Information on weaning techniques in the tropics is scarce, particularly regarding the long-term effect of temporary early cow-calf separation or restricted suckling. Therefore, we studied the effects of these two handling practices on well-being and performance at 150 days postpartum in fifteen zebu cow-calf pairs randomly assigned to three treatments. Continuous suckling (CS) where calves remained with their dams from birth to weaning; restricted suckling (RS) calves were allowed to suckle 30 min/day from Day 34 until weaning at Day 150 and kept separated the rest of the time; temporary separation (TS) calves were separated for 72 h from their dams from Day 33 to 36 but remained with their dams the rest of the time. Blood samples and behavioral data were collected on Days 32-36 (1st period) and 149-153 (2nd period). In the 1st period, a greater percentage of RS and TS calves were observed dose to the fence line (<10 m) that separated them from their dams (P <0.0001) and vocalized more than CS calves (P < 0.0001), while in the 2nd period, RS calves had the highest cortisol concentration and vocalization rate (P <0.05). Similarly, during the 1st period, a greater percentage of RS and TS cows were observed close to the fence line than CS cows (P < 0.0001), with TS cows vocalizing the most (P - 0.001). In the 2nd period, RS cows had greater cortisol concentration than TS (P = 0.037) and CS cows (P = 0.003). More TS and CS cows than RS were observed close to the fence line (P = 0.03 and P = 0.05). On Day 150, TS calves and cows vocalized more than RS and CS animals (P < 0.0001). Before calf-cow separation, 27 out of 45 cows were cycling (CS - 10; RS = 6; TS = 11). After separation, 12 of the remaining 18 cows resumed ovarian activity (CS = 3; RS = 5; TS = 4), and all cows were cyding after estrous synchronization treatment. The pregnancy rate was similar between CS, RS, and TS (60, 53, and 60% respectively). In conclusion, temporary separation increased calf distress response to definitive weaning even four months later, while restricted suckling seemed to reduce it. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Animal Consortium.

This paper presents an approach for 3D reconstruction of heritage scenes using a videogrammetric-based device. The system, based on two video cameras with different characteristics, uses a combination of visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and photogrammetry technologies. VSLAM, together with a series of filtering algorithms, is used for the optimal selection of images and to guarantee that the user does not lose tracking during data acquisition in real time. The different photogrammetrically adapted tools in this device and for this type of handheld capture are explained. An evaluation of the device is carried out, including comparisons with the Faro Focus X 330 laser scanner, through three case studies in which multiple aspects are analyzed. We demonstrate that the proposed videogrammetric system is 17 times faster in capturing data than the laser scanner and that the post-processing of the system is fully automatic, but takes more time than the laser scanner in post-processing. It can also be seen that the accuracies of both systems and the generated textures are very similar. Our evaluation demonstrates the possibilities of considering the proposed system as a new professional-quality measurement instrument.

Three Dimensional (3D) models are widely used in clinical applications, geosciences, cultural heritage preservation, and engineering; this, together with new emerging needs such as building information modeling (BIM) develop new data capture techniques and devices with a low cost and reduced learning curve that allow for non-specialized users to employ it. This paper presents a simple, self-assembly device for 3D point clouds data capture with an estimated base price under €2500; furthermore, a workflow for the calculations is described that includes a Visual SLAM-photogrammetric threaded algorithm that has been implemented in C++. Another purpose of this work is to validate the proposed system in BIM working environments. To achieve it, in outdoor tests, several 3D point clouds were obtained and the coordinates of 40 points were obtained by means of this device, with data capture distances ranging between 5 to 20 m. Subsequently, those were compared to the coordinates of the same targets measured by a total station. The Euclidean average distance errors and root mean square errors (RMSEs) ranging between 12–46 mm and 8–33 mm respectively, depending on the data capture distance (5–20 m). Furthermore, the proposed system was compared with a commonly used photogrammetric methodology based on Agisoft Metashape software. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed system satisfies (in each case) the tolerances of ‘level 1’ (51 mm) and ‘level 2’ (13 mm) for point cloud acquisition in urban design and historic documentation, according to the BIM Guide for 3D Imaging (U.S. General Services).

e-Capture Research and Development S.L. is a technology-based company located in Merida (Badajoz), Spain. e-Capture creates image-based products which allow users to perform accurate measurements on portable devices. One of the company's focal points is to democratise the survey industry and make things easier for non-professionals.

The aim of this communication is to show the applications of non-intrusive techniques within the research project that is being developed in the territory of the Serena (Badajoz). These techniques help us to increase the archaeological knowledge of the settlements with limited means and relatively brief campaigns. The techniques used have been the GPR and photogrammetry, two very different techniques that offer different informations, one about the ground and another about the micro-details of the surface. This combined information allows us to delve into the morphological and functional interpretations of those sites.

Trabajo presentado a la Reunion Cientifica Los paisajes agrarios de la romanizacion, arquitectura y explotacion del territorio II celebrada en el Alentejo (Portugal) del 24 al 25 de mayo de 2012.

This chapter will be focused on the good practice approach for the production and archaeological application of digital terrain models. We will start providing some general definitions for basic concepts. Then, following a theoretical workflow model, we will pass through different stages, beginning with data acquisition in the field. Advantages and problems of different methods (total station, GNSS systems, digital photogrammetry, etc.) will be weighed. Back to the office, exploratory analysis of data is considered, and different interpolation methods are explained. We will stress the importance of a good understanding of how they work and to what extent are suitable for modelling a surface based in our data. Finally we will give an overview of how do we use digital models for archaeological research, from the recording of micro-topographical features to the analytical exploitation of DEM production and topography models in landscape studies.

