Abstract Background Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an acute infectious disease that damages the rabbit industry by producing significant mortality rates in young and adult rabbits. RHD is better controlled by vaccination. Objective The current study's goal was to prepare and evaluate the immuno-enhancing effect of montanide ISA70 and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) gel incorporated within the inactivated RHDV2 vaccine and assess the vaccine's protective efficacy against the homologous and heterologous local RHDV2 strains in rabbits. Methods Inactivated RHDV vaccines were prepared using Montanide ISA70 oil or Al(OH)3 gel adjuvants and submitted to sterility, safety, and potency tests. 200 rabbits were equally divided into 4 groups: G1 (control), G2 (vaccinated with gel-incorporated vaccine), G3 (vaccinated with montanide-incorporated vaccine), and G4 (vaccinated with gel- and montanide-incorporated vaccines). Individual blood samples were collected from one week to six months from all groups. The vaccine's potency was measured by the HI test and protection percentage post challenge. Results Data revealed slightly increasing HI titer means reaching the 1st peak at 4 weeks post-vaccination (7.33, 7.67, and 7.33 log2 in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups, respectively), then slightly decreasing and peaked again, giving 9.33 log2 for the2nd group at 3 months post-vaccination (MPV), 10.67 log2 for 3rd the group, and 10.33 log2 for the 4th group at 5 months post-vaccination. Titer gradually decreased but remained protective. The protection rate ranged from 80–100% and 80–90% for homologous and heterologous local RHDV2 vaccines, respectively, within 3 weeks and 6 months post-challenge. The montanide oil RHDV2 vaccine induced better protection than the aluminum gel RHDV2 vaccine. Conclusion The results demonstrated evidence of cross-protection between RHDV2 strains. The oil emulsion vaccine induced higher and longer-lasting antibody titers than those obtained with the RHDV2 aluminum gel vaccine.

Background: Due to their potential for treating a variety of common illnesses, medicinal plants have recently attracted a lot of attention, also other medicinal assertions are now supported by a wealth of scientific evidence, so nowadays natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and crude extracts provide boundless opportunities for novel drugs. Objective: This Study was carried out to investigate the antiviral and antibacterial activity of an essential oils product, Deca-Cel®, against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Lasota strain, as a viral model and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium as bacterial models. Methodology: The antiviral activity of these EOs was systematically studied in three experimental protocols viz. virucidal, therapeutic and prophylactic assays employing in ovo model. Firstly, toxicity study was estimated for screening the optimal non-toxic concentration of the EOs in the embryonated chicken eggs and then their antiviral efficacy was determined. Embryo survival was observed by candling daily and the survival rates of embryos were recorded on day 4th post-inoculation (pi). After the end of experiments, survivors were killed by chilling the eggs in a refrigerator for further examination and allantoic fluid from treated eggs was collected for rapid hemagglutination (HA) test to detect NDV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are used to determine the susceptibilities of some bacterial agents to these EOs to evaluate their antibacterial activity. Results: For studying their antiviral activity, it was found that Deca-Cel® oil can completely inhibit NDV growth with a high embryo survival rate reaching 100% with -ve HA activity as a virucidal and prophylactic agent, while 60% embryo survival rate and negative hemagglutination activity had been recorded as a therapeutic agent, comparing to virus control which showed 100% embryo mortality rate within 48:72hrs pi with strong positive HA activity. Regarding the antibacterial activity, it was found that MIC values of these EOs were 0.4 µL/ml and 0.2 µL/ml against Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli respectively, which means that these EOs can be used as a good alternative to antibiotics that recently showing resistance. Conclusion: The current findings have demonstrated that these EOs have promising antiviral and antibacterial properties against many avian pathogens.

