This study characterises the polyphenol profile (LC–MS), antiglycation (BSA–GLU, BSA–FRU, BSA–MGO), and antioxidant potential (ABTS, DPPH) of A. arguta (‘Scarlet September Kiwi’) and A. kolomikta (‘Lande’) fruit before and after extract purification. A total of 48 polyphenols belonging to 11 chemical groups were identified. Crude Scarlet extract showed higher TPI (1079.51 µg/g dw) than the crude Lande (761.13 µg/g dw), with quercetin glucoside accounting for 71% of TPI. Crude Lande extract was dominated by caffeic acid glucoside (39% TPI). Purification markedly increased TPI values to 4082.13 µg/g dw (Scarlet) and 2550.51 µg/g dw (Lande). The crude extracts more effectively inhibited glucose- and fructose-induced protein glycation (IC50 = 1.81–7.71 mg/mL) than methylglyoxal-mediated glycation (IC50 = 14.33–24.26). Purification significantly enhanced antiglycation efficacy in all models (IC50 = 0.47–1.78), as well as antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.10–0.67 mg/mL). Statistical analyses revealed a strong alignment between the glycation-inhibitory activity and the tested antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that targeted purification enhances the functional potential of Actinidia species, making them promising sources of bioactive compounds against oxidative stress and protein glycation-related disorders.

Apples are one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world, resulting in the continuous creation of new cultivars with different properties, both in terms of breeding as well as extended shelf lives and increased bioactive substance contents. This study aimed to determine the potential of a new red-fleshed apple ‘JB’ clone developed at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences to produce high-sensory-quality cider. Fermentation was carried out using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCLM S325 yeast strain, commonly used for quality white wines (Fermentis, Lesaffre Polska SA, Warsaw, Poland), at 15 °C for 21 days. The must and the cider were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine their color, sugar content, total acidity, and polyphenol levels. Additionally, volatile acidity and alcohol content were measured in the cider, followed by an organoleptic evaluation. A red color characterized both the must and the cider, which had total acidities of 8.78 ± 0.05 and 6.61 ± 0.03 g malic acid/L, respectively, as well as polyphenol contents of 307.28 ± 1.29 and 240 ± 7.00 mg chlorogenic acid/L, respectively. Trained panelists evaluated the cider obtained from fermentation. The study’s results indicate that the new ‘JB’ apple clone has strong potential for producing juice and cider with a unique red color and high sensory attributes.

Trees in urban conditions struggle with many factors that reduce their growth. In many cases, newly planted trees do not survive to maturity. The trees are produced using various methods, the most popular of which are balled and burlapped (B&B) and container production. Different production methods have their cons, but in many cases, the most common problem is the root system condition—it is often poorly developed, with girdle roots, or the rootball is covered with excess soil. Deep structural roots, as this is the name of the problem related to the roots being located too deep in the soil during production or trees being placed too deep in the planting pith, have been noticed for several decades; nevertheless, they are still poorly understood. In many cases, the excess soil above the rootball is over 10 cm—such covering the rootball may lead to infection, weakening, or tree death. The problem of deep structural roots seems to be one of the most serious problems we face in the case of urban plantings. However, many other factors remain disputed—such as cutting the crowns of planted trees, removing burlap from a rootball, or planting smaller rather than larger trees. All these issues have not been resolved despite many years of study, and still require further investigation.

The success of establishing new trees in cities and their subsequent growth depend, among others, on the proper selection of tree species which can easily tolerate the post-planting stress. In the spring of 2023, young Italian alder (Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby) and common lime (Tilia × europaea L. ‘Pallida’) trees were planted in a street of heavy traffic in Warsaw. In the summer of 2023, leaf samples were collected during the growing season for chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and chemical analyses. Additionally, the autumn phenological phases were monitored. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements revealed higher values of Fv/Fm, density of reaction centers per cross-section, and electron transport chain efficiency between photosystems II and I, as well as lower energy dissipation rate per active reaction center of photosystem II in A. cordata. Moreover, A. cordata revealed higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. The flavonoid and proline content in both species was the highest by the end of July and then decreased. In T. × europea ‘Pallida’, the contents of these stress biomarkers increased in the late growing season. Our results showed that T. × europaea ‘Pallida’ is less resistant to post-planting stress in urban conditions, while A. cordata showed higher resistance to variable weather conditions, high photosynthetic efficiency, and long foliage lifespan.

