A novel series of thiazol-2-ylacetamide derivatives was synthesized via a multi-step protocol featuring a metal-free reductive C–C bond coupling as the key late-stage transformation. The synthetic route commenced with acylation of 5-acetylthiazole-2-amine to afford N-(5-acetylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide, which was converted to N-[5-(1-(2-tosylhydrazono)ethyl)thiazole-2-yl)acetamide. In the final step, a Barluenga-type metal-free reductive coupling between the resulting tosylhydrazone and a diverse set of boronic acids resulted in the successful synthesis of 10 target compounds thiazole-2-yl acetamides. This strategy offers broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and metal-free conditions. The representative product, N-(5-isopropylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide, was further transformed via hydrolysis and N-acylation to afford three additional novel thiazole derivatives. Additionally, a control experiment afforded a racemic alcohol―N-[5-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiazol-2-yl]acetamide―which was resolved into 2 enantiomers by chiral HPLC. In total, 16 novel thiazole-containing target compounds were synthesized following optimization of each step. Future work will focus on the pharmacological evaluation of these new compounds.

Ammonia (NH3) has become a major global pollutant due to its extensive use in agricultural fertilizers, industrial processes, automobile emissions, and natural events such as wildfires. As a highly toxic and corrosive gas, NH3 poses serious hazards to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system, making its precise detection essential for environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and medical diagnostics. Detecting NH3 remains challenging because its atmospheric levels often exist in the sub-ppm range, requiring sensors with exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability. Tin oxide (SnXOY) has become a prominent NH3-sensing metal oxide due to its high chemical stability, strong sensitivity, and adjustable electronic features that lead to measurable resistance shifts during ammonia exposure. Recent developments demonstrate that nano-structuring SnXOY into forms such as nanowires, nanorods, hollow spheres, and porous frameworks significantly increases active surface area and enhances gas diffusion pathways, resulting in improved sensing performance. Elemental doping further boosts sensor efficiency by modulating the electrical properties of SnXOY and introducing defect sites that promote stronger adsorption of NH3 molecules. Moreover, integrating SnXOY with two-dimensional materials, including graphene and MXenes, enhances conductivity and enables reliable room-temperature sensor operation. Combining SnXOY with conducting polymers like PANI strengthens room-temperature responsiveness by facilitating strong charge-transfer coupling. This review systematically summarizes these modification strategies, recent advancements in SnXOY -based NH3 sensors, and the key challenges regarding selectivity, humidity stability, and power consumption. Future research directions essential for developing robust, low-power, and highly selective NH3 sensing technologies are also highlighted.

With rapid urbanization and growing apprehensions due to environmental and ecological issues, the synthesis of novel functional and innovative materials is on the rise. If developed from natural resources, such complex chemicals and novel materials will be better for the environment. Such chemical products of great public value will encourage green synthesis. Cellulose and nanocellulose (NC) gained extensive consideration as a nano-reinforcement for polymer matrices, finding applications in countless businesses. Because of its intrinsic sustainability characteristics and abundant availability, NC stands out as a highly significant and promising ecological material in today's world. This review explores NC properties (such as Modification of hydroxyl groups, Covalent modification, and Functionalization with ionic groups), drawing on research where SEM, AFM, and XRD techniques analyze its morphology, surface properties, and crystallinity, significant variations, and a scientometric study. This review also summarizes recent advances and emerging uses of NC and its nanocomposites in biological and medical applications like wound dressing, tissue engineering and repair, stem cell therapy, smart drug delivery, biosensing, and new biomedical applications. NC has outstanding mechanical strength, Young's modulus, and biocompatibility, and is used to synthesize an extensive variety of nanomaterials, comprising metal, metal oxide, polymer, and carbon nanostructures and nanocomposites. It is also used in food packaging, reinforced polymer composites with high mechanical strength, tissue scaffolds, drug delivery, biosensors, filtration, biophotonics, and 3D bioprinting. The versatility of NC and its contribution to sustainable innovation establish it as a crucial material for environmental and medical advancements.

Polyelectrolytes with strong acidic functionality are among the prime sources for water desalination techniques. Poly 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAMPS) is one such polymer showing polyelectrolyte characteristics because of highly acidic SO3H group (pKa < 2) and film-forming characteristics of flexible polymeric chains. Halloysite nanotubes functionalized with polyelectrolytes can be considered for water purification, as halloysite was reported to be efficient in removing dissolved metal salts. These polyelectrolytes can be introduced as a blend with other components, or they can be synthesized via in situ to form flexible membranes. Polymer nano-filtration membranes with controlled crosslinking were designed as a function of halloysite and AMPS composition using in situ free radical polymerization with other polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylpyrrolidone to strengthen the polymer matrix. The synthesized membranes were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDS, TGA, and DTG techniques. Equilibrium water content, contact angle, water flux, salt rejection efficiency, and antifouling studies are also carried out for these membranes in water purification.

Nanobiotechnology is the integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology and is an interdisciplinary area which encompasses biological sciences, surface science, organic chemistry, proteomics, pharmaceutics, molecular science, and semiconductor physics. Apart from the various applications in industries, nanotechnology can play a crucial role in the agriculture sector to meet sustainable development and providing food security. Common nanobiotechnology agriproducts include nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-fungicides, nano-sensors, clay nanotubes, green synthesized nanoparticles, bio-composites, biofuel, etc. Nanobiotechnology is also used for waste water treatment in agriculture. In the allied food industry, nanobiotechnology is used for food processing, preservation, and packaging. Safety and toxicity concerns are major issues related to the usage of nanobiotechnology. Many of the available agriproducts utilizing nanobiotechnology are marketed only after the approval of regulatory authorities. Though nanobiotechnology is a relatively new field and will take some time to gain public trust, the potential it has in agriculture and allied fields is immense for improving crops, crop management, agriculture waste treatment, and management, as well as crop disease management and protection, in turn increasing productivity.