Even among vaccinated rabbits, the virus that causes rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (RHDV) has been increasing in Egypt recently. So, the current study screened the emergent RHDV of vaccinated and unvaccinated domestic rabbits in some Egyptian provinces between 2022 and 2023. 40 pooled Samples were collected from different rabbit flocks with age range of 2 months up to 4 months with high mortality rates, clinical symptoms, and post-mortem lesions related to RHDV. Hemagglutination (HA) test, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the partial VP60 and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted for genotyping of RHDV strains. The results revealed that 16 out of 40 cases that were positive for RHDV and were hemagglu­tinin-positive, with titer ranging from 23 to 214. Randomly six isolates were selected for genetic sequence and phylogenetic analysis which revealed their clustering with RHDV2 strains which were detected for the first time in Upper Egypt and submitted on GenBank as (OQ925947 Assiut .vac1 to OQ925952Assiut .vac6). The nucleotide sequence identities of the six isolates were 98.8-100 % compared to each other. The recently isolated strains had nucleotide difference 23, 1 % when compared to commonly vaccinal strain (JQ995154Giza 2006). The inoculated rabbits expressed RHDV-typical signs and postmortem findings and Ninety percent (90 %) mortality rate was recorded within3–6 days post-infection. Microscopic examination revealed that presence of acute necrotizing hepatitis, congestion and widespread hemorrhages in all internal organs; liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and brain. In conclusion, the presence of RHDV-2 strains was detected for the first time in some Upper Egypt provinces.

Enterococcus species (Enterococcus spp.) are considered one of the most common pathogens causing economic losses in poultry production.To isolate and identify Enterococcus spp, 110 broiler chickens (some diseased and others recently dead) were collected aged from 1 to 45 days, also 65 dead in shell chicken embryos were collected from different farms and Balady hatcheries in Assiut province.Four samples were taken from each bird from 110 broiler chickens (liver, spleen, heart), (intestines), (joints), (brain) and the samples from dead shell chickens embryos were cultured on Brain heart infusion broth then inoculated broth cultured on KF streptococcal agar and bile esculine agar.E. hirae was isolated from (liver, spleen and heart) at a rate of (66.2%), intestine (66.7%), joint (81.8%), brain (66.7%) and dead in shell chicken embryos (44.1%), E. durans was isolated from (liver, spleen and heart) with a percentage of (22%), intestine (14.3%), joint (18.2%), brain (33.3%) and was (41.2%) from dead in shell chicken embryos, E.faecalis was isolated at a rate of (11.8%) and (19%) from (liver, spleen, heart) and intestine respectively but the percentage of dead in shell chicken embryos was (14%) and did not isolate from joint or brain.we used E.hirae isolate in this experiment because it is the largest percentage of isolation.Four days-old broiler chicks were infected by I/V inoculation (wing vein), I/T inoculation, and contact chicks for each of them the mortality rates were 100%, 90% and 60% for I/V, I/T and in both contact chicks respectively.We found that E.hirae isolates were sensitive to neomycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin g, and amoxicillin and resist tetracycline, erythromycin and tylosin.

Background. Due to the harmful effects resulting from the addition of antibiotics to treat diseases affecting poultry and their use as growth promoter, it was necessary to have safe alternatives such as organic acids and probiotics, which work to provide an appropriate pH for activity of beneficial bacteria and reducing the numbers of harmful pathogenic bacteria. Objective. To assess the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics, with or without organic acids (acetic, propionic, and benzoic) on growth performance, carcass quality, digestibility, intestinal development, gut microbiota, and serum parameters of broiler chicks. Methodology. A total number of 250 one-day old, unsexed Ross (308) broiler chicks, were equally assigned to five feeding treatments (50 birds/treatment, five replicates of ten birds/treatment) as follows: T1 (control); fed a basal diet (BD), T2; fed BD + 2g commercial probiotics (PRO)/kg diet, T3: fed BD + 2g PRO/ kg diet + 10 ml acetic acid/kg diet, T4: fed BD + 2g PRO/kg diet + 10 ml propionic acid/ kg diet, and T5: fed BD + 2g PRO/ kg diet + 10 ml benzoic acid / kg diet. The trial prolonged from day 1 to day 42 of age. Results. Compared to the control, the results revealed that body weight and body weight gain were significantly improved at 3 and 6 wks of age as a result of supplementing the diets with probiotics and organic acids (especially benzoic acid). The positive impacts of the supplements on FCR were more pronounced from 4-6 weeks and for the overall period (0-6 wks). No mortalities occurred when organic acids were supplemented. The tested supplements also decreased bacterial counts of ileal E. coli. Moreover, probiotics plus benzoic acid treatment (T5) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the ileal lactobacilli count. Carcass traits, internal organs and GIT histological parameters were positively affected by different treatments, especially probiotics plus benzoic acid treatment. The supplements improved ALT, AST and ALP activity and decreased cholesterol and triglycerides content in blood serum (P <0.05). Implications. The study showed that the addition of organic acids to probiotics led to an increase in the lactobacilli count. Conclusions. The tested feed supplements displayed beneficial impacts and positive role on broilers productive performance and improved their gut health and function through enhancement of the intestinal microbiota.

