The aim of the study is to analyze and develop prototypes of a sustainable business model for Ukrainian forest enterprises using a specific wood processing enterprise as an example. The number of publications on sustainable business models in international journals is increasing, which reflects the growing importance of this area of research. The article analyzes the main countries, journals, leading authors and main disciplinary areas in which articles on sustainable business models are published. An analysis of the definitions of the term "sustainable business model" in the academic literature shows that, despite different interpretations, the emphasis is on creating value for a wider range of stakeholders by integrating social, environmental and economic activities. The case study company Millwood is located in the Carpathian region of Ukraine and is a representative of wood processing companies using local raw materials for production. Interviews with the company representatives allowed us to identify the vision of key resources and activities, key partners, value proposition, customer segments and relationships with them. The economic layer is the first component of a sustainable three-pillar business model, but it is not the main focus of the analysis, so it is deliberately simplified and not discussed in detail. However, it is important to emphasize that the financial health of a company is a prerequisite for its existence and ability to make a positive impact in the areas of social and environmental sustainability. Similar to the environmental layer of the business model framework, the social layer of the framework extends the initial (economic) business model by examining the organization's interaction with society through the lens of stakeholders. Following the methodology of the three-layer business model framework, the social and environmental layers of the three-layer business model framework presented below are based on public data about the company, such as company reports, press releases, articles, and other publicly available data. Data on the environmental layer of the three-layer business model canvas is covered in more detail in the data on the environmental footprint of the company's products (Soloviy et al., 2024). The proposed sustainable business model of Millwood integrates the ideas of three dimensions based on the vision of sustainability. In general, it is concluded that in order to change the economic model from linear to circular, it is necessary to develop a strategy for the transition to circular economy principles, since its elements are only reflected in certain regulatory documents and publications, but have not become a platform for making business decisions based on sustainable development.

Досліджено теоретичні положення та сутність поняття «слід біорізноманіття», встановлено ключові аспекти методології його розрахунку. Зокрема, розглянуто визначення терміну «слід біорізноманіття» у вітчизняній та зарубіжній науковій літературі. Запропоновано визначати слід біорізноманіття як вплив товару, компанії, людини чи спільноти на глобальне біорізноманіття, виміряний у термінах зміни біологічного різноманіття в результаті виробництва та споживання певних товарів і послуг. Виокремлено та проаналізовано основні підходи та інструменти розрахунку сліду біорізноманіття. Розглянуто шість основних груп інструментів розрахунку сліду біорізноманіття і встановлено ключові відмінності між ними. Загалом розрахунки сліду біорізноманіття із використанням вищевказаних інструментів базуються на інформації компанії чи підприємства (фінансових даних або/і даних ланцюжка створення вартості), враховуючи географічний, екосистемний контексти або узагальнені (проксі) зв’язки та дотримуються трьохетапної послідовності. Доцільним є застосування сліду біорізноманіття як індикатора для різних секторів і рівнів управління, їх видів діяльності чи ланцюгів постачання, а також для окремого продукту чи споживача. Слід біорізноманіття, як індикатор, може допомогти бізнесу в обґрунтуванні стратегічних підходів, управлінських і технологічних рішень у контексті забезпечення належної екологічної та соціальної відповідальності. Розрахунок сліду біорізноманіття є важливим інструментом збереження екосистем і природних ландшафтів, забезпечення сталого використання ресурсів внаслідок прийняття екологічно відповідальних рішень.

Increasing recognition and importance is being given to regions for their role in supporting Europe's transformation towards a sustainable and circular bioeconomy system. Regions are often feedstock producers and can provide the proximity of regional actors along the value chain. If supported and mobilized, actors can coordinate strategic paths for regional bioeconomy development and keep value added in the region. Regional bioeconomy strategies are an important instrument to reach such a process, which implies great efforts of coordination among relevant stakeholders. In this research, we developed a guideline to establish flexible dynamic bioeconomy platforms-Regional Bioeconomy Hubs (RBHs)-that bring together bioeconomy-related stakeholders from policy, academia, industry, and society in a structured procedure (quadruple-helix context) and to establish regional bioeconomy strategies. The guideline was applied to five Central and Eastern European regions and validated in the framework of the POWER4BIO project. As a result, all regions successfully applied the guideline, established their RBH, and developed a regional bioeconomy strategy or recommendations for the development of such a strategy.

