French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital legume crop valued for its nutritional content and economic significance in global agriculture. However, poor field emergence, suboptimal crop stand, and low yield often limit its productivity. To overcome this, seeds are subjected to Pre-sowing treatment with biofertilizers, such as Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Trichoderma, which offer a sustainable approach to enhance seed germination, plant growth, and yield. This study, conducted during 2022-23 at the Field Experimentation Centre and Notified State Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, aimed to identify optimal dose of pre-sowing seed treatment with biofertilizers for improving the agronomic performance of French bean variety Ellora 11. among all the pre sowing seed treatment, rhizobium 12% for 6hrsshowed better performance and yield. The findings are significant for promoting sustainable agricultural practices by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby contributing to improved crop productivity and environmental health.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a nutritionally rich, climate-resilient cereal cultivated in semiarid regions, yet its seedling establishment is often constrained by poor germination and weak early growth. This study evaluated the effects of magnetic and electric field treatments on seed germination, early seedling growth, and nutritional attributes of proso millet under controlled laboratory conditions during the 2024–2025. Eleven treatments, including a non-treated control, six magnetic field intensities (25–150 mT), and four electric field intensities (50–125 mA), were imposed in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Seeds were exposed to magnetic fields using cylindrical coil generators and to electric fields via electrolyte-based electrodesystems, followed by germination assessment using the Top of Paper method. Data were recorded for germinationpercentage, germination energy, shoot and root length, seedling length, fresh and dry weight, and seedling vigour indices I and II. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant effects of treatments on all parameters. Magnetic field treatment at 125 mT produced the highest germination (95.58%), germination energy (35.55), shoot (9.23 cm) and root length (10.43 cm), seedling length (19.65 cm), fresh (9.65 g) and dry weight (2.58 g), and vigour indices (1877.94 and 246.07). Electric field treatments enhanced these traits moderately, with maximum improvement observed at 125 mA. Nutritional analysis of seeds exposed to 125 mT showed elevated protein (95.58 g/100 g), fat (35.55 g/100 g), fiber (9.23 g/100 g), and mineral content. These findings indicate that electromagnetic stimulation, particularly magnetic field exposure, significantly enhances germination, seedling vigour, and nutritional quality, providing a sustainable, non-chemical approach to improving proso millet establishment and seed quality.

Wheat seeds collected from the field often vary in size, physical purity, and viability. To ensure uniformity in seed lots, cleaning and grading using seed processing equipment is essential. However, standard sieve sizes (2.10 mm and 2.30 mm) recommended by the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS) may not be optimal for all wheat varieties, as seed size differs across cultivars. This study, conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Seed (Crops), Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Prayagraj, aimed to identify the most suitable sieve size for grading seeds of released wheat varieties. Results indicated that a 2.75 mm sieve provided superior seed recovery, physical purity, germination percentage, and first count for both AAIW6 and AAIW9 genotype.

This study examined the effects of different doses of foliar sulfur application on sulfur distribution in various plant parts, soil dynamics, and seed yield in onion seed crops. The research was conducted at the ICAR–Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, using a randomized complete block design with six treatment levels, including a control, where sulfur applications ranged from 0.2% to 1% across two growing seasons (2020–21 and 2021–22). This study showed that the increase in the levels of sulfur application led to higher concentration of sulfur in the leaf, stem, and bulb tissues with a maximum of 1.33% S in the leaf at 60 days after planting (DAP) in the 1% treatment. Chemical tests showed that there was an increase in the level of sulfur in the applied plots, with the available sulfur standing at 12.40 mg/kg at harvest. There was a positive trend between the levels of sulfur and seed yield where the highest seed yield of 920.00 g/plot was realized at 0.8% S during the 2021/2022 season. This calls for proper management of sulfur in onion seed production and the use of foliar application of sulfur in increasing the yield of the crop and improving the health of the soil. The outcomes are useful to the security of onion seed production.