The harmful economic impacts on chicken production are caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens , which is also responsible for necrotic enteritis in chicken. The study's objective is to assess the beneficial benefits of a few phytobiotics as substitutes for antibiotics when treating necrotic enteritis and broiler performance. Seven treatment groups were created at random from 280 broilers. All groups, except the negative control group, faced C. perfringens type A strain seven days after receiving sporulated coccidia oocyst inoculations. G3 and G4 received a basal diet containing 1 and 2 gm of curcumin /kg of diet, respectively. G5 was given a control infection, while G6 received a basal diet containing 1 and 2 gm of propolis /kg of diet. The results revealed that a high concentration of curcumin 1&2 gm/kg as a feed additive had a significant detrimental effect on chicken growth performance. Moreover, the total count of C. perfringens in the cecum was significantly increased and severe histopathological alterations in the intestinal mucosa, including severe sloughing of villi epithelium were detected. On the other side, Propolis, when added to the diet at a dose of 1-2 gm/kg ration, protected the digestive system and ameliorated the pathological lesions induced by the concurrent infections with Eimeria and C. perfringens. Consequently, a considerable decrease in the overall number of C. perfringens in the cecum, and restoration of the normal histological structure of the intestine and the lesions were mild compared to curcumin groups.

The aim of this work was to study how different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) affected broiler chicken resistance and susceptibility to C. perfringens challenge, as well as growth performance and intestinal morphology. A total of 84 Ross-308 broilers, 7 days of age were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups: first group (negative control), second group - basal diet only (positive control), third group (positive control treated with amoxicillin), fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups - basal diet supplemented with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg ZONPs per kg ration, respectively. All treatments were replicated 4 times, with three birds in each pen. All groups were inoculated orally with 5×104 sporulated coccidial oocyst, and after 5 days, the same groups were challenged orally with 2 mL broth culture with 1.8×108 CFU/bird of C. perfringens type A, for 3 successive days. Our findings showed that ZONPs used as a feed additive, inhibited C. perfringens proliferation in the intestine. ZONPs supplemented groups had significant (P<0.05) improvement in overall body weight gain and feed consumption than the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio between all groups. Chicks supplemented with different ZONPs concentrations showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in villus height and villus/crypt ratio in small intestine, however, there was no significant difference in crypt depth between all groups (P>0.05). Chicks supplemented with ZONPs showed superior disease resistance and superior growth efficiency. Furthermore, 20 and 40 mg/kg ZONPs improved growth performance and intestinal parameters compared to other concentrations. As a result, ZONPs may be used in poultry feed as an alternative to antibiotics.

