Analizamos situacion de la economia espanola en el ano 2021, teniendo en cuenta la evolucion de la Industria y del PIB real de Espana a lo largo del siglo XX y los efectos de la crisis financiera de 2007-2012 y del impacto de la pandemia sobre el desarrollo del turismo y otros sectores de Servicios. Destacamos la conveniencia de recuperar e incrementar el nivel de produccion industrial por habitante, por su positivo impacto sobre la produccion y el empleo de los sectores no industriales. Comparamos la Produccion per capita y la Productividad por trabajador de Espana, con otros paises de la OCDE (Francia, Alemania, Estados Unidos y otros), en el periodo 1965-2019. Tambien analizamos la Renta Disponible por habitante de las regiones espanolas, e incluimos enlaces a otros informes de economia espanola en el ano 2021. We analyze the situation of the Spanish economy in 2021, taking into account the evolution of the Industry and the real GDP of Spain throughout the 20th century and the effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2012 and the impact of the pandemic of year 2020 on the development of Tourism and other Services sectors. We highlight the convenience of recovering and increasing the level of industrial production per inhabitant, due to its positive impact on production and employment in non-industrial sectors. We compare the Production per capita and Productivity per worker in Spain, with other OECD countries (France, Germany, the United States and others), in the period 1965-2019. We also analyze the real Income per inhabitant of the Spanish regions, and we include links to other reports on the Spanish economy.

En este Informe de Economia de Espana y Europa en 2021 analizamos algunos problemas de la economia espanola como son el estancamiento del salario real medio y de la productividad en el periodo 1995-2021. Presentamos un resumen de las principales causas que ocasionan este estancamiento en comparacion con algunos de los principales paises de la OCDE: Estados Unidos, Alemania y Francia. Destacamos la importancia que tiene recuperar el nivel de produccion industrial real por habitante de Espana, que ha disminuido especialmente desde 2008. Las dificultades de recuperacion, aparte de la crisis actual provocada por la pandemia del ano 2020 y el desabastecimiento de algunos productos del comercio internacional en 2021, se deben fundamentalmente a falta de apoyo de las politicas industriales de Espana y de la Union Europea. Esta falta de apoyo, en contra de las demandas ciudadanas, se debe a insuficiencia de la calidad democratica en ambos casos. Espana presenta un nivel de satisfaccion con el Gobierno inferior a la media europea, y muy alejado de los paises con mayor nivel. Ello se debe a que los objetivos de democracia y concordia que los ciudadanos esperaban de la Constitucion Espanola de 1977, se han deteriorado debido a varios errores del sistema electoral que contribuyen a la crispacion partidista. Espana ha perdido posiciones en desarrollo economico y calidad de vida, pero tiene recursos humanos y capacidad de superacion. Se incluyen Anexo de demandas de calidad en Espana y de calidad de vida en Europa. In this Report on the Economy of Spain and Europe in 2021 we include reference to some of the main problems of the Spanish economy, such as the stagnation of the average real wage and productivity in the period 1995-2021. We present a summary of the main causes of this stagnation compared to some of the main OECD countries: the United States, Germany and France. We highlight the importance of recovering the level of real industrial production per inhabitant of Spain, which has decreased especially since 2008. The difficulties of recovery, apart from the current crisis caused by the pandemic of 2020 and the shortage of some products of international trade in 2021, they are mainly due to a lack of support from the industrial policies of Spain and the European Union. This lack of support, contrary to citizen demands,elopment, is due to insufficient quality of democracy in both cases. Spain presents a level of satisfaction with the Government that is lower than the European average, and far removed from the countries with the highest level. This is due to the fact that the objectives of democracy and harmony that citizens expected from the Spanish Constitution of 1977 have deteriorated due to various errors in the Spanish electoral system that contribute to partisan tension. Spain has lost positions in economic development and quality of life, but it has human resources and the ability to improve. We highlight some of the main measures that can drive such development.

