Michel de Certeau and Jeanne Favret-Saada investigated situations in which the plausibility of institutions guaranteeing social credibilities was collapsing. Working on related objects, they developed analogous approaches, attentive to actors’ lived experience, to the grammars shaping their activities, and to the forms of social order these grammars presupposed or helped establish. A decisive divergence nonetheless appears in their respective understandings of the third party: absent in Certeau, opening the collective to its own transcendence; saturated in Favret-Saada, closing the group back upon itself. This difference reshapes how to conceive what actors can do, how the common is composed, how positions vis-à-vis others are defined, how conflicts are handled, and how critique may open new horizons.

In this work, we describe an optical setup to determine the internal diameter of narrow bore fused silica capillary used in capillary electrophoresis and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA). Indeed, fluctuations up to about ±3-4 µm on the capillary I.D. can generate important inaccuracy on the hydrodynamic radius determination by TDA. Calibration of the optical set-up, impact of the operator and of the placement of the capillary in the focal plane, and the influence of the way to cut the capillary were investigated and discussed. This optical set-up was next used to determine capillary I.D. on a 60 m long capillary spool. Relatively small variations were observed along a 60 m capillary spool (0.3 µm maximum variation), while important I.D. fluctuations can be observed from capillary batch to batch. Taking three capillaries of three different nominal I.D. values, Rh values of sodium benzoate obtained by TDA were not significantly different if the capillary I.D. were optically measured, while significant variations were observed with the nominal I.D. values. A protocol based on TDA of sodium benzoate was proposed for calibrating narrow bore fused silica capillary I.D. without the use of optical measurements for researchers that would not have access to such optical equipment.

Aux États-Unis, les évangéliques blancs ont massivement soutenu Donal Trump aux élections de 2016 et 2020, dont le projet politique était clairement associé à un nationalisme chrétien, promoteur des valeurs du suprémacisme blanc. Cet article propose de rappeler les faits en se plaçant depuis la perspective de baptistes opposés à l’extrême-droite chrétienne, en revenant sur le sur le cas du Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty (BJC) qui, appuyé par plusieurs figures de militants évangéliques, fait activement campagne pour dénoncer les dérives de ce christianisme suprémaciste et ses dangers pour la démocratie. Cependant, malgré sa médiatisation et ses relais politiques, son influence demeure restreinte au sein de la mouvance évangélique elle-même.

Électoralement insignifiante, la droite religieuse helvétique a, par deux fois, réussi à imposer son agenda dans des votations. Quitte à faire trembler les fondements d’une démocratie pluraliste.

Protein adsorption on the inner wall of the fused silica capillary wall is an important concern for capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis since it is mainly responsible for separation efficiency reduction. Successive Multiple Ionic-polymer Layers (SMIL) are used as capillary coatings to limit protein adsorption, but even low residual adsorption strongly impacts the separation efficiency, especially at high separation voltages. In this work, the influence of the chemical nature and the PEGylation of the polyelectrolyte deposited in the last layer of the SMIL coating was investigated on the separation performances of a mixture of four model intact proteins (myoglobin (Myo), trypsin inhibitor (TI), ribonuclease a (RNAse A) and lysozyme (Lyz)). Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), polyethyleneimine (PEI), ε-poly(L-lysine) (εPLL) and α-poly(L-lysine) (αPLL) were compared before and after chemical modification with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) of different chain lengths. The experimental results obtained by performing electrophoretic separations at different separation voltages allowed determining the residual retention factor of the proteins onto the capillary wall via the determination of the plate height at different solute velocities and demonstrated a strong impact of the polycationic last layer on the electroosmotic mobility, the separation efficiency and the overall resolution. Properties of SMIL coatings were also characterized by quartz microbalance and atomic force microscopy, demonstrating a glassy structure of the films.

Les Pouvoirs du sacré est l'occasion pour Hans Joas de revenir sur le caractère dynamogène de la religion mis en évidence par William James et Émile Durkheim, afin de proposer une réflexion sur le processus de sacralisation de valeurs. La présente contribution noue un dialogue, inscrit dans le pragmatisme, avec les propositions joassiennes, en prenant appui sur des enquêtes réalisées en contexte évangélique. Il s'agira de montrer comment certaines pratiques spirituelles encouragées à l'horizon de célébrations collectives participent de la création de valeurs configurées par des entrepreneurs religieux soucieux de capter l'énergie religieuse des fidèles au profit de mobilisations politiques d'orientation conservatrice. Ces cas empiriques jettent un éclairage inédit sur la notion de sacré proposée par Joas, et permettent au passage d'identifier certains nœuds méthodologiques, notamment dans le rapport entre les concepts joassiens et les notions au travers desquelles les acteurs sociaux confèrent du sens à leurs expériences individuelles ou collectives.