Escherichia coli infections cause significant financial losses for the worldwide chicken economy, so this research is being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the inactivated multivalent Escherichia coli vaccine. Six groups were created from a total of 120 broiler chicks; the groups (1 and 3) were received E. coli inactivated vaccine at day 7 and challenged with O78 and O128 respectively, groups 2 and 4 were referred to as the control of challenge for the Escherichia coli strains O78 and O128. Groups 5 and 6 were maintained as the non-vaccinated and non-challenged control negative group and vaccinated non challenged group respectively. Challenged with E. coli strains of heterologous O128 and homologous O78 were given at 28 days old broilers by injection into the muscle of the thigh with 0.2ml contained 107 CFU / bird. Moreover, the performance measurements of body weight per gram, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured; histopathological findings, clinical symptoms, rate of mortality and total intestinal counts of Escherichia coli were also examined. The study revealed that the vaccination of COLI-VAC™ E. coli provided a significant defense against the challenge between homologous O78 strain and heterologous O128 strain. Just used the aforementioned parameters, Groups 1 and 3 that vaccinated at seven days old and challenged at 28 days old chicks with homologous and heterologous (O78 and O128) serotypes of E. coli provided impressive protection against all those non-vaccinated chicks (Groups 2 and 4) that were challenged with O78 and O128 serotypes of E. coli.

Thermotolerant Campylobacter genus is one of the most prevalent causes of gastroenteritis in humans, especially C. coli and C. jejuni. Despite the importance of Campylobacter diagnosis to public health, many laboratories continue to adopt the slow, inaccurate conventional culturing approach, which leads to false-negative/positive results. The origin, transmission, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology of Campylobacter spp. diseases are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the samples were collected over a period from August 2021 to September 2022; about 100 poultry samples and 43 stool specimens from children were collected. According to conventional culturing techniques, the overall prevalence of the Campylobacter genus in both poultry and humans was determined to be 31.5%, whereas PCR analysis of poultry (30) and human specimens (43) for Campylobacter genus revealed a 35.6% isolation rate. While C. coli was the only species detected in poultry-positive Campylobacter genus samples demonstrated by 27.3%, the human-positive Campylobacter’s isolates were C. coli with 33.3%, C. jejuni and mixed infection with 6.7%. Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indexes quantify genetic diversity; assuming that Campylobacter species express virulence genes differently, we found that C. coli had a higher Shannon diversity index (0.8487) and Simpson index (0.4938), while C. jejuni had (0.6931) for Shannon and (0.5) for Simpson index. Regarding host-virulence genes diversity, human-derived strains had a higher Shannon diversity index (1.474) and Simpson index (0.75) than poultry. This study provided evidence that the genetic profiles of circulating species of Campylobacter differ depending on the origin, highlighting the need for genetic diversity knowledge for effective management and prevention strategies.

Serological and antibacterial characteristics of salmonella isolates from chickens in Assiut, Egypt Amany M. Abd El-Mohsen, Shyam El-Sherry, Mohamed A. Soliman and Omar Amen . Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt 1 . e, Al Minia University, Al Minia 61519, Egypt Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicin 2

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of antioxidants (curcumin and lipoic acid) to ameliorate the hazardous effects of aflatoxins in broiler chickens in terms of performance, liver and kidney functions, and histopathological structures as well as compare them with the effect of a mycotoxin adsorbent (Agrimos®), a specific combination of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and ß-glucans extracted from the yeast cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A total of 120 broilers were used and divided into 5 equal groups (n=24), each group subdivided into 2 replicates (12 birds/replicate). control negative (G1) received the basal diet, control positive (G2) basal diet+ 100µg AFB1/kg diet; Curcumin treated group (G3) received control Positive + 1 g Curcumin /kg diet ; Lipoic acid treated group (G4) received control Positive + 300 mg Lipoic acid /kg diet; Agrimos treated group (G5) received control Positive + 1 g Agrimos /kg diet. All treatments were administered from 1-30 days of age. By the end of the experiment, antioxidants (curcumin and lipoic acid) ameliorated the harmful effects of aflatoxin on performance, histopathology of target organs and serum biochemical parameters in broilers as the same degree of improvement induced by Agrimos® (mycotoxin binders).