El objeto de este articulo es dar visibilidad a investigadoras de Economia de Espana y varios paises de America. Destacamos unos porcentajes de presencia femenina crecientes, pasando de menos del 5% de la actividad investigadora en 1970 a porcentajes ya proximos al 30% en el total de autores registrados en Ideas-Repec en el ano 2020. Presentamos una tabla resumen de algunas de los principales rankings y listas de la base Ideas-Repec, y analizamos la informacion disponible respecto a la representacion femenina y a revistas academicas y a series de documentos destacadas en los paises de este estudio. Aunque creciente, es todavia pequeno el porcentaje de mujeres investigadoras en los niveles mas elevados de los rankings de cada pais. En la tabla 18, comparamos el numero de citas y el numero de consultas por articulo en varios paises, destacando los resultados de Estados Unidos en comparacion con el resto del Mundo, debido al importante espacio interior del propio pais, con muchos miles de lectores en una lengua comun, y a otros factores. A pesar de las dificultades son importantes las aportaciones de Espana y America Latina en el contexto internacional. Destacamos problemas y retos de la investigacion cientifica en los paises de este estudio con especial referencia a las areas Economia y a la igualdad de oportunidades para las mujeres investigadoras y desde las perspectivas de la Declaracion de San Francisco (DORA), Declaracion de Leiden y otras. The purpose of this article is to give visibility to economics researchers from Spain and several countries in America. We highlight increasing percentages of female presence, going from less than 5% of research activity around year 1970 to percentages, in year 2020, already close to 30% in the total number of authors registered in Ideas-Repec . We present a summary table of some of the main rankings and lists of the Ideas-Repec database, and we analyze the information available regarding female representation and academic journals and outstanding series of documents in the countries of this study. Although growing, female representation, at the highest levels of the rankings in each country, is still small. In table 18 we present an international comparions of the number of citations and the number of queries per article, highlighting the results of the United States in comparison with the rest of the World, due to the important interior space of the country itself, with many thousands of readers in a common language, and to other factors. Despite the difficulties, the contributions of Spain and Latin America in the international context are important. We highlight problems and challenges of scientific research in the countries of this study with special reference to Economics and to the aim of reaching equal opportunities for women researchers, and from the approach of Declaration of San Francisco (DORA), Declaration of Leiden and other ones.

El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la visibilidad de las mujeres investigadoras de Economía, tanto en España como en Europa, América y otras áreas geográficas, durante el período 1970-2020. Basándonos en la información de las bases Dialnet e Ideas-Repec, destacamos a muchas de las investigadoras más cualificadas, teniendo en cuenta varios indicadores. En ambas bases figuran numerosas contribuciones de gran interés y calidad de las economistas españolas. Se observa un incremento importante de la participación femenina en la investigación económica en este período, pero todavía insuficiente en muchos países. Presentamos algunas sugerencias de apoyo para impulsar la participación femenina en la investigación económica y también su visibilidad y reconocimiento.

In this Report on the Economy of Spain and Europe in 2021 we include reference to some of the main problems of the Spanish economy, such as the stagnation of the average real wage and productivity in the period 1995-2021. We present a summary of the main causes of this stagnation compared to some of the main OECD countries: the United States, Germany and France. We highlight the importance of recovering the level of real industrial production per inhabitant of Spain, which has decreased especially since 2008. The difficulties of recovery, apart from the current crisis caused by the pandemic of 2020 and the shortage of some products of international trade in 2021, they are mainly due to a lack of support from the industrial policies of Spain and the European Union. This lack of support, contrary to citizen demands,elopment, is due to insufficient quality of democracy in both cases. Spain presents a level of satisfaction with the Government that is lower than the European average, and far removed from the countries with the highest level. This is due to the fact that the objectives of democracy and harmony that citizens expected from the Spanish Constitution of 1977 have deteriorated due to various errors in the Spanish electoral system that contribute to partisan tension. Spain has lost positions in economic development and quality of life, but it has human resources and the ability to improve. We highlight some of the main measures that can drive such development.

