A significant development in polymer science is the hybrid nanocomposite membranes that combine the functionality of nanoparticles with the adaptability of a polymeric matrix to provide improved separation performance. This review article mainly focuses on the recent progress in the development of polymer-based nanocomposite membranes, with a particular concentration on polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone, polyvinyl alcohol and related polymers commonly employed in wastewater treatment. It is described how the addition of fillers, such as graphene oxide, titanium dioxide, manganese dioxide, metal organic frameworks, and zeolitic imidazolate framework, etc., affects the mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, crystallinity, structure of the membrane and performance of the membrane. The fundamental problem with bare membranes is that they easily foul, which means they have a shorter lifespan and need to be replaced frequently. Moreover, a new notion called integrated/hybrid membranes is being developed that gives an insight into the recently developed nanocomposite polymer membranes for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from the wastewater, because dyes and heavy metals are major pollutants released by industries such as the paper industries, textile industries, and other industries, which affect both aquatic and land life, and also effects on agricultural soil, so to control these we need a proper wastewater treatment.

This study aims on the development and evaluation of cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) modified with folate (FA) and boron to enhance targeted drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. FA and boron were employed as targeting ligands, while aldehyde sodium alginate (ASA) was used as a stabilizing modifier to improve the surface activity and stability of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized via chemical co-precipitation. FA and boron were activated through interaction with NHS-PEG-NHS, through non-covalent chemical bonding, forming stable and water-soluble complexes. ASA was combined to Fe3O4 NPs after FA-PEG linkage via Schiff base formation. Subsequent substitution of chloride in cisplatin with the hydroxyl group of ASA yielded FA- and ASAmodified CIS-FA-ASA-MNPs, along with boron-coated counterparts. MTT assays demonstrated that cisplatinloaded NPs significantly reduced cancer cell viability compared to other formulations, with CIS-loaded boroncoated NPs exhibiting pronounced cytotoxicity even at lower doses. The IC50 value of CIS-loaded boron-coated NPs (0.61 mu g/mL) was markedly lower than that of CIS-loaded FA-coated NPs (0.65 mu g/mL) and free cisplatin (1.25 mu g/mL), confirming superior anticancer potential. Enhanced apoptosis was observed due to improved nanocarrier internalization by CIS-loaded boron-coated NPs. These results highlight the promise of boron-coated, cisplatin-loaded NPs as a targeted therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer. The enhanced cytotoxicity compared with conventional formulations is attributed to improved cellular uptake and controlled drug release. Further in vivo and biological studies are warranted to validate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of this novel delivery system.

The development of efficient and sustainable ceramic catalysts for biodiesel production has attracted considerable attention as a strategy to reduce fossil fuel dependence and environmental impacts. This review critically examines alkali- and alkaline earth metal oxide-modified silicate, aluminosilicate, and zeolitic ceramic materials as heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification and esterification of lipid feedstocks. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between catalyst structure, surface acidity/basicity, and catalytic performance. Incorporation of alkali (K+, Na+, Li+) and alkaline earth (Ca2+, Mg2+) metal ions into ceramic frameworks enhances active-site density, reactant adsorption, and reaction kinetics, enabling biodiesel yields exceeding 90%-99% under optimized conditions. The effects of framework topology, pore architecture, and surface area on mass transfer and catalyst accessibility are discussed, together with the roles of zeolites, clays, and mesoporous aluminosilicates in improving catalyst stability, reusability, and resistance to leaching. Current challenges, including catalyst deactivation, feedstock impurities, and scale-up limitations, are critically evaluated. Emerging strategies involving waste-derived ceramics, bifunctional catalysts, and process intensification are highlighted to guide the rational design of next-generation heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production.