SUMMARY Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient essential for plant growth and development. Iron uptake in alkaline soil is a challenge for most plants. In this study, we investigated the role of the catechol coumarins fraxetin and esculetin in plant Fe acquisition and their Fe chelating properties. Mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis were used to characterize Fe-coumarin complexes. To understand the role of these complexes, genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches were deployed. We demonstrated that catechol coumarins are taken up by Arabidopsis thaliana root via an ATP dependent mechanism and that plants defective in IRT1 activity (the main high affinity Fe importer) or bHLH121 (a key regulator of Fe deficiency responses) can be complemented by exogenous supply of fraxetin and to a lesser extent of esculetin. We also showed that Fe and fraxetin can form stable complexes at neutral to alkaline pH that can be taken up by the plant. Overall, these results indicate that at high pH, fraxetin can improve Fe nutrition by directly transporting Fe(III) into the root, circumventing the FRO2/IRT1 system, in a similar way as phytosiderophores do in grasses. This strategy may explain how non-grass species can thrive in alkaline soils.

Le concept de « microstructure sociale » est ici appréhendé comme un niveau d’énonciation nécessitant une référence explicite à des processus de connaissance et des systèmes de mémoire spécifiques. Ces processus et ces systèmes sont initiés et entretenus par des contacts conscients et inconscients avec soi-même et avec autrui : ils comprennent l’observation verbale et non verbale des contextes de la vie quotidienne. Ainsi, la vie en collectivité est rendue possible par un raisonnement au niveau micro, qui revêt des dimensions affectives, cognitives, analogiques et relationnelles ; cette vie est également permise par divers types d’événements communicationnels et par un savoir normatif et tacite considéré comme allant de soi. La « macrostructure sociale » désigne des formes complexes et étendues d’activités organisationnelles : des actions socioculturelles, politico-économiques, sociohistoriques, ainsi que des comportements et des actes communicationnels agrégés sur le plan micro. Ces activités sont essentielles pour générer des données démographiques, des sondages et des archives historiques, bien que ce matériau ignore les phénomènes se déroulant de façon tacite au niveau micro : la mémoire procédurale inconsciente et épisodique consciente se déployant en temps réel et en conditions réelles, le recours au langage familier, les événements gestuels, les procédures visant à documenter des pratiques, les formes ordinaires de la vie quotidienne d’une collectivité. Cette contribution examine des aspects négociés de la médecine clinique comportementale ambulatoire telle qu’elle émerge dans des contextes ethnographiques localisés, ces éléments étant observés et documentés instant après instant. Cette contribution vise notamment à clarifier le concept micro de « surcharge cognitive », cette surcharge étant entendue comme un obstacle cognitif/comportemental inhérent à tous les environnements communicationnels et écologiques socialement organisés. Les données issues de l’observation participante tirent parti des comparaisons temporelles et situationnelles de la méthode mise en œuvre pour étudier et expliquer la microstructure sociale. Celle-ci se révèle essentielle pour comprendre la macrostructure dans ses dimensions normative, socialement organisée et institutionnalisée – ce qui comprend les activités complexes appelées « cliniques médicales » et « milieux hospitaliers », ces instances étant intégrées dans des mésostructures abstraites, tels que les systèmes macro-économiques.

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This article discusses some of the central theses proposed by Nathalie Heinich in her book Des Valeurs ( Values). After focusing on the distinction between norms and values, and the inductive approach favoured by an axiological sociology, we will address how public values might emotionally engage actors, the specificity of moral values and of people as ‘objects of valuation’ and, finally, the ambiguities inherent in the ‘axiologically neutral’ reconstruction of an ‘axiological grammar’. Somewhat countering the ‘descriptive relativism’ that Nathalie Heinich advocates, we will argue, from a pragmatist stance, in favour of a minimal moral realism based on axiological affordances. Finally, we will show that such a stance helps to account for the normative functioning of the public sphere.

Apres une reflexion empruntee a M. de Certeau et H. Sacks sur les modalites selon lesquelles une collectivite de croyants gere son heterogeneite et certaines formes de deregulation, l'auteur etudie deux cas concrets d'œcumenisme «par la bande»: «l'œcumenisme des tranchees», mene aux Etats-Unis par des catholiques conservateurs et des evangeliques, et celui des reseaux charismatiques de guerison structures de facon transnationale.