We analyze economic development in India for the period 1950-2020, in three sub-periods: 1950-1980, 1980-2000 and 2001-2020. We have into account production by sector and its effects on employment and productivity. We present a comparison of data with other economies, as China, Japan and some European countries, regarding some indicators of development and welfate. We include references to some interesting econometric models of Employment by sector in India and in other countries and we focus on the trends to diminution of Farm Employment and increase in Non Farm Employment. We highlight the important effects of industrial production on general productivity of workers, real income per capita and poverty diminution, as well as the positive effects, on development, of increase of schooling and social capital. For the next decade: 2021-2030, we conclude that there are good opportunities for advances on economic development in India and that good economic policies addressed to foster international investments and cooperation for the creation of Non Farm Employment in India may have a positive impact both for urban and rural areas.

We analyze the evolution of Female Employment by sector in Spain for the period 1970-2020, with particular focus on the effects of the financial crisis, since year 2007, on labor opportunities, real wages and female quality of life. We analyze the evolution in Spain compared to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States for the period 1965-2018. We find that the crisis of 2007, together with the lack of enough economic policies of support to Spanish Industry, both from the European Union and from the Spanish Governments, has caused a diminution of real value-added of Industry per capita, and stagnation or deterioritation of real wages, rates of employment and other indicators of quality of life. In year 2020, with the negative impact of the pandemia of Coronavirus on Tourism, the need to foster industrial development of Spain is of uppermost importance to increase Employment in Services, which are very important both for women, and men, and to favour better working conditions and quality of life. We analyse social visibility of relevant women who are outstanding in many fields of activity. We find gender gap in social visibility. Although there are yet many unfair situations, we may highlight several positive contributions that are helping to increase equality of opportunities for women.

Con este documento presentamos una sintesis de los estudios publicados por nuestra Asociacion, EAAEDE, sobre America Latina en el periodo 2011-2020 en revistas, libros y documentos, los cuales son un complemento a los articulos publicados en la revista EEDI en el periodo 2001-2010. Incluimos seis secciones con Informes bianuales desde 2011-2012 a 2019-2020. Analizamos numerosos indicadores economicos y de calidad de vida (industria, renta, pobreza, satisfaccion con la vida, calidad del gobierno, nivel educativo, etc.) y realizamos comparaciones internacionales. Respecto a los efectos de la pandemia del ano 2020 y de las perspectivas economicas de 2021-2022 sugerimos fortalecer las politicas internas y de cooperacion internacional para impulsar el desarrollo y la calidad de vida en todos los paises de America Latina. En los Anexos incluimos enlaces a numerosos articulos sobre America Latina publicados por nuestra Asociacion en espanol y en ingles en el periodo 2011.2020. With this document we present a synthesis of the studies published by our Association, EAAEDE, on Latin America in the period 2011-2020 in journals, books and documents, which are a complement to the articles published in the EEDI journal in the period 2001- 2010. We include six sections with biennial reports from 2011-2012 to 2019-2020. We analyze numerous economic and quality of life indicators (industry, income, poverty, satisfaction with life, quality of government, educational level, etc.) and make international comparisons. Regarding the effects of the pandemic in 2020 and the economic perspectives of 2021-2022, we suggest strengthening internal policies and international cooperation to promote development and quality of life in all Latin American countries. In the Annexes we include interesting links to other articles and documents published by our Association on Latin America, in English and Spanish, for the period 2011-2020.

The main aim of this article is to foster international cooperation for development and, at the same time, to increase environmental protection. We analyze the evolution of Total CO2 Emissions, for the period 1970-2015, in three sets of countries: a first group of 7 OECD countries (France. Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA), a second group of 3 highly populated non-OECD countries (Russia, China and India) and a third group with Rest of the World (ROW). We find that the increase of Total CO2 Emissions of the first group accounted only to a very small percentage of the World increase (1.7%), while the second group accounted to 59.5% and the third group to 38.8%. We found that increase on average World Emissions per capita (from 4.23 to 4.93) accounted only for 13% of Total CO2 Emissionsincrease, while Population growth (from 3684 to 7341 million people) accounted for the 87%. Our Analysis is focused on economic policies addresded to foster World development with environmental protection. Support to education, and other forms of international cooperation, are of uppermost importance in order to help developing countries to increase real income per capita and quality of life and, at the same time, get a diminution of Total CO2 Emissions in the World. We present a table with options for the period 2020-2030.