Single crystals of Sr2+ ions codoped bisthiourea-urea (SBTU) were grown using the method of slow evaporation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystals exhibit orthorhombic structure with centro-symmetric characteristics. Powder XRD analysis shows a decrease in crystallite size after the addition of dopant. The concentration of strontium dopant and the percentage of elements present in the crystal was inveterated by CHNS analysis, SEM micrographs and ICP-OES analysis. Crystals show the thermal stability up to the temperature of 171 degrees C. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed the crystals are transparent across the UV, visible, and NIR regions, with an optical cutoff at 332 nm. Gamma radiation was irradiated to check the stability of the crystal in a radiation environment with different doses of 1 Mrad, 3 Mrad, and 5 Mrad. Dielectric studies show an increase in dielectric constant and AC conductivity after irradiation and also with increase in irradiation doses. Optical absorbance property also increases after irradiation. LDT study revealed an increase in the stability after gamma irradiation.

This study introduces a novel, eco-friendly approach for synthesizing molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles using Leucas aspera leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, presenting a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. The synthesis results in molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles with well-defined structural and morphological properties, confirmed through advanced characterization techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Notably, the molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, significant antioxidant potential, and promising performance as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic environments, making them suitable for a range of biomedical and industrial applications. Additionally, these nanoparticles enhanced seed germination and growth in agricultural trials, establishing their potential as natural growth stimulants. This study highlights the unique multifunctionality of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles across diverse fields such as medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and corrosion protection, offering new avenues for future research and practical applications.

The polysulfone (Psf) membranes are widely used in membrane separation processes due to their excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability and chemical resistance. Nevertheless, they are susceptible for membrane fouling and subsequently presents decreased efficiency. To address this issue, Psf membranes are often modified. The study aims to prepare a novel SBAL/Psf composite membrane by incorporating SBAL complex (Ag capped on BSA) into the Psf matrix which enhances the membrane separation process and reduces the membrane fouling. The prepared complex and the membranes were characterized using FT-IR, TGA, FESEM, CA and zeta potential. Later, assessed for its permeability at various pressures, water uptake and porosity. The thermal stability (up to 450 °C) porosity (76.72

The present communication reflects different approaches for the synthesis of tetrazole biomimetic replacement of carboxylic acid. Tetrazole is one among the many isosteres that represent the true replacement to carboxylic acid. Tetrazole tethered molecules exhibit many biological activities and catalytic activities in organic transformations. Synthetic methodologies for the construction of free tetrazole, substituted tetrazole, fused tetrazoles, etc., were substantiated that would offer a platform to encompass the researcher to avail complete information on the tetrazoles.

The current research investigates the corrosion inhibition study of EMTS (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tri-fluoromethane sulphonate) on mild steel (MS) in 1M sulphamic acid medium. Electrochemical techniques (PDP and EIS) were used to investigate corrosion inhibition behaviour at different temperatures (298 K to 318 K). The results showed an increasing efficiency with the increase in the EMTS concentration, demonstrating its capacity to suppress corrosion. The PDP findings showed a maximum efficiency of 72.9% (200 ppm). Based on the donor-acceptor interaction between the N, O, and aromatic p orbitals and the metal's unoccupied d-orbitals via both physisorption and chemisorption, EMTS adsorption occurs on the MS surface. With a best-fit (R2 similar to 1) value, the results collected support the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model on the metal surface. Furthermore, we were able to comprehend how the effective barrier layer formed on the surface thanks to SEM, AFM, and CA. Additionally, to emphasise the expected interaction and direction of EMTS on the Fe surface, density functional theory (DFT) investigations were carried out.