It should be noted that there is currently a problem with wood resources in the woodworking industry. A potential, unused wood reserve is post-consumer wood (PCW). The problem with the quality of this wood resource has not been fully resolved since there is no regulatory database. In fact, there is a lack of appropriate regulatory documents, which makes it impossible to describe to a full extent the physical and mechanical properties of PCW of common wood species of different ages as a source of additional raw materials for various woodworking technologies. Proceeding from the goal, the task of the study is to describe the physical and mechanical properties of postconsumer wood using the example of fir wood, which for a long period of time has been used to create furniture and joinery products. The task is also to identify patterns of change in the indicators of this resource with age - an expired service life or suitability. In order to use PCW in woodworking and to fill the scientific base with physical and mechanical indicators of fir wood of different ages with an expired product service life, the following characteristics were investigated: static hardness, swelling, coefficients of swelling, the value of transverse anisotropy, density, static bending strength, splitting strength along the fibers, modulus of elasticity in compression, and the modulus of elasticity in static bending. The characteristics of PCW of the widespread fir species in the range of use from 0 to 20 years were explored, with intermediate control over the properties every 5 years. The dynamics of the physical and mechanical indicators of fir PCW were revealed and it was found that in the course of operation time in various conditions they change, mainly decreasingly: static hardness by 9.2-9.6%; the value of transverse anisotropy by 30-32%; strength: static bending strength by 3.4-7.95%, splitting strength by 4.49-8.67%; modulus of elasticity: in compression by 3.89-4.08%, in bending by 2.75-6.64%. The main causes of changes in the properties of PCW with age: natural: weathering, partial internal rot, insect damage, other biological effects; mechanical: splitting, scratches, small holes from means of fastening and other defects due to use; operational: the influence of power and dynamic loads, the influence of surface finishing agents and other factors on the structural elements of wood products. A summary table was compiled for the selection of indicators of the physical and mechanical properties of fir PCW of different ages. When knowing the indicators and dynamics of the physical and mechanical properties of PCW with age, it can be recommended for manufacturing structural materials - blockboards and furniture panels.

As human needs for natural resources are rapidly increasing, and the ability of the biosphere to recover and function normally is becoming less and less, there is a need for a better understanding of tools for empirically measuring the impact on the environment and biodiversity in particular , which can be used in different contexts (e.g. ecological, carbon, water or biodiversity footprint). The use of these and other tools can detect early warning signs and predict the consequences of environmental stress, thus slowing the critical transition of planetary boundaries. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical provisions and essence of the concept of “biodiversity footprint” and establish the key aspects of its calculation methodology. The definition of the term “biodiversity footprint” in national and foreign scientific literature is considered. Having analyzed previous studies, it is proposed to define the biodiversity footprint as the impact of a product, company, person or community on global biodiversity, measured in terms of changes in biological diversity as a result of the production and consumption of certain goods and services. The main approaches and instruments for calculating the biodiversity footprint have been identified and analyzed. It has been established that the calculation of the biodiversity footprint can be carried out on the basis of one of three approaches based on: a) consumption-based, b) production-based and c) trade-based, and at a different specific level management and: global, regional and local, as well as at the level of the organization, activity, individual supply chain, product or consumer. The article examines six main groups of biodiversity footprint calculation tools and identifies key differences between them. It is concluded that, in general, the calculation of the biodiversity footprint using the above tools is based on company or enterprise information (financial data and/or value chain data), taking into account geographic, ecosystem contexts or generalized (proxy) relationships and follows a three-step sequence. The conclusion is made about the feasibility of applying the biodiversity footprint as an indicator for different sectors and at different levels of management, different activities or supply chains, as well as for an individual product or consumer. It has been also established that the biodiversity footprint as an indicator can help business in justifying strategic approaches, management, and technological decisions in the context of ensuring proper environmental and social responsibility. It is concluded that the calculation of the footprint of biodiversity is an important tool for preserving ecosystems and natural landscapes, ensuring the sustainable use of resources as a result of making environmentally responsible decisions.