The current work aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding organic acids (OA) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters and immune response of broilers fed with a low protein diet (LPD). A total number of 68 broiler chicks (one-day-old) were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups each of 17 chicks. The first group was fed the basal diet (100% NRC crude protein (CP)) free from OA and considered as a control (T1). The other three groups (T2, T3 and T4) were fed on diets with different protein levels (95% NRC, 90% NRC & 85% NRC, respectively) and supplemented with OA at a level of 0.45%. The results showed that body weight and gain during starter phase (days 1-21) were not significantly (P = 0.7, P = 0.13, respectively) influenced by the supplementation of OA. However, during finisher phase (days 22-42) body weight and gain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in OA groups (-18% and - 24%, respectively). A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in abdominal fat content and the meat cholesterol, triglyceride, and fat mass of broiler breast and thigh meat, while protein content significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all OA supplemented groups. In conclusion, adding OA improved immune response through increased serum globulin, and an increase in bursa relative weight of broilers. Moreover, the addition of OA to broiler fed LPD has no effect on growth parameters and carcass traits but improves broiler immunity and produces healthy meat to consumers.

Infectious serositisis a considerable economic problem in duck industry caused by Riemerella anatipestifer. The current study was conducted to investigate the circulating R. anatipestifer in ducks in Assiut Province and assessing their antimicrobial susceptibility. One-hundred and twenty diseased or freshly dead ducks aging 1-18 weeks were examined. Naturally infected birds showed respiratory, nervous, and locomotor disturbances, and low body weight. R. anatipestifer was detected in 16.6% (20) of birds. Among the bacteriologically positive 20 birds, only 10 could be identified by PCR as R. anatipestifer with a prevalence rate of 8.33%. The sensitivity biogram revealed that all the obtained isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin, doxycycline, and flumequine while resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, and cephradine was observed. On the basis of MIC, all isolates had 90- 100% sensitivity to doxycycline and amoxicillin, respectively. Experimentally, the isolated R.anatipestifer strains showed pathogenicity to 14-days-old ducklings.

The current experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) on some behavioural, performance, welfare and histopathological changes in broilers exposed to multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced footpad dermatitis (FPD). Eighty-four male Indian River (IR) broilers were randomly allotted to six different dietary treatments as follows: C-ve, C+ve, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs from 7 to 49d of age. At day 28, broilers (n = 70) were sub-cutaneously injected with 0.5 ml of saline containing 5.3 x 10(7 )CFU/ml of S. aureus (MRSA) in each metatarsal foot pad. Control (non-infected) broilers were given 0.5 ml of saline (n = 14). Results clarified that non-infected birds and ZONPs-fed birds had significantly higher standing and feeding activities and lower resting activities in comparison with the infected group. Also, the S. aureus infected group had significantly lower body weight gain (BWG) and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the non-infected group. In addition, the non-infected birds and ZONPs groups had significantly lower object crossing and tonic immobility times (TI) and gait scores (GS) in comparison with the S. aureus group. Only ZONPs 30, 40 ppm and non-infected groups had a significantly higher latency to lie time (LLT) and lower serum cortisol level in comparison with the S. aureus group. Moreover, there were significant changes in the gross lesion score and histopathological lesions between the different groups. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of ZONPs can reduce S. aureus-induced negative effects of FPD in broilers.

Necrotic enteritis is well-defined as poultry disease which occures as a result of liberation of toxins from Clostridium perfringens type A, C, D, and G pathogenic strains. This study was performed to determine the prevalence rate of C.perfringens in broilers from different farms in Assiut Governorate and to examine the isolates for the existence of alpha, beta, epsilon, and netB gene. A sum of 100 intestinal specimens were compiled from diseased broiler chickens (3-6 W) which had clinical signs and post mortem lesions of Necrotic Enteritis and examined by conventional and molecular methods. C.perfringens was isolated from 52% (52/100) of the bacteriologically examined flocks. Only ten isolates among suspected isolates were examined by using uniplex and multiplex PCR. The results reported 100% positivity for cpa and netB gene in the examined isolates and neither cpb nor etx gene were detected and proved that all isolates were Clostridium perfringens type G.