We analyse industrial and non industrial development of 6 European countries, for the period 1960-2016, with particular emphasis on the period 2000-2016. We critize the excessive austerity restrictions, imposed to several countries by national and European policies, which have led to stagnation and even diminution of industrial production per capita, as in the cases of France, Italy, Spain and the UK for the period 2000-2016. We include the estimation of an econometric model, with a pool of 7 OECD countries, to show the positive impact of industry in non industrial production. Regarding CO2 Emissions it is outstanding the diminution of Total CO2 emissions in this group of six European countries, for the period 1970-2015, thanks to the educational level of population, moderation in population growth and diminution of emissions per capita. Switzerland presents both the highest industrial production per capita and the lowest levels of CO2 Emissions per capita. We wish to emphisaze that it is possible to conceal the increase of industry, and economic development, with environmental policies addressed to diminish total CO2 Emissions.

We analyse industrial and non industrial development of 6 European countries, for the period 1960-2016, with particular emphasis on the period 2000-2016. We critize the excessive austerity restrictions, imposed to several countries by national and European policies, which have led to stagnation and even diminution of industrial production per capita, as in the cases of France, Italy, Spain and the UK for the period 2000-2016. We include the estimation of an econometric model, with a pool of 7 OECD countries, to show the positive impact of industry in non industrial production. Regarding CO2 Emissions it is outstanding the diminution of Total CO2 emissions in this group of six European countries, for the period 1970-2015, thanks to the educational level of population, moderation in population growth and diminution of emissions per capita. Switzerland presents both the highest industrial production per capita and the lowest levels of CO2 Emissions per capita. We wish to emphisaze that it is possible to conceal the increase of industry, and economic development, with environmental policies addressed to diminish total CO2 Emissions

We analyze the evolution of Female Employment by sector in Spain for the period 1970-2020, with particular focus on the effects of the financial crisis, since year 2007, on labor opportunities, real wages and female quality of life. We analyze the evolution in Spain compared to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States for the period 1965-2018. We find that the crisis of 2007, together with the lack of enough economic policies of support to Spanish Industry, both from the European Union and from the Spanish Governments, has caused a diminution of real value-added of Industry per capita, and stagnation or deterioritation of real wages, rates of employment and other indicators of quality of life. In year 2020, with the negative impact of the pandemia of Coronavirus on Tourism, the need to foster industrial development of Spain is of uppermost importance to increase Employment in Services, which are very important both for women, and men, and to favour better working conditions and quality of life. We analyse social visibility of relevant women who are outstanding in many fields of activity. We find gender gap in social visibility. Although there are yet many unfair situations, we may highlight several positive contributions that are helping to increase equality of opportunities for women.