Fruits are essential components of the human diet, valued for their diverse bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting properties. This study focuses on three cold-hardy Actinidia species, namely A. arguta, A. kolomikta, and A. polygama, examining their polyphenolic content, antioxidant/antiradical activities, scavenging capacity and effects on intestinal cell viability (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX). A comprehensive profile of their phenolic compounds was identified, in descending order of total polyphenol content: A. kolomikta > A. arguta > A. polygama. Across species, 16 phenolic acids, 2 flavanols, 2 flavanones, 11 flavonols, and 3 flavones were quantified, with caffeine as a prominent compound. A. kolomikta achieved the highest antioxidant activity, with ‘Vitakola’ cultivar showing almost double the antioxidant activity compared to ‘Tallinn’ and ‘Pozdni’. By contrast, A. arguta ‘Geneva’ and A. polygama ‘Pomarancheva’ exhibited significantly lower activity in both FRAP and DPPH assays. Notably, A. kolomikta cultivars showed distinct radical-scavenging capacities, particularly for superoxide, wherein ‘Tallinn’ and ‘Pozdni’ achieved the highest values. Cell viability tests on Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells revealed a dose-dependent reduction in viability, notably stronger in Caco-2 cells. Overall, this study underscores the therapeutic potential of Actinidia species.

The study aimed to assess nutritional quality and sensory attributes of fruit puree exposed to high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) at 450 MPa for 5 min. For comparison, the puree was also processed using low-temperature pasteurization (LTP) at 74 degrees C for 2 min, and high-temperature pasteurization (HTP) at 90 degrees C for 1 min. The research focused on puree from Actinidia arguta fruit cv. 'Weiki'. HHP and HTP effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms. Peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly reduced, particularly in LTP and HTP purees. Whereas polyphenol oxidase (PPO) remained active in all the tested samples. The sum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the purees decreased after all processing methods, although HHP resulted in less VOCs degradation compared to LTP and HTP. In contrast, the processed purees showed a significant increase in the total phenolic index (TPI). Ellagic acid (212.47 mu g/g) and quercetin (120.94 mu g/g) were the dominant compounds in the LTP puree. The purees treated with HHP and HTP exhibited the highest concentrations of ellagic acid and (+)-catechin, averaging 122.66 mu g/g and 123.60 mu g/g, respectively. The research findings also showed that HHP enhanced antioxidant capacity and maintained sensory quality attributes compared to other thermal treatments. In conclusion, HHP (450 MPa for 5 min) demonstrated strong potential for preserving high-quality puree. Nevertheless, based on PPO and POD activity levels, a storage duration of no more than 7 days at 4 degrees C is recommended.

Sensory evaluation, based on cognitive and hedonic dimensions, is crucial in developing innovative foods, such as juices made from less popular but highly nutritious fruits. It enables the creation of products with sensory images tailored to consumers’ needs. The research aimed to determine the optimal sensory image of kiwiberry juice blended with ‘Jonagold’ apple juice (10–50%) which would lead to a positive consumer perception. For this purpose, similarities and differences in the sensory profile of kiwiberry juice blended in various proportions with apple juice were evaluated. In hedonic tests, the degree of liking of the products and the analysis of changes in the type and level of consumer emotional reactions (FaceReader) to the juices were performed. To gain a deeper understanding of consumer perceptions, the assessment included expected liking, experienced liking, and purchase intention. It was found that different proportions of apple juice added to kiwiberry juice evoked positive changes in sensory characteristics in the quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The highest sensory quality was noted in the kiwiberry juice with 50% apple juice. Different levels of apple juice addition also conditioned positive changes in affective responses of consumers. Both experienced liking and purchase intention increased with higher levels of apple juice addition (30–50%). The results of emotional reactions reveal that the ranges of variability among examined emotions varied. The most prominent reaction was neutrality, followed by anger, happiness, disgust, and surprise. An affinity of the degree of liking and emotions to specific juices was noted. The liking attributes were related positively to the sensory image of products with higher content of apple juice and inversely related to the properties of kiwiberry juice which caused negative emotions.

Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) is a fruit with significant health benefits, and research continues to identify factors that enhance its storability while maintaining quality. Special attention is given to antioxidant metabolism and total antioxidant activity. In this study, four cold-storage conditions were tested: normal air, normal air with ozone, modified atmosphere, and controlled atmosphere. In each case, the fruit was either pre-cooled before storage or not. The aim was to identify conditions most favorable to preserving internal and external fruit quality over time. Taking into account most of the basic fruit physicochemical traits tested, it can be assumed that for up to 30 days of storage, each storage method can be useful to store A. arguta fruit. After this period, the fruit stored in a controlled and then modified atmosphere retained the highest and acceptable firmness. Changes in antioxidant content are more complex and depend on the type of compound, storage time, and fruit post-harvest treatment. During the 50-day storage period, marked fluctuations in ascorbate, glutathione, and L-cysteine levels were observed at 10-day intervals. Phenolic content increased initially (after 10 days) and then stabilized. Among the methods used, ozonation led to a relative stabilization or increase in antioxidant content. This method, like the cooling procedure, requires further detailed research to determine its suitability for the species/variety being tested. Changes in antiradical activity were reaction-mechanism-dependent. The activity based on single electron transfer consistently decreased, while that based on hydrogen atom transfer was more stable overall. Contrary to this, the pro-oxidative Fe(II) chelating agent appeared during storage. The health-promoting properties of stored fruit may fluctuate due to antioxidant involvement in adaptation to storage conditions and uneven ripening, which remains a challenge both at harvest and during storage. Any of the three alternatives to cold storage in CA (NA, NA+O, MA) proved beneficial in short-term storage. However, MA has proven to be a similarly effective long-term storage method to CA in terms of the physicochemical quality of A. arguta fruit.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. ‘Ananasnaya’) fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage.

The aim of the study was to compare the variable costs of planting material production using the example of vitro cultures of Pennisetum × advena ‘Rubrum’. In the study, temporary immersion system (TIS)- and agar-based methods were used in innovative workday organisation. The workday structure involved a six-hour passaging period followed by a two-hour break for medium preparation, autoclaving, and maintenance tasks. The TIS was found to be more cost-effective than the agar cultures, with lower labour costs and comparable growing expenses. The most expensive element of agar production was labour which was 43% of the costs. The second biggest cost was materials and reagents which represented 25%. In a TIS, production materials and reagents are the most expensive part of production (44%), while labour represents 24% of costs. A TIS offers a much faster multiplication of plants than agar cultures. Plants obtained in the multiplication phase are two times cheaper using a TIS. Rooting accounted for a significant portion of production costs in both methods. Overall, the TIS demonstrated superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared to agar cultures in producing Pennisetum × advena ‘Rubrum’ plants.

Fruits with a high content of biologically active compounds are essential in preventing many diseases. Therefore, the interest in searching for and testing new plant sources for bioactive constituents remains strong. Although many publications on individual species exist, their results are difficult to compare directly due to varying methods and conditions of analysis. Only a few studies have investigated many different species in a single analysis. Therefore, we examined and compared 21 different genotypes, using various measurement methods for total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin–Ciocalteu, FBBB), total antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH), and the HPLC technique for the total ascorbate concentration in freshly harvested fruits. One-way ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis, and Pearson Correlation were used to analyse and compare the results. The tested samples showed significant differences in TPC, ascorbate content, and antioxidant capacity. The correlation between the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity depended on the analytical methods, with results obtained using the FRAP test being the most strongly correlated. Due to higher levels of polyphenols, ascorbate, and antioxidant potential, the most promising species for further evaluation appear to be Chaenomeles × californica, Actinidia kolomikta, Mespilus germanica, and ×Sorboaronia fallax.

Synanthropic flora (weeds, i.e., spontaneously developed plants) are plants that accompany humans, appearing as a result of anthropopressure as well as after its cessation. The potential of synanthropic flora in shaping green areas usually brings many measurable benefits that depend on land management in cities. This study aimed to determine the preferences and attitudes of adults towards synanthropic flora in settlement units. This article presents survey results from 447 city residents. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using the k-means clustering method to identify segments of respondents with similar attitudes and preferences toward synanthropic flora. Mann–Whitney U tests were employed to determine statistical differences in the demographic variables among the analyzed clusters of respondents. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the opinions and attitudes towards synanthropic flora that may influence their greater acceptance in the vicinity of residential areas. The results obtained in the multiple regression analysis indicate that the respondent’s evaluation of the level of support for the introduction of more synanthropic vegetation into urban greenery (Yw) grows with the increase in the acceptance of synanthropic plants’ occurrence in the surroundings. Residents’ acceptance of synanthropic flora in green areas is at a relatively high level.

