This paper takes panel data of 40 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China from 2001 to 2024 and, based on the core variable method, constructs a prefecture-level index of agricultural economic resilience. The spatial Durbin model is then employed to examine, from a multidimensional and progressive perspective, the spatial effects of agricultural industrial structure on agricultural economic resilience. The main findings are as follows. First, agricultural economic resilience in Northeast China exhibits significant spatiotemporal linkage, with spatial dependence remaining weak in normal times but becoming markedly activated during shock periods. Second, the effects of industrial structure are strongly hierarchical and heterogeneous: planting specialization robustly enhances local resilience, whereas the marginal effect of grain specialization has approached saturation. Third, specialization in the three major grain crops displays pronounced variety heterogeneity—maize specialization weakens local resilience, soybean specialization shows a two-way effect of negative local impact but positive spatial spillover, and rice specialization generates significant negative spatial spillovers on neighboring cities. Fourth, grain crop diversification robustly strengthens local resilience, while the agricultural product processing industry exerts significant negative spatial spillovers. These results indicate that resilience building in major grain-producing areas cannot be reduced to the simple logic of “specialization versus diversification,” but requires the coordinated optimization of crop structure and the upgrading of the industrial chain. Accordingly, this study recommends consolidating the comparative advantage of planting while guarding against the structural risks of excessive grain orientation, establishing market-risk hedging mechanisms for major maize-producing areas, strengthening cross-regional technological-spillover coordination under the soybean revitalization strategy, incorporating spatial externalities into the layout of major rice-producing areas, guiding the processing industry from scale expansion toward quality improvement and structural optimization, and integrating crop diversification into the regional policy toolkit, thereby providing empirical support for optimizing the agricultural industrial layout of Northeast China and safeguarding national food security.

Urban networks have become an indispensable perspective in the study of regional urban systems. Exploring the evolutionary characteristics of urban networks in Northeast China holds substantial significance for uncovering the mechanisms driving urban system evolution and optimizing regional spatial structure. By employing Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models (TERGM), this paper examines the spatiotemporal evolution and drivers of urban networks in Northeast China. Specifically, the network was constructed using data on inter-regional investment relations of large enterprises among 291 county-level administrative units from 1996 to 2023. Research findings: 1) the strength and scope of urban network connections in Northeast China have continued to increase, but a polarized core-periphery structure exists. The network connections between municipal districts constitute the basic framework of the urban network in the region, while the connections between municipal districts and county-level cities are primarily one-way, lacking bidirectional network connections. 2) The evolution of urban networks in Northeast China is influenced by both endogenous and exogenous driving mechanisms. Endogenous driving mechanisms include network density and node isolation, structural dependence effects, and temporal dependence effects, while exogenous driving mechanisms include urban development level and multidimensional proximity. 3) Inter-district and district-county network linkages in Northeast China are driven by different mechanisms. Network connections between municipal districts are more influenced by structural dependence effects and are less constrained by institutional proximity mechanisms, making them more likely to form long-distance connections. Network relations between municipal districts and countylevel cities are more influenced by the isolate effect and temporal dependence mechanism, and urban areas with higher levels of economic and population development are more likely to establish network connections. This study contributes to the literature by providing a county-level perspective on urban network evolution and identifying the distinct mechanisms driving different types of network connections in Northeast China.