Resumen del poster presentado al VI Encuentro de Arqueologia del Suroeste Peninsular, celebrado en Villafranca de los Barros (Badajoz) del 4 al 6 de octubre de 2012.

New techniques in graphical heritage documentation have been improving recently. Modern photogrammetry and laser scanner constitute techniques with a good quality for those purposes. In this document, we will explain an easy photogrammetric method which permits to obtain accurate results. It is important to separate it from other methods based on computer vision with less accuracy. 4e photogrammetry solution is applied in this test through pictures taken from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and used on an archaeological site in Extremadura.

Trabajo presentado al VI Encuentro de Arqueologia del Suroeste Peninsular, celebrado en Villafranca de los Barros (Badajoz) del 4 al 6 de octubre de 2012.

Photogrammetry and videogrammetry are presented as non-contact heritage documentation techniques, with an increased application which is being imposed to other documentation methods in order to economy and rapidity. In this paper, we describe the methodological process of digitalization of a complex monument such as the case of the Temple of Diana in Mérida, National Monument since 1932, inserted in the Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida (Spain), and included in the List of World Heritage since 1993, which has remain with an important prominence in the city through its history. For this purpose, we had used some of the techniques before mentioned, becoming a simple process through which we can obtain different results for different kinds of applications and needs.

New techniques in graphical heritage documentation have been improving recently. Modern photogrammetry and laser scanner constitute techniques with a good quality for those purposes. In this document, we will explain an easy photogrammetric method which permits to obtain accurate results. It is important to separate it from other methods based on computer vision with less accuracy. 4e photogrammetry solution is applied in this test through pictures taken from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and used on an archaeological site in Extremadura.

A non-invasive procedure for assessing and interpreting the pigments of rock art paintings through computer vision and photogrammetric techniques is presented. The method is designed to document and interpret poorly preserved pigments by making use of advanced techniques of photogrammetry and computational imaging. Two different software solutions that were developed by the authors have been used for this purpose. Finally, two case studies of rock art paintings from Spain have been analysed, which show the reliability of the method.

Photogrammetry and videogrammetry are presented as non-contact heritage documentation techniques, with an increased application which is being imposed to other documentation methods in order to economy and rapidity. In this paper, we describe the methodological process of digitalization of a complex monument such as the case of the Temple of Diana in Merida, National Monument since 1932, inserted in the Archaeological Ensemble of Merida ( Spain), and included in the List of World Heritage since 1993, which has remain with an important prominence in the city through its history. For this purpose, we had used some of the techniques before mentioned, becoming a simple process through which we can obtain different results for different kinds of applications and needs.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al VI Encuentro de Arqueologia del Suroeste Peninsular, celebrado en Villafranca de los Barros (Badajoz) del 4 al 6 de octubre de 2012.-- et al.

Hiperrealistic Virtual Museum is a proposal of GAVLE; Cultural Heritage Documentation Company. This project try to create a new method for documentation, catalogation, analysis, restoration and diffusion purposes applied for museums, archaeological sites or research centers using the most modern technologies. The first step is create a high resolution digitalization of the objects; thus, the possibilities growing up like the quality of the products. This project plan the regeneration of some departments of the museums, decreasing costs and increasing the quality of the products and creating news ways for 3D diffusion purposes.

Hiperrealistic Virtual Museum is a proposal of GAVLE; Cultural Heritage Documentation Company. This project try to create a new method for documentation, catalogation, analysis, restoration and diffusion purposes applied for museums, archaeological sites or research centers using the most modern technologies. The first step is create a high resolution digitalization of the objects; thus, the possibilities growing up like the quality of the products. This project plan the regeneration of some departments of the museums, decreasing costs and increasing the quality of the products and creating news ways for 3D diffusion purposes.

Man has always had the need to live with his past, with its places and its artefacts. The reconstructions, the economical changes, the urbanization and its speculations have devastated whole cities, changed the faces of their historical centers, changed the relationship between the new and the old. Also the millenarian 'rest' of the archaeological findings, and therefore the respect towards those ancient civilizations, has been troubled.Our continent is rich in masterpieces that the modern man are not able to protect and pass on to the future, it is commonplace to observe that the modern 'civilization' has cemented and suffocated the ancient city of Pompeii, or even worse, failed to protected it. Walking in the archaeological area of Paestum it can be noticed how just sixty years ago, no one had the slightest concern of fencing the amphitheatre and the Roman forum, or entire houses and shops, to lay a carpet of tar or simple to build constructions completely inferior compared to those majestic Greek temples.The engineers and the architects should be held responsible for this as based on their scientific and humanistic sensibility; they should bring together the man with his surroundings in the complete respects of the historical heritage.The interest in ancient began to change nearly three decades ago since it was realized that the "Cultural Heritage" is a major tourist attraction and, if properly managed and used, it can be an economical cornerstone. Today, thanks to survey and the 3D graphics, which provide powerful new tools, we are witnessing a new and real need for the conservation, cataloguing and enhancement as a way to revive our archaeological sites.As part of a major laboratory project, artefacts from the Roman period (I and II century b.C.), found in the Spanish city of Merida, declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 1993, were acquired with a 3D laser scanner VIVID 910, and then catalogued.Based on these brief comments we wanted to direct the work carried out under an Erasmus Placement Agreement with the Spanish company Gavle, towards the info-graphics detection and documentation of this archaeological heritage.

Trabajo presentado a la II Reunion Cientifica los paisajes agrarios de la Romanizacion: fortines y ocupacion del territorio siglos II a. C. - I d. C., celebrada en Portugal los dias 24 y 25 de mayo de 2012.