Ongoing climate change is having a profound impact on agriculture, which is attracting attention from the scientific community. One of its effects is an increase in average temperature, which is a key factor in grape cultivation. This may increase the popularity of viticulture in central Europe. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for the development of viticulture in central Poland based on SAT changes from 1975 to 2021, in addition to changes in evapotranspiration, occurrence of late spring and early autumn frosts and frosty days in selected years from this period as an important factors relating to climate change. The research utilized data obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute. The Bai–Perron test was used to determine the direction of temperature changes. An AR(1) autoregression model was used to predict SAT changes in central Poland for the years 2022–2026, based on the results of the Bai–Perron test. As part of the in-depth research on the SAT index, reference evapotranspiration calculations were also made as a second factor that is considered an important indicator of climate change. The Sum of Active Temperatures from 1975 to 2021 in the provinces of central Poland showed an increasing trend of 0.07% per year. The average SAT in central Poland in 2022–2026 is expected to range from 2700 °C to 2760 °C. Considering the current thermal conditions in central Poland and the forecasts for the coming years, it can be expected that vineyard cultivation will develop in this region. However, the research shows that the observed increasing trend in evapotranspiration, both in total in individual years and in the period of the greatest vegetation, i.e., in the months from May to the end of August, will result in an increasing need in central Poland to ensure adequate irrigation in developing vineyards.

Purpose: The aim of the research was to determine consumers' expectations regarding enotourism, examine the possibilities for its development in central Poland, and explore strategies to enhance profitability for vineyard owners. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2024 using quantitative PAPI (paper and personal interview) and CAWI (computer-assisted web interview) methods among Polish residents. The representative sample was 1067 people. A total 984 correctly completed surveys which were used for analysis. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: general questions on the use of enotourism services, knowledge and use of services in central Poland and demographic in information. using survey forms with 984 participants from 16 voivodeships across Poland. The questionnaire covered three parts: general enotourism behaviors, specific knowledge and demographic data. The model’s dependent variable was the frequency of visiting enotoursim sites in Poland. Due to its dichotomous nature a logistic regression model was applied, including only statistically significant variables. Model quality was evaluated using the Hosmer Lemeshow test and C-statistics. Findings: The positive perception of central Poland as an enotourism destination strongly correlates with visitors’ frequency of vineyards visits. Central Poland has the potential to become an important enotourism center; however, this requires a well-organized, strategic approach and coordination of various stakeholder activities. Originality/value: The article introduces a fresh perspective on the potential for enotourism development in central Poland, highlighting opportunities from climate change and shifting wine growing zones. It uniquely analyzes specific factors attracting enotourists, such as prior visitor experience and interest in local wine production, within a region without strong wine traditions. The article is aimed at tourism policymakers, vineyard owners, local uthorities and tourism development organizations. It also serves research in enotourism and those interested in the tourism potential linked to horticultural adaptation to changing climate conditions.

Due to its sensory qualities and therapeutic properties, honey is a desirable dietary ingredient. Despite the growing interest in proper nutrition in developed countries, honey consumption in developed countries is relatively low. This is also true in Poland. Hence, research was undertaken to determine Polish consumers’ behaviour with regard to honey, and its determinants, with particular emphasis on nutritional knowledge and health status. The relationships between the different aspects of consumer behaviour in the honey market and the demographic and economic characteristics of the respondents were verified using the Mann–Whitney U test for comparisons of non-dependent groups for variables on an interval scale. A multiple regression model was developed to examine the relationship between the respondents’ nutritional knowledge and their honey-related behaviour, while the relationship between the respondents’ health status and their behaviour towards honey was verified using a logistic regression model. Obtained results indicate that gender, age, education, and income differentiate consumers’ behaviour with regard to honey. The level of nutritional knowledge had a moderate effect on variations in the respondents’ behaviour. A better assessment of health status was associated with greater importance of nutritional-health motivators of honey consumption, while poorer health status determined a greater importance of such determinants as the place where honey is sold or its label attractiveness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Actinidia arguta ('Weiki', 'Skarlet September Kiwi') and Actinidia kolomikta ('Lande') fruit extracts against advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The extracts were also tested regarding polyphenol profile and Lascorbic acid content (UHPLC-DAD-MS), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS). 'Scarlet September Kiwi' showed the strongest anti-AGEs activity studied with BSAGLU (IC50 = 2.68) and BSA-MGO (IC50 = 18.06) models. The highest anti-AChE activity was found for the 'Lande' extract (IC50 = 4.56). 'Lande' showed the highest L-ascorbic acid content (8271.96 µg/g dw), ABTS (312.42 µmol TE/g dw) and DPPH (282.01 µmol TE/g dw) values. 'Scarlet September Kiwi' revealed the highest individual phenolics concentration (2321.43 µg/g dw). The contents of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid were significantly correlated with anti-AChE activity. This research sheds new light on the bioactivity of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia kolomikta fruit elucidating the role of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid in prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