Under the background of 'the Belt and Road' and 'China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor' initiatives, this paper studied the urban accessibility level, regional accessibility pattern and regional spatial effects along the Primorsky No.1 and No.2 transportation corridors. First, the evaluation of urban accessibility level with and without Primorsky No.1 and No. 2 high-speed rails (HSRs) opening was conducted with two indicators, i.e., the weighted average travel time, and the economic potential. After the evaluation, the spatial differentiation pattern of the accessibility changes with and without Primorsky No.1 and No.2 HSRs opening was performed respectively using ArcGIS. On these bases, the regional spatial effects brought by Primorsky No.1 and No.2 HSRs opening were studied. The results are as following. First, the urban accessibility level will be greatly improved by the opening of Primorsky No.1 and No.2 HSRs. All adjacent cities will be integrated into '1 h HSR communication circle' and the whole journey will be integrated into '4 h HSR communication circle' along Primorsky No.1 and No.2 corridors, respectively. The HSR accessibility of Primorsky No.1 corridor is stronger than that of Primorsky No.2 corridor. But the HSR accessibility improvement degree of Primorsky No.1 corridor is weaker than that of Primorsky No.2 corridor. Second, spatially, along Primorsky No.1 and No.2 corridors, the HSR accessibility level of the cities which are located in China is stronger than those cities located in Russia, showing the 'High West, Low East' patterns. The HSR accessibility improvement degree of the cities which are located in Russia and Sino-Russian border is stronger than those cities located in China, showing the 'High East, Low West' patterns. Third, Primorsky No.1 and No.2 corridors could connect the China's 'Heilongjiang Land Sea Silk Road Economic Belt' and 'Changchun-Jilin-Tumen Development Pilot Zone' respectively, gradually involving into the development of China's Harbin-Changchun Megalopolis. Relying on Harbin (China) and Changchun (China), Primorsky No.1 and No.2 HSRs could connect Northeast China-Beijing HSR, accelerating the diffusion of population, economy and other flows from China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration to Northeast China, and then to Russia's Far East Federal District. Relying on Suifenhe (China) and Hunchun (China), Primorsky No.1 and No.2 HSRs could be conducive to the development of the second largest sea channels for Northeast China, creating the Northeast Asian Urban Belt, and new sea-rail intermodal pattern among China, Russia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan and Republic of Korea. Relying on Vladivostok (Russia) and Zarubino (Russia), Primorsky No.1 and No.2 corridors could connect the 'Ice Silk Road', building the 'Sino-Russian Northern Maritime Corridor' and 'Sino-Russian Arctic Blue Economic Areas'.

Border regions are not only the geographical margins of national sovereignty, but also the vanguard to advance cross-border cooperation. Their demographic trend is shaped by the interplay of core-periphery dynamics and geopolitical relations, with distinct geopolitical contexts inevitably giving rise to divergent trajectories in borderland population development. Considering locational uniqueness, this paper explores the contributing factors of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of population in China's northeast borderlands. The results indicate that the China-DPRK borderlands exhibited more pronounced trends of demographic decline compared to the China-Russia borderlands. Furthermore, in the China-Russia borderlands, depopulation and aging deteriorated with the increase in the distance from the border, while the opposite was true for China-DPRK borderlands. The decline of borderland population could be attributed overall to the siphon effect dominated by core-periphery relations. Nonetheless, in the China-Russia borderlands, the border effect exerted a positive influence on population development, particularly in regions with a robust industrial foundation and abundant financial resources. This spatial effect adhered to the distance-decay principle, which to a certain extent mitigated the adverse impacts of core-periphery dynamics. In the China-DPRK borderlands, the border effect projected a negative influence on population development, and its inhibitory effect was particularly pronounced in industrial regions. Spatially, this effect gradually diminished with the increase in the distance from the border, which reinforced the adverse impacts of core-periphery dynamics on borderland population trajectories. These findings can serve as a foundational basis to formulate targeted population development strategies and optimize the spatial arrangement of populations in border regions.

Counties are important vehicles for implementing the new-type urbanization strategy in China. However, some counties are experiencing population shrinkage and ageing, and the decline in the working-age population will constrain the process of new-type urbanization, but this has not received sufficient attention from academia and government policymakers. This paper takes Jilin Province, China, which is experiencing significant population shrinkage and ageing, as a case study to examine the spatial–temporal characteristics of population shrinkage and ageing at the county level and their relationship with new-type urbanization. This study found the following: (1) From 2014 to 2020, counties in Jilin Province experienced significant population shrinkage and ageing. (2) There is a certain correlation between population shrinkage and ageing. Ageing is the most obvious in counties with moderate shrinkage, followed by counties with mild shrinkage. (3) Although a new-type urbanization strategy has been implemented, the level of new-type urbanization in counties with population shrinkage and ageing is generally low and shows a trend of rising first and then falling. (4) Population shrinkage and ageing are positively correlated with new-type urbanization. The more severe the population shrinkage or ageing, the lower the level of new-type urbanization. It is necessary to take measures to alleviate the new-type urbanization dilemma in areas with population shrinkage and ageing, in order to promote sustainable regional development.