espanolLa calidad de la docencia y la investigacion de las universidades espanolas es generalmente elevada, segun varios indicadores internacionales, a pesar de la falta de suficiente apoyo institucional. Se constanta un nivel medio de satisfaccion menor, con la calidad de las condiciones de trabajo de los investigadores, en las encuestas de universidades espanolas en comparacion con otros paises de Europa y Estados Unidos. Dentro de Espana se constata un nivel mayor de satisfaccion en las areas de Ciencias Naturales en comparacion con las de Ciencias Sociales. Los problemas son persistentes, durante varias decadas, en la evaluacion de Sexenios de Ciencias Sociales, Humanidades y otras areas, la insuficiente financiacion de la investigacion y los excesos de burocracia en todas las areas. Se citan varios documentos de Asociaciones Cientificas y Conferencias de Decanas y Decanos presentadas ante los Ministerios encargados de las universidades en un periodo de 25 anos (1994-2018), y ante la Union Europea, para la disminucion de los obstaculos burocraticos y para mejorar el apoyo institucional a la investigacion universitaria. Se destaca la importancia de que los Parlamentos escuchen mas a las Asociaciones Cientificas y a Sindicatos de profesores universitarios, para evitar la indefension de los investigadores frente al poder burocratico EnglishThe quality of teaching and research in Spanish universities is generally high, according to several international indicators, despite the lack of sufficient institutional support. There was a lower average level of satisfaction, with the quality of the working conditions of the researchers, in the surveys of Spanish universities compared to other countries in Europe and the United States. Within Spain there is a higher level of satisfaction in the areas of Natural Sciences compared to those of Social Sciences. The problems are persistent, during several decades, in the evaluation of Sexenios of Social Sciences, Humanities and other areas, the insufficient financing of the investigation and the excesses of bureaucracy in all the areas. We cite several documents of Scientific Associations and Conferences of Deans and Deans presented before the Ministries in charge of the universities in a period of 25 years (1994-2018), and before the European Union, for the reduction of bureaucratic obstacles and to improve the institutional support for university research. The importance of Parliaments listening more to Scientific Associations and Trade Unions of university professors is emphasized, in order to avoid the defenselessness of the researchers before the bureaucratic power

Presentamos unha contribución á historia da investigación económica en Galiciano período 1967-2017, a través da realización e dirección de numerosas teses doutorais,con especial referencia ao período 1992-2017 e enlazando a información académica dedirectores e autores. Tamén presentamos un resumo da información do período 1967-1991 xa publicada nun documento previo desta revista. Incluímos informacióncomplementaria sobre a difusión da investigación a nivel rexional, nacional einternacional. Dende unha perspectiva de xénero, observamos que a participaciónfeminina está por enriba das baixas porcentaxes habituais en moitas universidades deEuropa e do mundo, con niveis, en Galicia, superiores ao 40% dos autores das teses deeconomía, segundo os datos deste estudo.We introduce a contribution to the history of economic research in Galicia in theperiod 1967-2017, through the numerous doctoral theses written and directed in Galicia, withspecial reference to the period 1992-2017, and linking academic information of directors andauthors. We also provide a summary of the information for the period 1967-1991 alreadypublished in a previous document in this Journal. We highlight some complementaryinformation on research publications from Galicia, at regional, national and internationallevels. From a gender perspective, we observe favorable conditions for female participation,with levels over 40%, higher than those usual in most universities in Europe and the world.Keywords: Fifty years, Economics Research, Doctoral Theses, Galicia, History of SpanishUniversities, Female Economists at Universities

This paper presents a short version of some chapters and articles published by the author related with Female Employment and Quality of Life in several OECD countries of Europe and America for the period 1990-2010 as well as an update for the period 2010-2018. We focus on the positive impact that Industry usually has on the development of Services and the real Wage. Those impacts are very important in order to increase total employment and female employment. Regarding quality of life, some factors that have an important impact for women are those related with the quality of working conditions (opportunities for employment, real wage, conciliation of family and work, and other ones) as well as opportunities for social participation (in news, political tasks, instutions and other ones). Many of these factors are also important for quality of life of men. We cite the results of several econometric models in order to explain the main differences of employment rates and real income per capita among the countries of the study.

Presentamos una contribucion a la historia de la investigacion economica en Galicia en el periodo 1967-2017. Este estudio incluye la referencia a numerosas Tesis Doctorales desde el comienzo de los estudios de la primera Facultad universitaria de Estudios de Economia en Galicia. Incluye una resena historica, Tesis Doctorales dirigidas en varias decadas, enlanzando Directores y Autores, y numerosa informacion y enlaces a libros, revistas, documentos y recursos electronicos relacionados con la divulgacion de la investigacion economica realizada en Galicia en temas de desarrollo regional, sectorial e internacional. We present a contribution to the history of economic research in Galicia in the period 1967-2017. This study includes the reference to numerous Doctoral Theses from the beginning of the studies of the first university Faculty of Economics Studies in Galicia. It includes a historical review, Doctoral Theses directed in several decades, linking Directors and Authors, and numerous information and links to books, journals, documents and electronic resources related to the dissemination of economic research conducted in Galicia on issues of regional, sectoral and regional development. international.