This study examined nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution patterns in onion seed crops (Allium cepa L.) under varying urea application rates, 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N/ha across two growing seasons. Using a complete randomised block design, the research determined the total nitrogen content in leaves, stems, and bulbs after 30 and 60 days of planting, as well as the soil nitrogen levels before and after harvesting. Results showed that increased levels of nitrogen application highly increase in nitrogen accumulation in all parts of the plant. At 60 days after planting the 150 kg N/ha treatment had the highest nitrogen content in leaf (6.23% and 6.18%), stem (5.70% and 5.61%), and bulb (4.25% and 4.25%) for the years 2020 – 21 and 2021 – 22, respectively. This increased uptake was related to the highest yield of seeds of 774.67 g/plot and 1368.33 g/plot during the years. Post-harvest soil nitrogen levels were also highest at this treatment and were 172.51 and 162.28 kg/ha in 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively, showing effective nitrogen retention. These results emphasise the need for specific nitrogen management practices, such as split application, to enhance nutrient uptake at crucial growth points. Through matching nitrogen application to the physiological requirement of the crop, this research is useful in increasing onion seed yield and in improving crop productivity and soil health in onion seed production.

The present investigation was carried out to overcome the problem of low germination by priming the seeds with different micro-nutrients and growth regulators and evaluate the effect of seed treatments of selected plant growth regulators and micronutrients on growth and yield attributing traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) under drought condition. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatments. T0 untreated control was evaluated against, T1 Potassium chloride (KCL), T2 Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4), T3 Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), T4 Boric Acid (H3BO3), T5 Magnesium Chloride + Zinc Sulphate (MgCl2+ZnSO4), T6 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), T7 Gibberellic Acid (GA3), T8 Boric Acid + Copper Sulphate (H3BO3+ CuSO4), T9 Boric Acid + Zinc Sulphate (H3BO3+ ZnSO4) and T9 Trichoderma. The experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, during March to July 2023. The required solution was collected in a beaker, then seeds of okra were soaked in the solution for 8 hours, then the seeds were removed and sown on experimental site. Further growth and yield parameters viz, Field emergence, Plant height (30, 60 & 90 DAS), Days to 50% flowering, Number of leaves (30 & 60 DAS), Capsule length, Seed yield per hectare, Fruit yield per hectare were recorded. Seeds treated with T7 Gibberellic Acid (GA3) recorded higher rate of Field emergence (91.67%), Plant height 30 DAS (20.75cm), Plant height 60 DAS (29.21cm) Plant height 90 DAS (34.78cm), Days to 50% flowering (36.60), Number of leaves 30 DAS (8.07), Number of leaves 60 DAS (25.20), Capsule length (15.25cm), Seed yield per hectare (4.57q), Fruit yield per hectare (74.87q). Based on the results of assessment, it can be concluded that T7 Gibberellic Acid (GA3) soaked for 08 hours showed the best performance in terms of growth and yield attributing traits of okra.

In recent years, a growing number of roles have been identified for mitochondria in innate immunity. One principal mechanism is that the translocation of mitochondrial nucleic acid species from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol and endolysosomal lumen in response to an array of microbial and non-microbial environmental stressors has been found to serve as a second messenger event in the cell signaling of the innate immune response. Thus, mitochondrial DNA and RNA have been shown to access the cytosol through several regulated mechanisms involving remodeling of the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes and to access lysosomes via vesicular transport, thereby activating cytosolic [e.g. cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors], and endolysosomal (Toll-like receptor 7, 9) nucleic acid receptors that induce type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this mini-review, we discuss these molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial nucleic acid mislocalization and their roles in host defense, autoimmunity, and auto-inflammatory disorders. The emergent paradigm is one in which host-derived DNA interestingly serves as a signal amplifier in the innate immune response and also as an alarm signal for disturbances in organellar homeostasis. The apparent vast excess of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA nucleoids per cell may thus serve to sensitize the cell response to stressors while ensuring an underlying reserve of intact mitochondria to sustain cellular metabolism. An improved understanding of these molecular mechanisms will hopefully afford future opportunities for therapeutic intervention in human disease.

The human IRGM gene has been linked to inflammatory diseases including sepsis and Crohn's disease. Decreased expression of human IRGM, or the mouse orthologues Irgm1 and Irgm2, leads to increased production of a number of infl ammatory chemokines and cytokines in vivo and/or in cultured macrophages. Prior work has indicated that increased cytokine production is instigated by metabolic alterations and changes in mitochondrial homeostasis; however, a comprehensive mechanism has not been elucidated. In the studies presented here, RNA deep sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to show that increases in cytokine production, as well as most changes in the transcriptional profile of Irgm1-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), are dependent on increased type I IFN production seen in those cells. Metabolic alterations that drive increased cytokines in Irgm1-/- BMM- specifically increases in glycolysis and increased accumulation of acyl-carnitines- were unaffected by quenching type I IFN signaling. Dysregulation of peroxisomal homeostasis was identified as a novel upstream pathway that governs type I IFN production and inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of the complex biochemical changes that are triggered by lack of Irgm1 and contribute to inflammatory disease seen with Irgm1-deficiency.