In the context of rural depopulation, spatial reorganization of settlements is widely recognized as a critical strategy to alleviate the human-land contradiction and enhance land use efficiency in the black-soil region. Using Yushu County as a case study, this paper explores an approach to the spatial optimization of urban–rural settlements in the black soil region. Currently, the urban–rural settlement system exhibits a distorted structure characterized by an excess of small settlements and a scarcity of large and medium-sized settlements, while the rank-size curve illustrates the phenomenon of “raising head, craning neck and drooping tail.” Rural development potential displays a pronounced high-high and low-low aggregation pattern. In light of this, the consolidation of settlements should be implemented at two scales: administrative villages and towns. In areas with high potential for rural development, merging natural settlements into the central settlement within an administrative village is recommended. In areas with low potential for rural development, the relocation and consolidation of natural settlements should be guided by the ideal service radius of central settlements within a town. This approach could preserve the original social relations to the greatest extent, thus facilitating the effective implementation of rural restructuring strategies.

The knowledge-based phosphorus (P) input in farmlands is an approved management practice for enhancing soil P supply and crop production. To maintain crop production and ensure the efficient application of P resources, it is crucial to better understand the impacts of P inputs on agroecosystem production and functional services, as well as their relationships with soil biodiversity. A decade-long field experiment was established to explore the impacts of P fertilizer input levels on the multiple ecosystem functions (ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF) of paddy fields, with particular attention to link between soil biodiversity and the EMF. By integrating 22 singleecosystem functions, our results suggested that P fertilizer inputs significantly increased the EMF and most single-ecosystem functions, which was related to certain characteristics, including crop productivity, soil carbon and nutrient storage, element cycles, and microbial growth. The soils with different P input levels exhibited different richness of fungi, bacteria and protists, with these diverse responses to the P fertilizer inputs being significantly different across rice three growth stages. Soil bacterial and fungal richness exhibited positive linear relationships with the EMF index and most the single-ecosystem functions during both early and late rice seasons. Among the microbial taxa, fungal richness was the key driver and predictor of the EMF, followed by bacterial richness. In addition, among soil nutrient properties, available P content was the dominant driver and predictor of the EMF, followed by NO3--N content. Phosphorus fertilizer input rate significantly influenced the link between soil microbial diversity and the EMF, with the P-input-driven impacts on this relationship being further regulated by soil available P and NO3--N contents. By linking the EMF with the species-rich soil microbial diversity, our results would provide in-depth insights into maintaining crop production and P efficient utilization, emphasizing the importance of understanding the co-regulation of fertilizer inputs on agroecosystem production and ecological service trade-off.

Under the background of the international development trend, the Russian Far East Federal District has become the open frontier area of the comprehensive strategic cooperation between China and Russia, which possesses great research value. Focusing on the Russian Far East Federal District as the study object, this paper constructs the ecological environment evaluation system and the industrial economic evaluation system. Combined with the comprehensive weighting method of the entropy weighting method and coefficient variation weighting method, this paper quantitatively calculates the ecological environment levels and the industrial economy levels in the Russian Far East Federal District from 2017 to 2023. Based on the coupling coordination model, this paper quantitatively analyzes the degree, characteristics and dynamic evolution of the coupling coordinated development of the ecological environment levels and the industrial economy levels in the Russian Far East Federal District from 2017 to 2023. The results show that from 2017 to 2023, in the Russian Far East Federal District, 1) In the ecological environment system, the ecological environment levels generally show the trend of first rising and then declining, showing the pattern characteristics of “High West, Low East” and “High South, Low North”. 2) In the industrial economic system, the industrial economic levels generally show the increasing trend, showing the pattern characteristics of “High Core, Low Northeast and Low Southwest”. 3) The coupling coordinated development degree of industrial economy and ecological environment shows the increasing trend, but it is still in the basic coordinated stage in general, which is characterized by the unbalanced pattern of “High Northwest, High Southeast, Low Northeast and Low Southwest”. Finally, the proposals for the coordinated development of the ecological environment and industrial economy are proposed in the Russian Far East Federal District.