ABSTRACT Background: Control of coccidiosis depends, in addition to the commercial preparation of herbal extracts, on good sanitation and litter management, along with the use of medication or vaccination programmes. In addition to the chemotherapeutic treatment of coccidiosis early disinfection of the poultry houses should be done using various disinfectants for controlling presence of oocysts.The objective of this research was to evaluate in vitro the action of four different coccidicidal disinfectant including (Quaternary ammonium compounds QACs, chlorocresol, glutaraldehyde and kilcox) on oocysts ofEimeriatenella. Methods: In this study the action of four coccidicidal disinfectant including (Quaternary ammonium compounds QACs, chlorocresol, glutaraldehyde and kilcox) on both sporulated and unsporulatedoocysts ofEimeriatenella was evaluated in vitro. E. tenellaOocysts were obtained from naturally infected Egyptian native breed chickens. The oocysts were exposed to the disinfectants at different concentrations and different contact times. The efficacy of the disinfection was assessed by either destruction of sporulatedoocyst or inhibition of sporulation.Results: It was observed that the most efficacious disinfectants against unsporulated and sporulatedE. tenellaoocystswaskilcox followed by chlorocresol, while QACs and, glutaraldehyde were less effective. kilcox sporulation inhibition reached 100 % on unsporulatedE. tenellaoocysts,and their destructive effect reached 99% on sporulatedoocysts. furthermore, the results showed that both inhibitory and destructive activity of the tested disinfectants was significantly increased by increasing their concentrations and/or the contact time.

The current study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) and oxytetracycline (OTC) supplementation on broilers’ behavior, performance, carcass quality, biochemical parameters, and intestinal microbial populations and birds’ response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. A total of 336 seven-day-old IR broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs or 50 ppm OTC. Each diet was fed to 7 replicates (8 birds/pen). The results clarified that 10 ppm ZONPs significantly improved the body weight gain and feed conversion in comparison to the control. No changes in behavior were recorded. The 10 ppm and 30 ppm ZONPs and OTC significantly reduced the gizzard weight in comparison to the control. While, 10 ppm ZONPs significantly increased the spleen weight, and all ZONPs doses increased bursa weight in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 20 ppm ZONPs increased the eviscerated yield and edible yield in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 40 ppm ZONPs increased pH, reduced meat color and overall acceptability in comparison to the control. In addition, results revealed that the 20 ppm ZONPs increased Calcium (Ca), High density low cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced urea (UA) and triglyceride (TG). Also, 40 ppm ZONPs and OTC increased creatinine (Cr) and reduced ND-HI titer in comparison to the control. For microbial population, OTC group was significantly lower than ZONPs groups in the total anaerobic, aerobic and lactobacilli count. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of ZONPs can be applied as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions in broilers’ diet. However, further investigations are still needed.

E. coli infections in avian species have become an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. The objective of this study is to determine whether the immunization using commercially available living Escherichia coli vaccines as Nisseiken Avian Colibacillosis Vaccine (Nisseiken Co., Ltd., Ome, Tokyo, Japan) and O78 aroA deleted vaccine (Poulvac ® E.coli, Zoetis) are protective against APEC challenges or not. Ninety eight chicks (Arbor, Acres) of both sexes were divided into seven groups (14 birds/each); two groups were vaccinated at day 1 of age by spray route using Nisseiken Avian colibacillosis Vaccine, then one of them challenged intratracheally with homologous E.coli O78 and the other with heterologus O1 at day 14, the other two groups were vaccinated at day 1 of age by eye drop route using Poulvac ® E.coli, Zoetis vaccine then one of them challenged intratracheally with homologus E.coli O78 and the other with heterologus O1 at day 14. The other two groups were positive control (challenged, unvaccinated); one challenged with O78 and the other with O1 at day 14 using intratracheal route. The last group served as environmental control (non vaccinated, non challenged). At day 28, birds were necropised and examined to evaluate the efficacy of both of the two different vaccines. The best obtained results were recorded to the vaccinated challenged groups with the homologous and heterologous strains and vaccinated by spraying and eye drop methods which showed a decrease in organ lesion scores in comparison to the other groups (non-vaccinated, challenged broilers). These results suggest that the two different vaccines used in our study are efficient in reducing lesion scores against homologous and heterologous challenge using spray and eye drop methods that could lead to minimizing the time for treatment and cases of condemnation in processing plants.