The aim of this study is to develop an efficient method for micropropagation of Pennisetum × advena ‘Rubrum’. Agar cultures containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BAP) in various concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L) and a temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS) using liquid medium MS with an addition of 1 mg/L BAP were tested. Rooting was performed using ½ MS medium supplemented with different auxin combinations (indole-3-butyric acid IBA and α-naphthalene acetic acid NAA) and activated charcoal. The TIS method was found to be the most efficient, producing 36.9 new plants within four weeks. The resulting plantlets were thin and bright green in color, with no signs of hyperhydricity. The most suitable agar medium yielded 19.5 new plants within eight weeks. For rooting, ½ MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L NAA exhibited an 84% rooting rate, whereas the addition of activated charcoal inhibited rooting.

The quality of fruit as a source of bioactive ingredients is related to the genetic characteristics of plants, but it can also be modified by growing conditions. Therefore, long-term research can be extremely valuable in evaluating various crop plants, especially novel ones. The aim of the research was to test four popular European kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) cultivars (‘Geneva’, ‘Bingo’, ‘Weiki’, ‘Anna’) in terms of selected morphological features, yield, and chemical composition as well as their variability over 3 years. It can be concluded that the studied genotypes were very diverse in terms of the biochemical compounds’ concentration in individual seasons. The cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Weiki’ were the most similar ones with respect to each other in terms of morphology and chemical composition. The cultivars ‘Bingo’ and ‘Geneva’ were definitely different. ‘Bingo’ was characterized by the largest and most uniform fruits in each season and had the highest concentration of vitamin C but the lowest carotenoid concentration. In turn, ‘Geneva’ produced the smallest fruit in each season with the highest concentration of polyphenols and a high concentration of carotenoids and displayed the highest antioxidant capacity regardless of the determination method. The research was performed with the application of computer-supported statistical analysis.

More than ten thousand apple cultivars with high variability in the quality traits and year-round availability place apples at the forefront of consumed fruits. Yet consumers and producers alike are still looking for new apple cultivars with specific quality attributes such as plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as a high health-promoting potential. The model plants were three cultivars: a new ‘Chopin’ and an old ‘Granny Smith’, scab resistant cultivars with green peel, and a red-skinned cultivar ‘Gala Schniga’. Apple peel and flesh were analyzed separately during two growing seasons: 2016 and 2017. The total ascorbate and phenolics as well as individual phenolic compounds, such as (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, and rutin concentrations, proved to be highly tissue-type and cultivar dependent. The apple of the ‘Chopin’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars expressed much lower skin-to-flesh antioxidant potential differences as compared to ‘Gala Schniga’. The lowest differences between tissue types were observed in the case of chlorogenic acid and flavan-3-ols, followed by total phenolics and ascorbate concentrations. Except for phloridzin, ‘Gala Schniga’ exhibited the highest differences in global and individual phenolic compound concentrations as well as total antioxidant capacity between the apple peel and flesh. ‘Chopin’ was definitely distinguished by the highest concentration of ascorbate in both the peel and the flesh and expressed a higher concentration of flavanols, especially compared to ‘Granny Smith’. In contrast to ‘Gala Schniga’, ‘Chopin’ was richer in chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, and (−)-epicatechin in the flesh. The total antioxidant capacity of the green-peel apple cultivars was similar to that of the red-peel one. A narrower range of differences between the concentration of antioxidants in apple peel and flesh could mean better health-promoting properties and might be related to a greater resistance to environmental stress factors.

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different cultivars of Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) on the bioavailability of mineral elements and to examine the mineral profile of rats fed atherogenic diets enriched with kiwiberries. The following cultivars of Actinidia arguta were used: Bingo, M1, Anna, Weiki, Jumbo, and Geneva. Kiwiberry has recently become popular in the market. It is a precious source of biologically active components, vitamins, and minerals. The livers, spleens, and kidneys were examined for mineral contents using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The bioavailability of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu was evaluated. The addition of kiwiberries in atherogenic diets increased the contents of Fe in the rat liver. The bioavailability of Mn, Zn, and Cu, calculated on the basis of the contents in the livers, was significantly decreased in rats fed diets with 5% additional kiwiberries. We supposed that the effect of kiwiberry on the bioavailability of the studied minerals may be related to the diet components of bioactive substances present in fruits (polyphenols, vitamins, dietary fiber, and tannins).