg and 29.03 mg chromium per gram dry weight, respectively. However, 28.83 mg and 27.65 mg chromium per gram dry weight were biosorbed by live and dead biomass of SH-2, respectively. Both the Langmuir model -for monolayer adsorption- and Freundlich model -for adsorption characteristics for the heterogeneous surface- were suitable for describing biosorption of Cr(VI) by SH-1 live biomass. The chickpea seed germination study confirmed the beneficial environmental effect of Cr(VI) reduction by these two isolates. Conclusion: The bacterial isolates can be exploited for their potential for reduction and biosorption of toxic hexavalent chromium in biological treatment of hexavalent chromium-containing wastes.

Motif discovery has become an important area in bioinformatics for its various applications. The process of determining short similar sequence elements within a set of nucleotide sequences is called motif discovery. It is an NP-hard problem. Many optimization algorithms were proposed to solve this problem. But they cannot overcome all the obstacles. Here, we have proposed a hybrid method using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm to solve the problem. Our proposed method is compared with other traditional algorithms such as ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm, AlignACE, and MEME by testing real-world datasets. Although ACRI is a bit more successful than our proposed method to find binding sites, our proposed method is far better in the case of objective function value. We have observed that the performance of the proposed method shows better results in most of the cases.

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Aman season of 2016 to evaluate the effects of deep placement of N fertilizers in the form of urea super granule (USG) and NPK briquettes in comparison with prilled urea (PU) on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan49. The soil was silt loam in texture having pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95% and total N 0.136%. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments include T1 (Control), T2 (PU, 104 kg N ha-1), T3 (USG, 104 kg N ha- 1), T4 (USG 78 kg N ha-1), T5 (USG, 52 kg N ha-1), T6 (NPK briquettes, 104 kg N ha-1), T7 (NPK briquettes, 78 kg N ha-1) and T8 (NPK briquettes, 52 kg N ha-1). All the treatments except T6, T7 and T8 received 16 kg P and 42 kg K ha-1 from TSP and MoP, respectively. In T6, T7 and T8 treatments, P and K were supplied from NPK briquettes. The PU was applied in three equal splits. The USG and NPK briquettes were deep placed 10 DAT and the briquettes were placed at 8-10 cm depth between four hills at alternate rows. Application of PU, USG and NPK briquette under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) condition exerted significant influence on yield attributes as well as grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan49. The maximum grain yield of 6311 kg ha-1 (100% increases over control) and straw yield of 6956 kg ha-1 was recorded in T3 (USG, 104 kg N ha-1). The second highest grain yield of 5865 kg ha-1 produced by T2 (PU, 104 kg N ha-1) was statistically similar with T4 (USG 78 kg N ha-1) and T6 (NPK briquettes, 104 kg N ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3155 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3908 kg ha-1) were recorded in T1 (Control). The deep placement of USG and NPK briquettes enhanced both the recovery of applied N and N use efficiency in comparison with broadcast application of prilled urea. The T5 (USG, 52 kg N ha-1) showed maximum apparent N recovery, and N use efficiency. Next to T5, the T4 depicted the position in respect of N recovery and N use efficiency. So the application of 78 kg N ha-1 in the form of USG can be recommended for the production of BRRI dhan49. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(1): 27-33, April 2019