Given substantial national crime costs and that psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) is a robust predictor of recidivism, a research gap exists concerning the cost of crime attributable to adults with PPD. The current study employed a bottom-up cost of illness approach to estimate the association between PPD and crime costs among Canadian men incarcerated in the federal correctional system ( n = 188). Participants were rated using the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) and the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management–20 (HCR-20, version 2). Group mean crime costs were highest for participants who scored highly on the PCL-R and were rated high risk on the HCR-20, and higher scores on both measures were associated with prospective costs accrued from violent and nonviolent recidivism. The findings highlight the need to improve the treatment and management of high-risk individuals with prominent psychopathic features, as it has the potential for significant financial savings for criminal justice systems.

In our article, "How much does that cost? Examining the economic costs of crime in North America attributable to people with psychopathic personality disorder" (Gatner et al., 2023, pp. 391-400), we estimated that psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) was associated with substantial crime costs, using a top-down approach of national costs in the United States and Canada. Verona and Joyner (2023) raised several concerns about our findings. Although we think some of their points help to map directions for future research, we disagree with others they raised related to the conceptualization of PPD, the problem of undetected crimes, and their concerns with putative national comparisons. We strongly welcome debate about the societal impacts of PPD in the hope that it spurs increased attention and innovation regarding the treatment and management of PPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The bivariate, empirical association between psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) and violence has been well established. Yet, questions remain about how to explain why this association occurs. To address this conceptual gap, we presented a review of theories of violence related to PPD. Next a conceptual analysis of how psychopathic traits may influence violent decisions was conducted. Specifically, we systematically analyzed how Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP; Cooke et al., International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(4), 242–252, 2012) traits influence violence from a structured professional judgment (SPJ) theory of violence known as SPJ decision theory. This conceptual analysis clarifies how various CAPP traits may motivate, disinhibit, or destabilize violence. Implications include the role of causality and clinical applications of violence risk case formulations.

We examined the long-term risk for stalking recidivism and the predictive validity of ratings made using the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM) in 100 stalking offenders from a forensic clinic. Overall, 45 offenders were convicted of, charged with, or the subject of police investigation for stalking-related offenses during a potential time at risk that averaged 13.47 years. Survival analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model indicated that a composite score of the presence of SAM risk factors was significantly predictive of recidivism and had significant incremental validity relative to total scores on two scales commonly used in violence risk assessment, the Screening Version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL:SV) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Overall ratings of risk made using the SAM, however, were not significantly predictive of recidivism. We discuss the potential uses of the SAM in stalking risk assessment and provide recommendations for future research.

Cost of illness research has established that mental disorders lead to significant social burden and massive financial costs. A significant gap exists for the economic burden of many personality disorders, including psychopathic personality disorder (PPD). In the current study, we used a top-down prevalence-based cost of illness approach to estimate bounded crime cost estimates of PPD in the United States and Canada. Three key model parameters (PPD prevalence, relative offending rate of individuals with PPD, and national costs of crime for each country) were informed by existing literature. Sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to provide bounded and central tendency estimates of crime costs, respectively. The estimated PPD-related costs of crime ranged from $245.50 billion to $1,591.57 billion (simulated means = $512.83 to $964.23 billion) in the United States and $12.14 billion to $53.00 billion (simulated means = $25.33 to $32.10 billion) in Canada. These results suggest that PPD may be associated with a substantial economic burden as a result of crime in North America. Recommendations are discussed regarding the burden-treatment discrepancy for PPD, as the development of future effective treatment for the disorder may decrease its costly burden on health and justice systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Professionals are commonly asked to address the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) in criminal justice, civil court, health care, workplace, and post-secondary settings. This chapter reviews the literature addressing risk factors for IPV and the state of the art for threat assessment tools for this form of violence. Special attention is given to the topics of stalking and killing of intimate partners. While these issues are related to the more general problem of IPV, they require some unique considerations in conducting threat assessments. The chapter concludes that there remain difficulties in the field in defining “threat,” determining the role of the victim in threat assessment, and implementing effective risk management strategies. Promising practices in assessing and managing stalking are presented along with a model for formulating risk in high-lethality situations. Finally, a case study is presented to illustrate a structured professional judgment (SPJ) approach to threat assessment in this context.