It has been established that the wood of hardwood species in a massive form, in particular defect-free pieces of common beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a suitable resource for the manufacture of furniture panels, since glued structures with the correct selection of transverse dimensions of the rails have the acceptance of internal stresses, which is reflected in the form of panel glued structures. The regularities of the influence of the thickness and width of the slats on the dimensional stability of furniture boards made of hardwood species, in particular common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), were obtained. Based on the results of experimental studies, an adequate regression equation of the second order was obtained, using the B-plan, to determine the arrow of the deflection of glued shields, depending on the thickness and width of the blanks. It was found that the minimum deviation Smin = 0.067 mm, taken as an absolute value, can be obtained by fixing the dimensional parameters of the slats of the furniture board: the thickness of the slats from common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Bthickness (x1) = 32 mm; width of the rail made of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) (tangential) Bwidth (x2) = 36 mm. The influence of variable factors on dimensional stability has been determined, in particular, it should be noted that variable factors affect differently: thickness – inversely proportional, i.e. ensures dimensional stability of the structure, width – directly proportional, i.e. increases the deflection beam with increasing width. The second factor width (x2) – the width of the slats – has the greatest effect on the dimensional stability of furniture boards made of hardwood species, in particular common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with alternate stacking. The influence of the first factor Bthickness (x1) on dimensional stability compared to the second factor width (x2) is 1.32 times smaller. It was established that the deviations from flatness along the deflection arrow for most samples of experimental slabs meet the requirements of regulatory documents, except for one where 84 mm wide rails were used. When laying a rail with a thickness of 16 mm, the width of the rail cannot be wider than 70 mm, since the value of the deflection arrow from flatness will be greater than the standard value, i.e. for a width of furniture boards up to 500 mm, it is 0.4 mm (according to the 13th degree of accuracy). Practical recommendations for the production of furniture boards from hardwood species, in particular common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): it is necessary to use a ratio of sides in the cross section of the rails of 1:3, i.e. the width of the rails for a furniture board thickness of 16 mm should be 40-50 mm, with with a thickness of 24 mm, it should be 70-75 mm, with a thickness of 32 mm, it should be 85-90 mm, since a decrease in the width of the workpiece leads to an increase in cost (the number of operations and glue consumption increases), and an increase in width leads to a deterioration of dimensional stability; selection of rails by width and thickness with alternating laying, giving preference to radial ones, application of glue to the edges of the rails with a consumption of 200-220 g/m2, gluing in wicks (mode parameters: temperature – 90-92 ºС, exposure time – 25-30 min , pressure – 0.9-1.5 MPa), technological aging (humidity – 50±5%, temperature 20±2 ºС) for 6-9 hours.