This review offers an overview of the synthesis and photoelectric applications of various derivatives of perylene bisimides at different positions, spanning from the imide to bay positions, achieved over the past decade. The synthesis of PBIs involves several routes, including classical methods such as condensation reactions and modern strategies like click chemistry and photochemistry. These methods offer control over the molecular structure, allowing for tailored properties suited for specific applications.In photoelectric applications, PBIs exhibit exceptional characteristics like exceptional photostability, strong absorption within the visible spectrum, and effective charge mobility. These attributes render PBIs excellent candidates for applications such as organic photovoltaics, OLEDs, sensors and organic field-effect transistors.In this review we delve into the development of novel synthetic methodologies, highlighting recent advances in synthetic tools such as C–C coupling and C–H activation. Additionally, the review explores the diverse photoelectric applications of these derivatives, encompassing optical properties, redox behavior, molecular self-assembly, and photo-induced electron transfer characteristics.

This work was aimed to investigate the physicochemical and microstructural properties of gluten-free noodles with dietary enriched pumpkin flour from canna or arrowroot starch which was enriched with pumpkin flour at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The results showed that gluten-free noodles made from arrowroot starch exhibited higher cooking properties than that prepared from canna starch. The addition of pumpkin flour increased the chemical properties values (ash, protein, dietary fiber, beta-carotene) and the cooking properties values (cooking time, cooking loss, and water absorption). On the other hand, the lightness value, L *, was reduced and a * and b * values are chromaticity coordinates were raised when the percentages of pumpkin flour were increased. The microstructural analysis showed that all noodle samples exhibited no granular structures indicating fully gelatinized starch occurred during the noodle processing. The addition of pumpkin flour increased the small round rough surface particles that appeared on the noodle micro pictures.

High-level economic status is possible with sustainable scientific and technological progression but is overwhelmingly impacted by its biodiversity, agriculture, health care, food, and energy resources. Nanobiotechnology appears to be the technology that has an extensive and deep impression on the economic growth of these sectors. In a world of ever-expanding and never-ending need for resources, modernization of conventional methods is required to maintain the demand and supply ratio. Nanobiotechnology R&D seemed to be a greener and sustainable alternative to several deep-rooted traditional technologies. Developed economies have witnessed immense contributions of nanobiotechnology in revolutionizing industries; a specialized area with wide applications and offers numerous advantages by reducing energy needs, enhancing productivity, higher efficiency, cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and increased durability. This chapter focuses on the advantages of nanobiotechnology in enhancing the economic status of a nation and explores the potential of nanobiotechnology in reducing production costs, minimizing operational energy needs, generating employment, and enhancing bioeconomy by conversion of waste and resources into value-added products, which has caught the interest of the emerging economies. Developing economies have understood the importance of setting a national plan aiming to take serious actions in developing the nanosector and also realized nanobiotechnology as a catalyst for growing industries to innovate and reshape their economic development. A strategic plan is required to target the innovation epicenter that can promote emerging economies’ social and economic sustainability. This would encourage a transformation of a nation toward a knowledge-based economy.

There is no escape from them as they are in the air we breathe and in the everyday products we use. When you wake up in the morning, wash your face, apply a skin lotion, take a drink of water, clean your teeth and step outside for a walk near the beach your body is […]

The ambition to combat the issues affecting the environment and human health triggers the development of biosynthesis that incorporates the production of natural compounds by living organisms via eco-friendly nano assembly. Biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have various pharmaceutical applications, such as tumoricidal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobials, antiviral, etc. When combined, bio-nanotechnology and drug delivery give rise to the development of various pharmaceutics with site-specific biomedical applications. In this review, we have attempted to summarize in brief the types of renewable biological systems used for the biosynthesis of metallic and metal oxide NPs and the vital contribution of biogenic NPs as pharmaceutics and drug carriers simultaneously. The biosystem used for nano assembly further affects the morphology, size, shape, and structure of the produced nanomaterial. The toxicity of the biogenic NPs, because of their pharmacokinetic behavior in vitro and in vivo, is also discussed, together with some recent achievements towards enhanced biocompatibility, bioavailability, and reduced side effects. Because of the large biodiversity, the potential biomedical application of metal NPs produced via natural extracts in biogenic nanomedicine is yet to be explored.

Since ancient times, activated carbon (AC) has been known for its medicinal uses. Egyptians and Hippocrates used AC to treat epilepsy, vertigo, wounds, and anthrax. Due to its large surface area in the range of about 950–2000 m2 g−1 and high porosity, AC is an excellent adsorbent, especially for adsorbing toxins of high molecular masses. The medical uses of AC can be external-type or internal-type depending on the course of treatment administered to the patient. It is commonly used as a universal antidote for the poisoned human body, and in wound dressing materials and gas masks. Usually, AC is non-specific in its absorption capacity and thus can be used to remove almost all undesirable, unwanted, and even important metabolites from the body. Various routes for administering ‘medical grade’ AC have been widely studied, especially in the post-Chernobyl nuclear disaster cleanup. However, AC has limitations since it cannot be excreted easily from the human body. Also, AC may reduce the absorption of other oral drugs if administered in a combined dosage form. The present chapter discusses the use of AC in intoxication treatment, wound healing agents, and drug delivery systems with a detailed discussion on its cytotoxicity, limitations, and current scenario in medicine.