The present investigation was undertaken to assess Standardization of different doses and durations of electric and magnetic field seed treatment on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) The experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2022-23 at the field experimental centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj (U.P.). Seeds of Bottle gourd when treated with electric and magnetic fields with various doses and frequencies/durations, treatment T₆ Magnetic field (250mT) for 20 minutes performed best in all growth and yield attributing traits when compared to other treatments. This study is helpful in good crop establishment and prevent the seed from pest and diseases, it also promotes good yield and as it is chemically free and causes no harm to soil it will also benefit farmers. It is highly cost-effective since once the initial research is done, the process can be easily replicated and scaled.

The current study evaluated 13 chickpea genotypes raised in a randomized block design with 3 replications during Rabi season of 2020-21 at Experimental research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Naini Agriculture Institute, Prayagraj. The results indicated that the magnitude of higher value of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was recorded for seed yield per plot and biological yield per plant respectively. The genotype C-203 recorded highest number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield per plot. High Heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for seed yield per plot, biological yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant differences among genotypes.

Field experiment was conducted to standardize pre-sowing treatments of bio-fertilizer and botanicals on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of linseed [cv. GP(I) 101]. The experiment involved one genotype replicated thrice with 12 distinct treatments using Randomized Block Design. The findings demonstrated notable results across various parameters but significantly higher values were recorded for treatments involving neem leaf and neem seed extract (T11) across all parameters, indicating their potential efficacy in enhancing linseed growth and yield like field emergence (89.10%), plant height (72 cm), daysto 50% flowering (81 days), number of primary branches per plant (8.46), number of secondary branches per plant (28), days to maturity (111 days), number of capsules per plant (143), number of seeds per capsule (8.8), seed yield per plant (7.53 g), seed yield per plot (91.2 g), seed yield per hectare (11.58 kg), test weight (6.40 g), biological yield (26.06 g ), harvest index (36.04%) and seed index (8.58).

Middle Ganga Basin (MGB) is lifeline for millions of inhabitants relying heavily on the groundwater. This has resulted in depletion of water quality and quantity at a very rapid scale. The present study has emphasized on hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in the Middle Ganga Basin, covering an area of 99,058 sq. km. Around 400 water samples were evaluated to determine the geochemical evolution of the shallow groundwater in MGB. The weighted average water quality index (WAWQI) shows 20.2% of the groundwater are unsuitable for drinking purposes. The Ca–HCO3 water facies dominates in northern region in the interfluves of Ghaghara and West Rapti rivers whereas more evolved water types such as Mg–HCO3, Na–HCO3 are found in the interfluves area of Ghaghara, Ganga, Yamuna, and Gomati Rivers. The occurrence of more mineralized water with increasing residence time in the flow direction suggests geogenic control and evolution follow the Chebotarev sequence. The saline water type is observed in and around the settlement reflecting the in-situ enrichment due to stagnation and anthropogenic activities. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the regional groundwater data into three distinct major groups G1, G2, and G3. Factor 1 is attributed to anthropogenic inputs and associated with subgroup G2B and group G3. Factor 2 is attributable to the geogenic factors and is associated with subgroups G1A, G1B, and G2A. The various bivariate plots confirm the dominance of silicate weathering over carbonate weathering in the study area. Geochemical mass balance modeling suggests calcite and dolomite are in saturation to oversaturation conditions, restricting their further dissolution and primary silicate minerals controlling the groundwater chemistry. Our work reveals hydrogeochemical evolution on a regional scale in the shallow groundwater which will help to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies.

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have been generally sent in PCs and organizations to recognize a variety of attacks. Yet, network intrusions are presently turning out to be more modern to distinguish, accordingly collaborative intrusion detection networks (CIDNs) have been proposed which empower an IDS to gather data and take in experience from different IDS hubs. By keeping up with associations among a bunch of IDS hubs, a CIDN is relied upon to be all the more remarkable in recognizing some muddled assaults like denial-of-service (DoS) than a solitary IDS. In genuine organization, we distinguish that every IDS might have various degrees of affectability in recognizing various sorts of interruptions (i.e., because of their marks and settings). In this paper, we along with these lines characterize a thought of interruption affectability and examine the achievability of utilizing it to assess the reliability of an IDS hub. What’s more, we describe a few difficulties when utilizing this idea in practice.

Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the biosynthetic enzyme for 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), is most highly expressed in the lung, but its role in lung biology is poorly defined. Recently, we reported that Ch25h is induced in monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the airspace during resolution of lung inflammation and that 25HC promotes liver X receptor–dependent (LXR-dependent) clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by these cells. Ch25h and 25HC are, however, also robustly induced by lung-resident cells during the early hours of lung inflammation, suggesting additional cellular sources and targets. Here, using Ch25h–/– mice and exogenous 25HC in lung injury models, we provide evidence that 25HC sustains proinflammatory cytokines in the airspace and augments lung injury, at least in part, by inducing LXR-independent endoplasmic reticulum stress and endothelial leak. Suggesting an autocrine effect in endothelium, inhaled LPS upregulates pulmonary endothelial Ch25h, and non-hematopoietic Ch25h deletion is sufficient to confer lung protection. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, airspace 25HC and alveolar macrophage CH25H were associated with markers of microvascular leak, endothelial activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and clinical severity. Taken together, our findings suggest that 25HC deriving from and acting on different cell types in the lung communicates distinct, temporal LXR-independent and -dependent signals to regulate inflammatory homeostasis.

Immunity-related GTPase family M ( IRGM ), located on human chromosome 5q33.1, encodes a protein that promotes autophagy and suppresses the innate immune response. The minor allele of rs13361189 (−4299T>C), a single nucleotide polymorphism in the IRGM promoter, has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn’s disease and tuberculosis. Although patterns of linkage disequilibrium and minor allele frequency for this polymorphism differ dramatically between subjects of European and African descent, studies of rs13361189 have predominantly been conducted in Europeans and the mechanism of association is poorly understood. We recruited a cohort of 68 individuals (30 White, 34 African American, 4 other race) with varying rs13361189 genotypes and assessed a panel of immune response measures including whole blood cytokine induction following ex vivo stimulation with Toll-like Receptor ligands. Minor allele carriers were found to have increased serum immunoglobulin M, C-reactive protein, and circulating CD8 + T cells. No differences in whole blood cytokines were observed between minor allele carriers and non-carriers in the overall study population; however, minor allele status was associated with increased induction of a subset of cytokines among African American subjects, and decreased induction among White subjects. These findings underline the importance of broad racial inclusion in genetic studies of immunity.

Seed encrustation is one of the important seed quality enhancement techniques adopted in small seeded crops to overcome the problem of slow, asynchronous and poor seedling establishment.Considering the effect of various seed encrustation treatment on the physiological properties of a seed during germination, an experiment was conducted during March 2022 to June 2022 at the Seed Testing Laboratory (Notified by Government of Uttar Pradesh) Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P) India.In this research, seeds of radish variety Pusa Chetki were taken to study and to evaluate the influence of different organic botanicals and storage containers on the seedling character under ambient conditions of storage.Radish seeds were encrusted with five different organic botanicals viz.neem leaf powder, aloevera leaf powder, turmeric powder, moringa leaf powder, and black pepper powder and are stored in three types of containers viz.polyurethane containers (C1), aluminium zip pouches (C2) and cloth bag (C3).All the quality parameters were evaluated during every month of storage.The experiment was conducted in factorial CRD with 4 replications.The experimental result showed that the organic botanicals influenced the radish seedling as well as physiological parameters.Seed treated with moringa leaf powder @15g/kg of seed (T11) performed better in terms of seed quality parameters; viz.germination per cent (81.25%), germination rate (0.30), root length (6.63 cm), shoot length (6.52 cm), seedling length (13.16 cm), fresh weight (1.79 gm/10 seedlings), dry weight (0.55 gm /10 seedlings), vigour indices (VI-I=1068.49,VI-II= 45.48), seed density (1.13 gm/cm 3 ), electrical conductivity (0.924 dSm -1 ), seed metabolic efficiency (0.24), and seed mobilization efficiency (60.39%) as compared to control (T0) at the end of 3 months of storage.The study concluded that the combination of aluminium zip pouch with moringa leaf powder @15g/kg of seed can be used to expand the storability of radish seeds under ambient storage condition.