Abstract It is found that the existing problem of wood resources can be partially solved by attracting additional reserves, in particular, stump-root wood (SRW). In order to apply SRW in woodworking and to fill the scientific base with indicators of the macro- and microstructures of the stump-root systems of individual species, studies were carried out on the main characteristics that are decisive for using composite materials in the industrial production. Based on the study results, it was found that there are differences in the internal structure between SRW and stemwood (SW). It was found that in all species, the width of annual rings in the SRW was greater than that in the SW, in particular, in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – by 84.62%; in spruce (Picea abies Karst.) – by 73.68%; in fir (Abies alba) – by 93.75%; in aspen (Populus tremula L.) – by 35.71% and in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) – by 105.00%. It has been found that the content of late wood in the SRW of coniferous tree species is less than that in the SW, on average by 20–25%, and the number of annual rings per 1 cm in the SRW is 40–52% less than in the SW. Differences in the microscopic structure between SRW and SW are revealed, which consist in the difference in the size of tracheids in softwoods and of vessels and fibres of libriform in hardwoods. It was found that the transverse dimensions of early tracheids in the SRW were larger than in the SW, in particular, in the radial direction by 19–33% and in the tangential direction by no more than 15%, and the interval of dimensions in the radial direction was 1.5–2.5. It was found that the early tracheids of root wood had thinner walls (by 19–28%) and a larger internal cavity (by 15–25%) compared to similar elements of SW. It was revealed that the diameters of vessels and fibres of libriform in SRW are greater than in SW, in particular, in aspen (Populus tremula L.) – by 20.41% for vessels and by 12.95% for libriform fibres and in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) – by 20.69% for vessels and by 18.41% for libriform fibres. The practical significance of the studies lies in the fact that the obtained characteristics of the structural components of the SRW can be used to predict the strength indicators of composite materials.

Встановлення основних показників вживаної деревини (ВЖД), зокрема основних шпилькових порід, є актуальною науковою проблемою, оскільки наповнення нормативної бази даних забезпечить виготовлення якісних виробів з деревини з максимальним урахуванням особливостей механічних і фізичних характеристик цього потенційного резерву сировини. ВЖД доцільно матеріально використовувати в технологіях деревооброблення для виробництва конструкційних матеріалів і складових елементів меблевих виробів. Визначено основні фізико-механічні властивості ВЖД низки деревних порід – ялиці, ялини, сосни, модрини, які широко використовують для отримання виробів у меблевій та деревообробній галузях за такими показниками: щільність, ударна і статична твердість, міцність при статичному згині, міцність при сколюванні та міцність при стиску вздовж волокон. Експериментально встановлено, що фізико-механічні властивості ВЖД зазначених порід нижчі від аналогічних показників з первинної деревини (ПД). Виявлено, що щільність зменшується не більше ніж на 4,7% (діапазон для різних порід – 1,54-4,67%); ударна твердість знижується в діапазоні 1,37-4,11%; статична твердість – зменшення для модрини становить 7,11%, для інших порід практично не перевищує 2,5%; міцність при статичному згині знижується в діапазоні 5,94-8,33%; міцність при сколюванні для трьох порід (окрім ялини) зменшується в діапазоні 3,23-7,23%, а для ялини вона зростає на 3,08%; міцність при стиску вдовж волокон знижується в діапазоні 1,72-8,89%. Результати досліджень показників фізико-механічних властивостей ВЖД основних шпилькових порід дали змогу зрозуміти динаміку цих показників порівняно з ПД, розробити практичні рекомендації щодо ефективного матеріального перероблення, наповнити нормативну базу даних, а набуті знання використовувати під час розроблення математичних моделей для прогнозування характеристик конструкційних деревинних матеріалів.

