The global petroleum sector is an important contributor to economic growth and industrialization, yet its activities generate large quantities of hazardous waste products, including hydrocarbons and heavy metals, increasing significant environmental, ecological, and health challenges. In recent years, the field of nanobioremediation, particularly through biomass-mediated nanomaterials, has emerged as a promising alternative for effective waste treatment. Nanomaterials synthesized from biogenic sources such as microbes, plants, and algae have unique properties such as high surface area, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility, which significantly enhance adsorption, catalytic degradation, and transformation of toxic contaminants. For example, plant-extract-synthesized iron nanoparticles have demonstrated over 85–92

The increasing concern towards the environmental impact of lignocellulosic biomass waste generated during agro-industrial processes has triggered the need for its sustainable bioconversion into high-value products. Among others, rhamnolipid biosurfactants with varied and novel applications have surfaced as key products. This review is aimed at describing recent advancement in efficient pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain fermentable sugars which are needed for microbial rhamnolipid production. Furthermore, the review also addresses the versatile qualities of rhamnolipids including their use in agriculture, nanotechnology and medicine, accentuating their effectiveness as multifunctional agents and as environmentally friendly substances. The production of rhamnolipids from lignocellulosic biomass strengthens the availability of sustainable green surfactants while at the same time adding value to agricultural industrial waste, thus advancing the circular bioeconomy and sustainability in various sectors.

Antibiotics are one of the most important discoveries yet on earth. However, the rise of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms has lowered their potency of treatment for diseases which is now becoming life-threatening to patients. In this context, the present review discusses the reason for the development of resistance among bacteria through their mechanisms and evolutionary approaches to address this issue. Quorum sensing inhibition, bacteriocins, nano therapy, phage therapy, and essential oils have been discussed in the present work.

This study evaluates the environmental impact of petroleum oil contamination in soil using an integrated mathematical and metabolomics approach. The aim was to determine the phytotoxicity and spatial dispersion of petroleum pollutants. Soil samples were collected from four distances relative to the contamination source: S1 (at the source), S2 (1 m away), S3 (3 m away), and S4 (5 m away). Metabolomic analysis focused on primary metabolites of plants, specifically alpha-amylase and protease, using MetaboAnalyst and supervised partial least squares (PLS) techniques. Additionally, mathematical models were used to compute growth parameters and germination velocity. The analysis revealed that the standard error of the mathematical model decreased as petroleum hydrocarbon concentration increased (S1 to S4), indicating a more pronounced toxic effect on germination with higher contamination levels. Principal component analysis showed that Treatment S4 had the highest metabolite concentrations, while S1 had the lowest due to higher contamination. The analysis using GC-MS of the contaminated soil shows the presence of 12 different hazardous hydrocarbons which include tetradecane, tridecane, and hexadecane. The presence of these compounds poses serious threats to both human and environmental health. Heat map analysis demonstrated a decreasing order of metabolite levels: S4 ≥ S3 ≥ S2 ≥ S1. Integrated approach combining mathematics and metabolomics provides an efficient method for assessing the ecological toxicity of petroleum-contaminated soils, highlighting its commercial potential for environmental monitoring.

Candida species is the causative agent in approximately 80

The increased industrialization and rapid demand for petroleum and its product as an energy source has resulted in accidental oil spills, industrial runoff, and leakage of underground tanks and pipelines. This has led to the contamination of environmental compartments and needs utmost attention as it finds an easy entry through the food chain, causing severe threats. Petroleum hydrocarbons are the complex heterogeneous mixture of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds considered as carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine-disrupting agents. Various management strategies have been proposed for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons, still mostly expensive and leading to incomplete decomposition of contaminants. So, immense attention has been paid to advancing and demonstrating current cost-effective microbial techniques that are efficient in remediation without harming the existing environment. In that regard, microbial glycolipid biosurfactant-assisted remediation strategy is treated as one of the most prominent approaches of today. Therefore, the sources and ecotoxicological consequences of petroleum contaminant footprint in different environmental compartments are the main emphasis of this review, along with the in situ and ex situ remediation options aided by microbial glycolipids for their control. The paper also outlines the difficulties and restrictions related to the use of glycolipid biosurfactants, as well as monitoring techniques for evaluating efficacy.

