The purpose of this study was to develop a revised version of Multi-dimensional Privacy Scale for Internet users (MPS-I-R), which measures the concern about information privacy on the Internet. We added to the MPS-I the information contained in sensitive personal information and individual identification codes, as well as other information that we are currently concerned about privacy and conducted a web-based survey. Factor analysis of responses to the scale revealed four dimensions of concerns about one's information privacy: Autobiographical and Sensitive Personal Information (12 items), Demographical Information (9 items), Identifiable Information (6 items), and Password and Personal Identification Code (6 items). The MPS-I-R is considered to be an appropriate scale of information privacy in the current social context.

Prosocial lying often serves to enhance interpersonal relationships; however, it can also increase depressive mood. This study investigates how the personality trait of unmitigated communion–defined as an excessive focus on others at the expense of oneself–influences the relationship between prosocial lying and depressive mood. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between unmitigated communion and prosocial lying. Furthermore, we find that unmitigated communion contributes to depressive mood via prosocial lying. This finding extends prior research, indicating a link between prosocial lying and increased depressive mood.

本研究は，後説明効果の生起を検証した。存在が曖昧なものが実際に存在しているという認識（実在性認知）に焦点を当て，説明が説明対象に関する認知に及ぼす再帰的な影響を検証した。加えて，後説明効果の大きさに関わると考えられる変数を明らかにするため，説明に対する自己評価を高く感じるほど，説明対象の実在性認知が高まるという仮説についても検証した。二つの研究において，参加者は，新奇な商品の使用目的や開発の経緯を想像した上で説明し，説明の前後でその商品の実在性を評定した。分析の結果，研究1では，立方体のサッカーボールについて説明した参加者は，説明の前より後で，その実在性を高く評定したことが明らかになった。また，研究2では，説明に対する自己評価のうち，説明内容のもっともらしさが，実在性認知の上昇と関連することが明らかになった。本研究で得られた結果から，後説明効果の生起の背後に想定される認知過程について考察した。

The research on the Cognition of Lying Scale, assessing how people think about lying in general, has demonstrated a negative correlation between the cognition of negative aspects of lying score and the number of lies told the previous day. This study reexamined the relationship between the cognition of lying and the number of lies told the previous day after controlling for socially desirable responses. Japanese university students (N = 105) responded to the Cognition of Lying Scale and scales assessing socially desirable responses. The study evaluated the lies told the previous day using the Day Reconstruction Method, in which participants described the previous day's events and details of the lies they told. Two coders classified the lies as self-oriented or other-oriented. The results were consistent with the previous study and indicated that the cognition of negative aspects of lying was significantly and negatively related to the total number of lies, both self-oriented and other-oriented, after controlling for socially desirable responses.

Researchers have defined privacy consciousness as the extent of awareness regarding privacy for the self and others. This study investigated the relationship between privacy consciousness and narcissistic personality—an exaggerated sense of self-importance. University students (N=155) responded to scales assessing privacy consciousness for the self and others. Additionally, scales were employed to assesses narcissistic tendencies, including hypervigilance and obliviousness. The results indicated that participants who scored higher on hypervigilance tended to report taking actions to preserve their privacy. Moreover, those who scored higher for both obliviousness and hypervigilance were less likely to act to maintain others’ privacy.

We examined the relationship between age and self-reported verbal deception strategies in Japanese adults. Japanese participants (N = 153) aged 18 to 73 years took part in this study. We requested the participants to state their age and freely describe how they structure their speech to appear convincing when lying during their daily interactions. We extracted 13 verbal strategies from the participants’ open-ended descriptions. Japan is a high-context culture. The results indicated that 11 categories corresponded to the verbal strategies reported in previous studies on lying conducted in low-context cultures. However, two strategies mentioned in the current study, making ambiguous statements and adding irrelevant details to the lie, were not reported in low-context cultures. As expected, age was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of verbal strategies used when lying. Moreover, verbal strategies that seem relatively cognitive demanding were used less as the age of the participants increased. We concluded that these results reflected the age-related decline of cognitive abilities.

Today's service providers must notify users of their privacy policies and obtain user consent in advance. Frameworks that impose these requirements have become mandatory. Originally designed to protect user privacy, obtaining user consent in advance has become a mere formality. These problems are introduced by the gap between service providers' privacy policies, which prioritize the observance of laws and guidelines, and user expectations of these policies. In particular, users wish to easily understand how their data will be handled. To reduce this gap, we provide a tool that supports users in reading privacy policies in Japanese. We assess the effectiveness of the tool in experiments and follow-up questionnaires.

AIM: This study was designed to compare the privacy consciousness of undergraduate students in Turkey and Japan.METHOD: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out. First-year undergraduate students at a university in Turkey (n = 235) and a university in Japan (n = 242) voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected via a web-based structured questionnaire, using the Descriptive Characteristics Form and the Privacy Consciousness Scale, between November and December 2020. Written approval was obtained from the universities and the ethics board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. RESULTS: The privacy consciousness of the Turkish students was significantly higher than that of the Japanese students (p < .05).CONCLUSION: Privacy consciousness can be affected by individual, social, and cultural value differences, beliefs, and perceptions. It is suggested that similar studies be conducted with a greater number of samples and between different countries.

We compared the self-reported verbal strategies employed to appear convincing when lying and truth telling from 101 British (a low-context culture) and 149 Japanese (a high-context culture) participants. They completed a web-based survey and rated the degree to which they would use 16 verbal strategies when telling the truth and lying. British participants were more concerned with providing innocent reasons and avoiding/denying incriminating evidence when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for Japanese participants). Japanese participants were less concerned with avoiding hesitations and lack of consistency when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for British participants). The findings suggest that it is important to examine whether interview protocols developed to determine veracity in low-context cultures, such as the Strategic Use of Evidence and Cognitive Credibility Assessment, are equally effective in high-context cultures.