An additional and underutilized resource that accumulates annually is post-consumer wood. The annual potential volume of this resource of wood raw material in Ukraine is about 2.0 million tons. This important source of wood raw materials, due to the lack of a regulatory framework, scientific and technical foundations for use, classification, technological developments and practical recommendations, has not yet received proper use at woodworking enterprises in Ukraine. We have made the first attempts to study the physical and mechanical properties of the post-consumer wood and suggest ways to use it. Among a variety of indicators of the mechanical and physical characteristics of used wood specimens from roof structures, we have identified the most important ones that are important for the use of such wood in the manufacture of panel structural materials, in particular in the production of blockboards. It is substantiated that the identification of the main indicators of post-consumer wood (PCW), and their comparison with the same indicators of primary wood (PW), in particular, the main softwood species, is an urgent scientific problem, since provisioning the regulatory database will ensure the manufacture of high-quality wood products with maximum consideration of the mechanical and physical characteristics of this potential reserve of raw materials, which is advisable to use in woodworking technologies for the production of structural materials and components of furniture products. Physico-mechanical parameters of PW and PCW of pine, spruce, fir and larch were identified and it was found that with time of operation under different conditions they change, mainly towards decreasing their values: density – by 1.54-4.67%; impact hardness – by 1.37-4.11%; static hardness – by 0.72-7.11%; cross-breaking strength – by 5.94-8.33%, shearing strength – by 3.08-7.23%; compressive strength along the fibers – by 1.72-8.89%. The main causes of age-related changes in the properties of PCW are due to the following factors: biological – partial internal rot, weathering, insect damage; mechanical – scratches, shearing, small holes from fasteners and other defects from use; operational – the influence of dynamic and power loads, surface finishes and other factors on structural elements of wood products. Possessing the obtained indicators and knowing the change in the physical and mechanical properties of PCW with age, we can recommend this additional wood material for the manufacture of structural materials: with mechanical damage visible on the surface and color changes – for the manufacture of blockboards; with high-quality surfaces - for the manufacture of furniture panels The results of studying the indicators of the physical and mechanical properties of PCW of the main softwood species made it possible to understand the nature of the change in these indicators in comparison with PW, to elaborate practical recommendations for efficient material processing, and to fill the regulatory database.

This paper addresses the identified issue of the inefficient use of post-consumer wood (PCW) in the technological wood processing due to its surface contamination. An option to resolve this issue by cleaning PCW in a mechanized manner has been proposed, specifically by using a needle milling tool and selecting the tension value and feed rate. The impact of the tension of needle milling tools before processing on the cleaning depth of the contaminated surfaces of workpieces made from the PCW has been determined. The constructed model of the contact between a needle milling tool and the contaminated PCW surface has made it possible to describe the essence of the cleaning technique involving this tool. It was found that the depth of the layer removed by the needle milling tool’s wire is reduced in proportion to an increase in the distance before cutting is completed. A nomogram has been built to determine a change in the front angle depending on the needle milling tool’s tension value. Knowing the front angle at a certain point of the needle touch on the contact arc enables determining the thickness of cleaning, which is important for practical application, specifically, at a tension of 4.5 mm the thickness of the removed material can equal 3.46 mm. An adequate regression model was derived, the analysis of the coefficients of which showed a significant impact of tension (+0.895) on the depth of cleaning over the feed speed (+0.256). The devised model makes it possible to forecast the thickness of the removed layer to ensure the required cleanliness of the PCW wooden. Practical recommendations on the operational modes of a needle milling machine have been formulated: the feed rate should equal 10‒12 m/min, the tension ‒ 0.5–5.0 mm, which could ensure, depending on the material’s type, hardness, and the kind of PCW surface contamination, the removal of the surface layer with a thickness of 0.4–4.0 mm. A rational tension of the needle milling tool of 2.5 mm has been proposed for industrial application, which ensures the cleaning depth of contaminated surfaces within the range of 1.8–2.2 mm

It has been shown that post-consumer wood (PCW) is a suitable secondary raw material resource for manufacturing blockboards. Various designs and production technology have been developed for fabricating blockboards from PCW by placing edge to edge strips from solid wood or/and from wood particle board (WPB). The relationship has been established between strip width and shape stability of blockboards from PCW (PCW-made blockboards). Practical recommendations have been provided for the technology of manufacture and application of PCW-made blockboards. A scientific and technological basis has been provided for application of PCW in blockboards production.