Under the background of complex international situation, how to build the special geo-economic space of China-Russia border lies in strengthening their foreign trade resilience against external shocks. Based on empirical evidence from ten prefecture-level China-Russia border regions in Northeast China, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of foreign trade resilience under different shocks. Furthermore, through the Panel Regression model, the mechanism of the industrial structure on the foreign trade resilience in contraction period and expansion period was discussed. The results showed that: 1) from 2004 to 2021, foreign trade in China-Russia border regions experienced five phases. The overall foreign trade resilience was higher than expected, showing a rising volatility trend, but there was significant spatial heterogeneity in the ability of cities to cope with shocks. 2) Highly specialized clusters were mainly concentrated in Yichun, Heihe and Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture, while Mudanjiang and Yanbian performed better in related and unrelated diversification. 3) In different stages of economic system evolution, the response mode, degree and result of border foreign trade resilience to regional industrial structure showed obvious stage characteristics. During the contraction period, related diversification was more conducive to improving the resistance through risk spillovers. During the expansion period, specialization played a more significant role in improving regional resilience through self-reinforcing effect. These results are beneficial for expanding the resilience theory, ensuring border economic security and optimizing border industrial investment layout.

The consensus on the requirements of specific policies that address the ongoing population loss of cities in certain regions is growing. To design policies that can cope with this issue, a comprehensive representation of regional shrinkage patterns needs to be obtained that involves spatial heterogeneity and interaction of shrinking cities at various scales. This study explores the contributing factors of urban shrinkage at different scales and their interaction relationships in Northeast China. The results indicate that painful structural reforms, locational marginalization, and shortage of surplus agricultural labor are the key reasons for the shrinkage of prefecture-level cities, county-level cities and towns, respectively. Moreover, factors of a city, traditional industries, surplus agricultural labor, educational resources, and geological conditions, can influence the demographic trajectories of cities at other scales through spatial spillover effects. The findings offer a basis for reassessing the conventional wisdom of a simplistic association between identifying scale and urban shrinkage.

资源型城市的高质量发展具有重大的战略意义.为清晰认识中国资源型城市转型存在的问题以及高质量发展的路径,邀请来自不同领域的十位专家就当前资源型城市高质量发展的主要困境与突破路径等研究前沿进行访谈,访谈结果表明:中国资源型城市转型取得了巨大成绩,但距离高质量发展的要求仍有较大距离,突出表现在经济发展仍未能摆脱资源依赖的发展路径、推动高质量发展的新要素集聚偏弱和碳减排目标下资源型城市的内、外部均面临着巨大的压力;新时期需要重新认识资源型城市的作用和地位,提升资源型城市保障国家资源能源安全的能力;在深刻把握传统资源禀赋概念内涵基础上实现对新资源体系的再认知,注意挖掘新资源,充实资源型城市研究的新知识体系;要针对不同类型的资源型城市的发展条件,分类施策,因地制宜推动资源型城市的创新发展;要继续提高经济增长的就业弹性,增强经济发展拉动就业的能力,并充分重视就业机会的创造和培育;要加快探索绿色、高效的转型发展道路,同步实现"存量"的绿色化和"增量"的绿色性;要综合考虑资源型城市开发基础和要素资源条件,从传统的"增长和扩张型"转变为"高效增长与精明收缩结合型"发展模式;要整合新数据与新技术方法科学/智能地支撑资源(枯竭)型城市的空间治理;要树立民生优先的指导思想,通过城市更新弥补过去资源型城市建设过程中的历史欠账,全面提升资源型城市的宜居水平、经济活力,重塑城市社会空间网络;要充分借鉴"强链、补链、延链"等"链长制"方案与模式为资源型城市产业转型提供借鉴.以上观点为中国资源型城市的高质量发展提供科学可行的理论和决策支持.

Under the background of "the Belt and Road" and "China, Mongolia and Russia economic corridor" initiatives, this paper studied the spatial distribution pattern evolution of population and economy in Russia since the 21st century, which could provide implications for the regional development planning, economic optimization layout, energy resource development, transportation infrastructure construction between China and Russia. Combined with the panel data of population, GDP, land area, etc., we used the gravity center analysis, geographic concentration degree, and inconsistency index to study Russia's population pattern evolution trend, economic pattern evolution trend, spatial inconsistency types of population distribution and economic development. The results and conclusions are as follows. Russia's population and economic gravity centers have migrated towards the northwest direction. Russia's population and economic distribution pattern presents the unbalanced development trend, which could be characterized by the differentiation pattern of "High West, Low East" and "High South, Low North" divided by the Ural Federal District. In the southwest areas of Russia, the population concentration degree is higher than the economic concentration degree in most federal subjects. In the northeast areas of Russia, the economic concentration degree is higher than the population concentration degree in most federal subjects.