The first editions of the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide were developed in the 1990s during a time of increased recognition of the social and economic tolls caused by intimate partner violence (IPV). Since that time there has been a proliferation of research and commentaries on IPV risk assessment, and there is increasing evidence of the validity of a number of risk assessment tools including the SARA. Within this growing field, the SARA guides remain popular risk assessment and case management tools for those working with perpetrators and victims of domestic violence. Indeed, various versions of the SARA have now been translated into at least 10 languages and are being used in at least 15 countries on six continents. This chapter reviews the content and development of the third and most recent version of the guide, the SARA-Version 3. The chapter also summarizes existing reliability and validity studies on all versions of the SARA, and concludes with a case study to illustrate the use of the SARA-V3.

Although the neuropsychological profile of batterers has been explored, there is not enough information about their executive functioning according to the severity of substance use. A broad and solid knowledge of the executive performance of this population would help to clarify its specific contribution to the differentiation of certain batterer subtypes. For this purpose, a protocol consisting of tests that evaluate some executive functions was administered to 39 batterers with a history of substance abuse/dependence (MC) (M= 38.79, SD= 6.74) and 39 batterers without this kind of background (MS) (M= 35.59, SD= 7.95), all of them from two prisons in Granada (Spain). The MC presented less cognitive flexibility and worse working memory and inhibitory control than the MS. The findings corroborate the association of substance abuse/dependence to a specific executive functioning in batterers, while contributing to the optimization of strategies to prevent intimate partner violence and intervention programs with this population.

espanolAunque se ha explorado el perfil neuropsicologico de los maltratadores, no existe suficiente informacion sobre su funcionamiento ejecutivo considerando la gravedad del consumo de sustancias. Un conocimiento amplio y solido del desempeno ejecutivo de esta poblacion ayudaria a esclarecer su aportacion especifica a la diferenciacion de ciertos subtipos de maltratador. Con este proposito se administro un protocolo conformado por pruebas que evaluan algunas funciones ejecutivas a 39 maltratadores con antecedentes de abuso/dependencia de sustancias (MC) (M= 38,79; DT= 6,74) y 39 maltratadores sin esta clase de antecedentes (MS) (M= 35,59; DT= 7,95), todos ellos procedentes de dos prisiones de Granada (Espana). Los MC presentaron un rendimiento mas pobre que los MS en flexibilidad cognitiva, memoria de trabajo y control inhibitorio. Los hallazgos corroboran la asociacion del abuso/dependencia de sustancias a un funcionamiento ejecutivo especifico en los maltratadores, a la vez que contribuyen a la optimizacion de las estrategias de prevencion de la violencia contra la pareja/expareja y de los programas de intervencion con esta poblacion. EnglishAlthough the neuropsychological profile of batterers has been explored, there is not enough information about their executive functioning according to the severity of substance use. A broad and solid knowledge of the executive performance of this population would help to clarify its specific contribution to the differentiation of certain batterer subtypes. For this purpose, a protocol consisting of tests that evaluate some executive functions was administered to 39 batterers with a history of substance abuse/dependence (MC) (M= 38.79, SD= 6.74) and 39 batterers without this kind of background (MS) (M= 35.59, SD= 7.95), all of them from two prisons in Granada (Spain). The MC presented less cognitive flexibility and worse working memory and inhibitory control than the MS. The findings corroborate the association of substance abuse/dependence to a specific executive functioning in batterers, while contributing to the optimization of strategies to prevent intimate partner violence and intervention programs with this population.