The existing global planetary problems have given humanity impetus to rational use of wood, processing of wood residues and, in particular, investigation of the unutilised resource - used wood, the annual potential of which is about 2 million tons in Ukraine. PCW (Post-Consumer Wood) is the resource base of wood raw materials which is not used to the full extent, its reserves increase with the development of households and the woodworking industry. For more than 20 years, the UNFU has been actively searching for alternative sources of raw materials, which is a relevant problem, and new design and technological solutions are being developed for the manufacture of products based on PCW: blockboards, wood particleboards, fuel pellets, furniture panels and various workpieces. The research problem is the lack of resource-saving and environmentally sound technologies with practical recommendations for the use of PCW. A partial solution to this problem will provide the woodworking industry with additional alternative resources through recycling PCW into useful products. It is shown that the research aimed at improving shape stability of blockboards made by way of conventional and combined laying of PCW-made strips, and which, as evidenced by long-term use in dry premises, have a steady stress-strain state regardless of the anisotropy of wood, is of great practical interest and belongs to the promising area of scientific and technological activity at the UNFU. The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the shape stability of the PCW-made blockboards both of normal design and combined. The object of the study is the PCW-made blockboard. The subject of the studies – patterns of influence of the blockboard designs and combined laying of strips of different width on the shape stability of PCW-made blockboards. It is substantiated that PCW is a suitable secondary resource for manufacturing blockboards, since this wood has a low moisture content (W = 8 ± 3%) and steady internal stresses, which positively affects the shape stability - the stress-strain state of the blockboard structure. Identified are the patterns of influence of the width of strips (core) made of PCW and wood particleboard (WPB) on the strength of the combined PCW-made blockboards. It was found that all the values for the shape stability of the obtained PCW-made blockboards were lower than the normative (0.3 mm) in accordance with GOST 6449.3 "Fits and clearances. Form tolerance and arrangement of surfaces". It was established that the shape stability of PCW-made blockboards is influenced by the ratio of the thickness of the strip to its width. It is proved that in order to achieve shape stability within the normal range according to the standard, it is recommended that the width of the strips for gluing a blockboard should be taken no more than 2-4 its thickness. It was determined that the best quality as to the shape stability will be found with combined PCW-made blockboards in design: ВPCW = 30 mm; BWPB = 70 mm, the deviation from the plane being 0.081 mm. In order to ensure the shape stability of the PCW-made blockboard exposed to variable humidity, it is desirable to apply the ratio of sides in the cross section of strips as 1:3, and the grain angle on the end of the strips must be at least 45o. It is recommended that in the manufacturing of blockboards made of PCW and WPB, wooden strips of the radial section should be used in order to provide high shape stability. It is expedient to use faced PCW-made blockboards for manufacturing cabinet-type furniture products.

Встановлено, що вживана деревина (ВЖД), щорічний потенціал якої становить в Україні близько 2 млн тонн ВЖД, є ресурсною базою деревинної сировини, яка не використовується, а її запаси збільшуються із посиленням розвитку господарств та деревообробної галузі. Обґрунтовано, що ВЖД є придатним вторинним ресурсом для виготовлення столярних плит (СП), оскільки ця деревина має невисоку ціну, низьку вологість (W=8±3%) та стабільні внутрішні напруження, що позитивно впливає на формостійкість – напружено-деформований стан конструкції CП. Отримано закономірності впливу ширини рейок із ВЖД(масив) та ВЖД(ДСП) на формостійкість комбінованих СП із ВЖД. Визначено, що значення формостійкості отриманих СП із ВЖД мали показники, менші за нормативні (0,3 мм). Досліджено, що на формостійкість СП із ВЖД впливає співвідношення товщини до ширини рейки. Доведено, що для досягнення формостійкості згідно зі стандартом рекомендовано ширину рейки для склеювання столярного щита приймати не більше 2-4 її товщини. Встановлено, що найкращу якість щодо стабільності форми (формостійкість) будуть мати комбіновані СП із ВЖД при конструкції за ширини рейок: ВВЖД = 30 мм; ВДСП = 70 мм, коли відхилення від площинності становлять 0,081 мм. Для забезпечення формостійкості СП із ВЖД, які експлуатуються в умовах змінної вологості, бажано застосовувати співвідношення сторін у поперечному перерізі рейок 1:3, а кут нахилу річних шарів в торці рейок повинен бути не менше 45о. Рекомендовано для виготовлення комбінованих СП із ВЖД використовувати дерев’яні рейки радіального перерізу. Личковані СП із ВЖД доцільно використовувати для виготовлення корпусних меблевих виробів.