Various forms of agricultural subsidy policies often have a significant impact on the development of the agricultural economy and also shape the differentiated spatial pattern of regional agricultural economic resilience, while research on the evolution process of agricultural economic resilience and its influencing mechanisms is still very scarce. This study is based on the impact of China’s cancellation of the temporary corn storage policy on corn prices in 2016. By using an economic resilience analysis framework, we selected the indicators of total agricultural output value and disposable income of farmers to measure the agricultural economic resilience of various cities in Jilin Province and analyzed the characteristics and causes of the spatio-temporal change in agricultural economic resilience in Jilin Province from 2008 to 2021. The results show the following: (1) The transition from price and subsidy integration policy to decoupled subsidy policy helps to shape stronger regional agricultural economic resilience, but due to factors such as farmer policy dependence, low international corn prices, severe oversupply in the domestic corn market, and the suddenness of policy changes, there was a short-term decline in agricultural economic resilience in Jilin Province in the early stage of the decoupled subsidy policy (2016–2017), which rapidly increased after 2017. (2) The agricultural economic resilience levels of cities in Jilin Province showed different spatial differentiation characteristics at different stages within the study period, and the central region, as an important corn production area in Jilin Province, had significant changes in agricultural economic resilience. (3) During the execution of the price and subsidy integration policy, the enhancement of agricultural input capacity and agricultural output capacity helped to improve regional agricultural economic resilience; during the execution of the decoupled subsidy policy, the government’s support for agriculture and the potential of rural markets had a significant impact on the improvement of agricultural economic resilience. At the same time, the interaction and enhancement effect between influencing factors also had a profound impact on agricultural economic resilience.

Understanding the differences in the commercial landscape-shaping ability of various transport routes is important in proactive urban planning and achieving joint development. This study probes which type of transport routes (expressways, rail transit and trunk roads) is more closely associated with which type of commercial activities (retail, wholesale, auto service, catering, finance and recreation). At the city-wide scale, the density of rail transit is highly correlated with the locations of catering, retail, and recreation establishments. Among the three types of activities, catering exhibits the highest correlation with rail transit, retail the next and recreation last. Expressway density is significantly correlated with the locations of recreation, automobile service, and wholesale activities and its correlations increase in turn. The density of trunk roads is positively related to the locations of auto service, wholesale, and finance activities and that correlations increase sequentially. At the microscale, expressways, trunk roads and rail transit exhibit various corridor effects on locational selection of different types of commercial activities, and the strength of the corridor effect is contingent on the type of transport routes.

Farmland transfer (FT) is the key to achieving moderate agricultural scale management in China. Clarifying the spatial pattern of FT is important to improve FT strategies. In this study, the multinomial logit model was used to reveal the spatial pattern of FT in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. On this basis, the reasons for its formation were discussed, and suggestions were proposed. According to the statistical results, 39.7% of the sample peasant households participated in FT. Most of them live far from the regional core area. Regression analysis shows that the FT in Liaoning Province has a significant "core-periphery" spatial pattern. As the spatial distance between the residence and the regional core area (SDRRC) increases, the probability of FT rises for peasant households. Specifically, the odds ratios of farmland transfer out and farmland transfer in rise by 0.9% and 0.6% on average, respectively, for each 1 km increase in SDRRC. Widespread concurrent business and the increase in FT fees due to imperfect urbanization are the main reasons for the formation of the spatial pattern. We suggest that the promotion of FT requires high-quality urbanization in central cities, accelerating urbanization in medium and small cities and counties, implementing differentiated FT subsidy standards, and promoting new agricultural scale management models.

As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statist-ics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the eco-nomic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural produc-tion and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.