Metal oxide nanomaterials, notably ZnO NPs, have emerged as pivotal components in various industries due to their exceptional properties. This study focuses on enhancing the bioactive properties of ZnO NPs by co-doping them with Ni and Mn, employing a cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis method utilizing S. glauca leaf extract as a bio-reductant. Characterization techniques including PXRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV-Visible were utilized to analyse the synthesized NPs. The research evaluated the anti-carcinogenic anti-tubercular and anti-bacterial activities. Cytotoxicity of the NPs was examined towards general mammalian cells and yeast cells. Antioxidant activity was determined by Free radical scavenging, Power to reduce ferric ions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Also examined the potential of NPs to inhibit the Hyaluronidase enzyme activity, that breaks down Hyaluronic acid and helps in the prognosis of tumour metastasis. Results revealed, significant impacts on these biological processes, highlighting the relevance of our findings for cytotoxicity assessment, therapeutic applications, and biomedical advancements. Results indicated promising potential for Ni and Mn-doped ZnO NPs across various biomedical applications, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antimicrobial efficacy, antioxidant properties, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. The study concludes that the doped NPs offer versatile functionalities, paving the way for further exploration and development in biomedical and clinical applications, with potential implications for improving healthcare and patient outcomes.

Carbon-integrated polymer composites and foams have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and wide-ranging applications. This review paper aims to comprehensively analyse the synthesis methods, characteristics, and utilization of these materials. It examines diverse strategies for incorporating carbon-based additives into polymer matrices, elucidating the resultant enhancements in mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties. Moreover, the review investigates the myriad applications of carbon-integrated polymer composites and foams in industries such as biomedical engineering, aerospace, automotive, and energy storage. Additionally, it offers insights into prospective breakthroughs and research directions, shedding light on future opportunities and challenges within this field. By synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying avenues for further exploration, this review contributes to advancing the understanding and development of carbon-integrated polymer composites and foams, addressing critical needs in contemporary industrial and technological contexts.

This study presents a comprehensive exploration into the synthesis and multifaceted characterization of strontium titanate (ST) nanopowder via the solution combustion method. The investigation delves into the photoluminescent properties, electrochemical behaviors assessed through potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as antibacterial characteristics of the synthesized nanoproduct. Through meticulous analysis involving powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), ST nanoparticles revealed intriguing features. PXRD unveiled a cubic crystal structure with a crystallite size of - 11 nm, showcasing a crystallinity of 89.23. FESEM, UV-visible spectroscopy, and FT-IR studies uncovered irregularities in size, band gap properties, and the formation of M -O bonds within ST, with an Eg value of - 3.0 eV. Photoluminescence investigations highlighted oxygen deficiencies within the ST material. Furthermore, corrosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated, demonstrating a maximum of 81.9 % at a concentration of 400 ppm, while antibacterial studies exhibited promising results against both Grampositive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram -negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, with zone of inhibitions (ZOI) measuring 8.00 +/- 0.250 mm and 9.00 +/- 0.000 mm, respectively. These findings collectively underscore the diverse potential applications of ST nanoparticles and offer valuable insights into their structural, optical, electrochemical, and antimicrobial properties.

AbstractThree‐dimensional Printing (3DP) and computer‐assisted design (CAD) are a boon for producing high‐quality analytical and electrochemical devices using low‐cost components. This review briefly explains various 3D printing techniques. The focus is on the fabrication of integrated miniature devices developed through the 3DP process, mainly by the Fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. Examples of integrated electrochemical devices are presented to highlight the potential of 3DP. Special emphasis is given to surface activation of 3D printed electrodes to enhance their electrochemical activity and various activation methods. This paper discusses the opportunities and future applications in developing all‐in‐one miniature electrochemical devices that might lead to on‐site environmental measurements, point‐of‐care tests, and the development of portable instruments with reduced sample volume.

The concerns regarding pharmaceutical waste, particularly expired drugs have prompted the exploration of their alternative applications. This research highlights the potential of repurposing expired pharmaceuticals as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for their industrial applications. An expired drug sumatriptan was investigated for its anticorrosive properties on MS in 1 M HCl medium. Electrochemical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were employed to evaluate the inhibition efficiency and complemented by surface characterization studies (SEM, EDAX, CA and AFM). The results demonstrated that sumatriptan acts as an effective mixed-type inhibitor, achieving maximum inhibition efficiencies of 94.51% and 93.85% from PDP and EIS studies respectively for 500 ppm at 318 K. The adsorption of sumatriptan on the metal surface followed the Langmuir isotherm having an R2 value of similar to 1, suggesting a physical adsorption behaviour with Delta G degrees values ranging from -16.286 to -21.518 kJ mol-1. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of sumatriptan as a corrosion inhibitor and the potential of repurposing expired pharmaceuticals as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives.