Showing Sarah Palin’s “Exorcism” on the Web. Inquiries into the Political Impact of Religious Images – In September 2008, a video appeared on the Internet showing Sarah Palin, then vice-presidential candidate, receiving "a protection against witchcraft" during a religious celebration. The sequence was immediately taken up by the international media, who asked questions and investigated the connections between these images and the political activities of the Republican. This article follows the circulation of the video through different scenes of visibility, going from the mainstream media to the Internet website of the church where it was shot, by way of a blog which drew public attention to these images. The inquiry brings to light how this film was understood in various contexts, and shows the impact of this interpretative work in 2011, with the advent of the Tea Party and within the horizon of the next presidential election. In 2008, the video appeared in the mainstream media as an illustration of the Palin’s “bigotry”; in 2011, it helped delineate a “theocratic” threat posed to American democracy.

In this present work, three generations of dendrigraft poly(l-Lysine) (DGL) were studied regarding their ability to interact with linear poly (acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) (PAMAMPS) of different chemical charge densities (30% and 100%). Frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) was successfully applied to determine binding constants and binding stoichiometries. The effect of DGL generation on the interaction was evaluated for the first three generations (G2, G3, and G4) at different ionic strengths, and the effect of ligand topology (linear PLL vs. dendrigraft DGL) on binding parameters was evaluated. An increase of the biding site constants accompanied with a decrease of the DGL-PAMAMPS (n:1) stoichiometry was observed for increasing DGL generation. The logarithm of the global binding constants decreased linearly with the logarithm of the ionic strength. This double logarithmic representation allowed determining the extent of counter-ions released from the association of DGL molecules onto one PAMAMPS chain that was compared to the total entropic reservoir constituted by the total number of condensed counter-ions before the association.

The interactions between model polyanions and polycations have been studied using frontal continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) which allows the determination of binding stoichiometry and binding constant of the formed polyelectrolyte complex (PEC). In this work, the effect of the poly(l-lysine) (PLL) molar mass on the interaction with statistical copolymers of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate (PAMAMPS) has been systematically investigated for different PAMAMPS chemical charge densities (15% and 100%) and different ionic strengths. The study of the ionic strength dependence of the binding constant allowed the determination of the total number of released counter-ions during the formation of the PEC, which can be compared to the total number of counter-ions initially condensed on the individual polyelectrolyte partners before the association. Interestingly, this fraction of released counter-ions, which was strongly dependent on the PLL molar mass, was almost independent of the PAMAMPS charge density. These findings are useful to predict the binding constant according to the molar mass and charge density of the polyelectrolyte partners.

Cette contribution discute certains des points forts de la sociologie axiologique que propose Nathalie Heinich dans son livre Des valeurs. Partant de la distinction entre normes et valeurs, ainsi que du pari inductif de la sociologie axiologique, nous reviendrons tour à tour sur la façon dont les valeurs publiques sont susceptibles d'engager émotionnellement les acteurs, la spécificité des valeurs morales et des personnes comme « objets de valuation » et, finalement, les ambiguïtés inhérentes à la reconstruction d'une « grammaire axiologique » et à une posture de « neutralité axiologique ». Contrairement au « relativisme descriptif » que défend Nathalie Heinich, nous plaiderons, à partir d'une posture pragmatiste, en faveur d'un réalisme moral minimal fondé sur les affordances (ou prises) axiologiques et soulignerons les avantages de cette posture dans la prise en compte du fonctionnement normatif de l'espace public.

In this study, binding of linear poly(l-lysine) to a series of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate copolymers was examined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Binding constant and stoichiometry were systematically determined at different ionic strengths and for different polyanion charge densities varying between 15% and 100%. The range of investigated ionic strengths was carefully adjusted according to the polyanion charge densities to get measurable binding constants (i.e., formation binding constant typically comprised between 104 and 106 M-1) by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The number of released counterions during the polyelectrolyte complex formation was determined from the log-log dependence of the binding constant according to the ionic strength and was compared to the total number of condensed counterions estimated from the Manning theory. Experimental results obtained by ITC are in very good agreement with those previously obtained by frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) and can be used to model and predict the binding parameters at any ionic strength or any polyanion charge density. Thermodynamic parameters of the complexation between the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes confirm that the complex formation was entropically driven together with a favorable (but minor) enthalpic contribution. For the first time, specificities, advantages/disadvantages of ITC, and FACCE techniques for studying polyelectrolyte complexations are compared and discussed, using the same experimental conditions.