Galicia es una region del Norte de Espana con excelentes factores que contribuyen a la calidad de vida pero con insuficientes empleos y salarios, por lo que se enfrenta a problemas de perdida de poblacion en muchas comarcas. Analizamos los movimientos de emigracion interior y exterior. La poblacion jubilada, contribuye con sus rentas a mantener vitalidad en muchas zonas, pero es necesario tambien atraer a poblacion en edad laboral a traves de la creacion de empleo. En el periodo 2011-2017 solo 11 de las 53 comarcas de Galicia han tenido algun incremento del empleo y solo tres (A Coruna, Santiago y Pontevedra) han tenido un incremento de poblacion. El estudio incluye un modelo econometrico, que muestra el impacto positivo y significativo del empleo sobre el incremento de poblacion, estimado con datos de las 53 comarcas de Galicia. Recomendamos incrementar la convergencia del desarrollo industrial de Galicia hacia los niveles de regiones europeas mas avanzados. Galicia is a region of Northern Spain, with excellent conditions for well-being but that faces problems losses of population in many counties, due to low wages and the lack of creation of sufficient jobs. It leads to internal and external emigration. The retired population contributes, with their income, to maintain vitality in many of these counties, but it is also necessary to attract a working-age population through the creation of employment. In the period 2011-2017 only 11 out of the 53 counties of Galicia have experienced increase in employment, , and only three (A Coruna, Santiago and Pontevedra) have had an increase of population. The study includes an econometric model that shows the positive impact of employment on the population increase at county level. We recommend to increase the convergence of industrial development of Galicia to the levels of more advanced regions of Europe.

Galicia es una region con grandes atractivos de calidad de vida que precisa consolidar un desarrollo sostenible para impulsar el empleo y la renta real por habitante hacia los niveles de regiones espanolas y europeas mas avanzadas. La economia de Galicia ha experimentado importantes cambios en los 50 anos del periodo 1967-2017, con aspectos positivos como la mejora de la productividad y de la renta real por habitante, y tambien con aspectos negativos al no conseguirse una suficiente creacion de empleo que ofrezca posibilidades de trabajo a muchos jovenes gallegos que, ante las dificultades deciden emigrar a otras regiones espanolas o al extranjero. Ello provoca que muchas comarcas de Galicia hayan perdido poblacion en las ultimas decadas. Incluimos datos y graficos de algunos de los principales indicadores economicos tanto a nivel regional como provincial, comarcal y municipal. Finalizamos con un analisis de las perspectivas y retos, destacando el impacto positivo de la industria, del gasto en Investigacion y Desarrollo, y de otras variables, sobre la renta y el empleo, asi como la conveniencia de retomar las iniciativas europeas para impulsar el desarrollo regional, superando la etapa de politicas de austeridad excesiva de la Union Europea que han presentado muchos problemas. Galicia is a region with great attractiveness of quality of life that needs to consolidate a sustainable development to boost employment and real income per inhabitant towards the levels of more advanced Spanish and European regions. The economy of Galicia has undergone important changes in the 50 years of the period 1967-2017, with positive aspects such as the improvement of productivity and real income per capita, and also with negative aspects, since it is not enough to create jobs that offer work possibilities for many young Galicians who, faced with difficulties, decide to emigrate to other Spanish regions or abroad. This causes that many districts (comarcas) of Galicia have lost population in the last decades. We include data and graphs of some of the main economic indicators at the regional, provincial, county and municipal levels. We conclude with an analysis of the perspectives and challenges, highlighting the positive impact of the industry, spending on Research and Development, and other variables, on income and employment, as well as the convenience of retaking European initiatives to boost development regional, overcoming the stage of excessive austerity policies of the European Union that have presented many problems.