This review analyzes neuropsychology, psychophysiology, and neuroimaging studies that examine the neuropsychological functioning and the nervous system (central and peripheral) of male batterers. Previous research has attempted to establish a neuropsychological profile for batterers. Yet factors such as brain injury, drug abuse antecedents, and other methodological concerns (e.g., sample size, control group selection, education level, socio-economic status, ethnicity, variability of the specific neuropsychological measures, and constructs assessed) may have led to inconsistent results. Neuropsychological studies reveal that poor performance on tests of executive functioning, verbal skills, and vocabulary is the most frequently reported characteristic for these men. With regard to research on the central and peripheral nervous system, these results should be considered with caution due to the small number of studies conducted on this topic. Therefore, the neuroscientific approach may be utilized in future studies to provide a better account of batterer typologies, the individualization of therapeutic approaches, and the prediction of recidivism. In summary, advancing our understanding of the mind and brain functioning of male batterers may aid in the prediction and reduction of violence against women in the future.

The following presents the outcome of an evaluation of family violence prevention programs for male offenders. The moderate and high intensity programs were designed and implemented to conform to the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) principles. Results showed that program participation significantly reduced attitudes that supported violence against women and improved pro-social skills related to non-abusive relationships; treatment effects were moderate to high. Parole officer feedback generally reported positive changes in behavior and attitude associated with treatment. A post-release follow-up indicated that program completion significantly reduced spousal violence and general violent recidivism. Program participation did not, however, have a significant impact on non-violent crime. Results indicate that domestic violence programs respecting the RNR principles may be effective in reducing partner violence.

The RSVP is a set of structured professional judgment guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. We investigated the interrater reliability (IRR) of judgments made using the RSVP in a multidisciplinary forensic-clinical context. Raters were 28 forensic mental health and intellectual disability professionals with diverse training and experience. They used the RSVP to evaluate six case vignettes that varied with respect to offense characteristics, clinical complexity, and level of risk. The IRR of ratings for individual risk factors was generally fair. There was a good level of interrater reliability on Summary Judgments and Supervision Recommendations. Interrater reliability was highest when used by professionals who were highly trained in forensic risk assessment. On average, professionals with lower levels of specialist training agreed less with their colleagues and experts, and provided higher estimations of sexual violence risk. Lower levels of agreement were found in cases with moderate levels of complexity and risk. The RSVP can be used to make judgments of risk with adequate levels of interrater reliability. However, this is dependent on the training and expertise of professionals who use the tool. Methodological strengths and limitations are considered, followed by a discussion of implications for training, practice, and future research.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a crime that is present in all countries, seriously impacts victims, and demands a great deal of time and resources from the criminal justice system. The current study examined the use of the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide, 2nd ed. (SARA; Kropp, Hart, Webster, & Eaves, 1995), a structured professional judgment risk assessment and management tool for IPV, by police officers in Sweden over a follow-up of 18 months. SARA risk assessments had significant predictive validity with respect to risk management recommendations made by police, as well as with recidivism as indexed by subsequent contacts with police. Risk management mediated the association between risk assessment and recidivism: High levels of intervention were associated with decreased recidivism in high risk cases, but with increased recidivism in low risk cases. The findings support the potential utility of police-based risk assessment and management of IPV, and in particular the belief that appropriately structured risk assessment and management decisions can prevent violence.

International research has established that stalking is a prevalent problem with serious and often life-threatening consequences for victims. Stalking is also a unique form of violence due to its nature and diversity, making it difficult for criminal justice and health professionals to establish which perpetrators and victims have the greatest need for services and protection. Risk assessment is one way to address these problems but few tools exist. This article describes the development of the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), the first risk assessment instrument designed specifically for the stalking situation. Preliminary data are presented, indicating that the SAM has promise for use by professionals working with stalkers and their victims. Results indicated that interrater reliabilities for the SAM risk factors and total scores range from fair to good, and the structural reliability of the SAM is sound. Moreover, the SAM showed good concurrent validity when compared with two other measures of violence propensity: the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Limitations of the study are discussed, especially those related to the difficulties inherent in file-based research, and suggestions for future research are offered.

The present study attempted a preliminary validation of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) in Hong Kong. In-depth assessment was conducted on 43 identified batterers and 46 control male subjects. Results suggested that the B-SAFER could correctly classify 95% of the cases. Scores relating to the current situation were found to be particularly important in predicting intimate partner violence. The concurrent validity of the B-SAFER was demonstrated by its correlation with the Conflict Tactics Scale scores. Findings were discussed in the context of developing screening tool in the community setting with the guided clinical approach.