Abstract In this work, we report the development of ZnO NPs by using environmentally friendly SCS using Mimosa pudica (MP) leaves. The obtained ZnO-MP-NPs were subjected to extensive characterization techniques such as PXRD, BET, SEM, & TEM. Further, ZnO-MP-NPs were evaluated for their antioxidant ability by DPPH method. Their anticancer capability was assessed by MTT assay on human breast cancer cell ine MCF-7. The results indicated the potential applications of ZnO-MP-NPs both as antioxidant and anticancer agents.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) find versatile applications in industries like cosmetics, paint, coatings, and rubber due to their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and straightforward synthesis methods. ZnO-NPs also hold significant promise in biomedical research, particularly for their demonstrated anticancer and antimicrobial properties. ZnO-NPs have gained prominence in biomedical research, particularly in the realms of antimicrobial and anticancer applications. Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis is central to these functions. Additionally, ZnO-NPs have proven effective as drug carriers, facilitating the targeted delivery of medications. This not only reduces undesirable toxicity and non-target effects but also enhances synergistic effects. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs exhibit excellent light-related properties, making them valuable candidates for various bioimaging applications. This unique characteristic positions them as promising tools in the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we provide an overview of the synthesis, development, and diverse applications of ZnO-NPs in the realm of biomedicine. This summary aims to foster further research and draw attention to various biomedical areas where ZnO-NPs have shown promise, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, bioimaging, and antidiabetic activities.

The corrosion of metals poses a significant challenge across various industries. While numerous methods exist, corrosion inhibitors remain a cornerstone for mitigating metal degradation. Corrosion, a pervasive issue across industrial, environmental, and technological sectors, necessitates effective mitigation strategies for metals and alloys. While various approaches exist, corrosion inhibitors offer a reliable and environmentally friendly solution. Traditionally, researchers have explored organic, inorganic, and plant-derived compounds in their respective contexts. In recent years, the potential of liquid crystals as corrosion inhibitors has gained significant attention due to their promising performance. This review reveals the application of liquid crystals and plant polymers as corrosion inhibitors, particularly for mild steel in acidic environments. The study encompasses inhibitory mechanisms evaluated through weight loss, electrochemical techniques (PDP, EIS), and contact angle measurements in conjunction with quantum calculations (DFT) for a comprehensive understanding. The influence of molecular structure, containing the Pi-electron cloud and, N, S, and O hetero atoms, on inhibition efficiency was explored. By highlighting the potential of these compounds as effective corrosion inhibitors, this review aims to stimulate further research in this promising area.

The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of S. dulcamara extract (SDE) in managing type II diabetes-related parameters, including blood glucose levels, alpha-amylase activity, and modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT). Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozocin, and the anti-diabetics effect was evaluated by the administration of S. dulcamara extract at different doses. Blood glucose levels, alpha-amylase activity, and endogenous antioxidants were estimated and found to be significant (P<0.05) in the rats treated with the extract of S. dulcamara at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The extract showed dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-amylase suggesting the potential benefits in glycemic control. Moreover, the study demonstrated a modulation in the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT). Importantly, the fruit extract showed no significant hemolysis or acute toxicity at varying concentrations (12.5 and 25 mg/mL) indicating the safe and biocompatible nature, as confirmed by normal biochemical parameters and histopathological examination. In conclusion, the methanolic fruit extract of S. dulcamara shows significant anti-diabetic activity by alleviating oxidative stress associated with type II diabetes and its complications.