This paper studied the COVID-19 development process, spatial pattern and influencing factors in Russia. Based on the indicators of the total confirmed cases, new daily confirmed cases, cured cases amount and death cases amount, the spatial differentiation pattern of the COVID-19 in Russia were studied by using ArcGIS. And the influencing factors of COVID-19spreading were analyzed with the multiple linear regression analysis. The results are as below.First, the spreading process of COVID-19 in Russia had four stages, namely, being stage I: occasional occurrence, stage II: rapid diffusion, stage III: attenuation diffusion, and stage IV: serious diffusion. The cure rate of COVID-19 has been increasing, and the death rate of COVID-19 is around 2% in Russia. Second, population size, economic development level, medical level, and transportation network have a certain impact on the spread of COVID-19 in Russia. Third, Russia’s COVID-19 spread is characterized from the multi-point diffusion in the early stage to the complete diffusion in the later stage. From the center of Moscow city, the spatial spread of COVID-19 mainly shows the patterns of adjacent diffusion, relocation diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, and corridor diffusion. What’s more, Russia’s COVID-19 spread also shows the characteristics of internal spatial agglomeration. The areas with high COVID-19 confirmed cases are concentrated in Moscow City, Moscow Region, Saint-Petersburg city, Nizhny Novgorod Region,Sverdlovsk Region, Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous Area, Rostov Region, and Krasnoyarsk Territory. Finally, we suggest policies and strategies that can boost the cooperation and development between China and Russia in the post-COVID-19 period.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the global economy and trade, and border regions have been hit severely because of their high dependency on foreign trade. To understand better the economic impact of COVID-19 on border regions, we developed a COVID-19 economic resilience analytical framework and empirically examined 10 Chinese-Russian border cities in Northeast China. We quantitatively analyzed five dimensions of economic resilience, distinguished four types of shock, and examined the determinants of economic resilience. The results show that: (1) the COVID-19 pandemic has wide-ranging impacts in the border areas, with import–export trade and retail sales of consumer goods being the most vulnerable and sensitive to the shock. The whole economy of the border areas is in the downward stage of the resistance period; (2) from a multi-dimensional perspective, foreign trade and consumption are the most vulnerable components of the borderland economic system, while industrial resilience and income resilience have improved against the trend, showing that they have good crisis resistance; (3) borderland economic resilience is a spatially heterogeneous phenomenon, with each border city showing different characteristics; (4) economic openness, fiscal expenditure, and asset investment are the key drivers of economic resilience, and the interaction between the influencing factors presents a nonlinear and bi-factor enhancement of them. The findings shed light on how border economies can respond to COVID-19, and how they are useful in formulating policies to respond to the crisis.

在"东北地区再振兴"背景下,研究现实与虚拟流视角下的东北地区城市空间网络特征对于认识和重塑东北地区经济社会空间结构具有重要意义.利用经济、普列、高铁、信息等联系强度模型和社会网络分析指标探讨东北地区城际多维要素流强度和城市空间网络特征,结果表明:①东北地区城市具备空间网络化发展规模,形成以沈阳、哈尔滨、长春、大连为核心,吉林、鞍山、齐齐哈尔为副核心,哈尔滨—大连一轴,辽宁省子群、吉林省子群、黑龙江省西部子群、黑龙江省东部子群、赤峰—通辽、乌兰浩特—白城、伊春—黑河等关系对的"四核、三副、一轴、七群"空间结构.②多维要素流影响下的辽中南城市群一体化态势比哈长城市群强烈,沈阳、哈尔滨、长春、大连的流量最强,哈尔滨省内联系对象为齐齐哈尔、大庆,长春省内联系对象为吉林,沈阳省内联系对象为大连、本溪、丹东,大连省内联系对象为沈阳、丹东、营口.③东北地区"T"型轴带有向哈(尔滨)大(连)单轴发展的趋势,综合流呈沿哈大轴带向东西两侧衰减的"核心—边缘"格局.其中经济流呈辽宁省向吉林省,继而向黑龙江省与蒙东区由南至北的衰减格局;普列流呈以哈大与滨洲铁路为轴带,并向两侧弱化的空间格局;高铁流呈沿哈大主轴带、长珲与哈齐次轴带向两侧非对称的递减格局;信息流呈"四核心、四边缘"的格局特征.