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is an association between fungus and the roots of plants. This association is an integral part of both plants and fungus established through a complex interactive process. In recent times, much research emphasis has been initiated to explore the association through different traditional and analytical processes, but its exploration using OMICS is a promising method. This chapter focuses on this association, the colonization process, pre-symbiotic signaling, and mycorrhizal interaction. Further, the chapter delves into a concept of mycorrhizal symbiosis through genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics study based on available preliminary research in the area. Hence, the chapter intends to highlight the importance of OMICS for deciphering plant–mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most common healthcare problem in hospitals. In this study, we isolated the Daldinia starbaeckii (An endolichenic fungus from Roccella montagnie) and its biomass extract were used to simultaneously synthesize and deposit DSFAgNPs on the inner and outer surfaces of the catheter tube using chitosan biopolymer via In-situ deposition method. Perfectly designed D. starbaeckii extract functionalized DSFAgNPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDS, TEM, and XRD. The microbial efficacy of DSFAgNPs DSFAgNPs coated catheter (CTH3) was evaluated against eight human pathogenic gram (+ / −) ive strains and Candida albicans. Results indicated DSFAgNPs showed significant biological activity against both gram (+ / −) ive bacteria with an average MIC90 of 4 µl/ml. The most promising activity was observed against Helicobacter pylori. When bacteria strains allow to grow with CTH3 we reported significant reduction in colony formation unit (CFU/ml) in broth culture assay with an average 70

Distillery industries generate around 12-15 L aqueous waste per liter of alcohol production. Characteristics of distillery wastewater (DWW) dark brown color containing organic and inorganic pollutants with heavy metals (HMs) cause pernicious effects on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Unknowingly untreated DWW irrigation adversely affects the productivity of the crops due to the unavailability of minerals, reduction in seed germination and seedling growth. So, this study screened potential isolates that have plant growth promotion (PGP) and biosurfactant (BS) production properties. 5% inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SRRBL1 produced 2.9 g/L BS from minimal salt media (MSM) amended with 20% (v/v) DWW at 37?degrees C and 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) after 72 h incubation. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that extracted BS was di-rhamnolipid in nature. Simultaneously SRRBL1 reduced color, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), heavy metals (HMs) such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were 61.76%, 53.53%, 61.32%, 56.61% 74.44%, 70.76%, 51.56%, 73.06% 58.96% and 27.49%, respectively from DWW. In addition, FT-IR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identify functional groups and metabolites found in DWW. Major identified metabolites listed as endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) such as octadecane; heneicosane; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 8-methylnonyl ester; oxirane, tetradecyl-; 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diol, 2TBDMS derivative; n-tetracosanol-1 octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid in untreated DWW were diminished and some new metabolites produced after bacterial treatment. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assay on Triticum aestivum confirmed that treated wastewater enhanced seed germination up to 73%. Hence it indicated that SRRBL1 can be applied for di-rhamnolipid production from DWW with simultaneous pollutants reduction.

Usnea longissima, fruticose lichen growing in the temperate region, is well known traditional medicinal herb and a reservoir of some unique secondary metabolites. Traditionally it has been commonly used as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of ailments like tuberculosis, ulcers and skin diseases, etc. In our study, we evaluate antimicrobial, antiquorum sensing (QS) and antioxidant activity of Usnea longissima secondary metabolites extracted in acetone, methanol, and 70% hydroalcoholic solvents. Antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against fungus (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans) and six bacterial (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans) strains. Whereas anti-QS activity was tested against biosensor strain Chromobacterium violaceum (CV) MCC 2290 and antibiofilm activity was checked in two gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli), two gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungus (Candida albicans). Results of experimental data indicated that methanolic extract exhibited maximum activity against A. tumefaciens (24±0.2 mm) and C. albicans (30±0.3 mm) with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 300µg/mL and 200µg/mL respectively. Interestingly, we also observed that all extracts effectively inhibited quorum sensing in C. violaceum and biofilm formation in Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Staphylococcus aureus, at the concentration (100-300 µg/mL), for Candida albicans (50-150 µg/mL). Usnea longissima extract showed strong reducing power and hydroxyl radical activity and low DPPH scavenging activity. The present study suggested that U. longissima possesses potential antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing activity. These biological properties could be attributed to its significant antioxidant potential which validates its traditional use as an antimicrobial herbal source.

This paper presents a tightly coupled experimental and kinetic approach for efficient remediation of oil spill from contaminated marine intertidal zone surface through a methodical strategy that deals with biosurfactant mediated washing strategy. The study deals with production, optimization and characterization of lipopeptide biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis T1 and its application in remediation of oil contaminants from mimic model system of various marine intertidal zone i.e. woodland-Group1, saltmarsh-Group2, mangrove-Group3 and mudflats-Group4. Results demonstrates enhanced washing performance with oil desorption rate of 35 % in Group 4, 17.22 %, 15.6 % and 11 % in Group 3, 2 and 1 along with bio surfactant recovery rate of 41 %, 48.7 %, 51.71 % and 50.3 % respectively. Further, the washing strategy was efficient in soil detoxification with highest rate in Group 4. The kinetic validation depicts good match among experimental data and Lagergren pseudo second order data.

Abstract In the present study, three potentially Pb(II)-resistant and biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains were isolated from a total of 23 strains using various screening methods, investigated for their biosorption of Pb(II) and used for the biodegradation of used motor oil. The results show that strain E1 (Bacillus haynesii) has significantly high efficiency in biodegradation of used motor oil, up to 82 % in the first three days. Maximum Pb(II) biosorption capacities of 238.09 mg/g and 99.01 mg/g were determined for strains E1 and F5 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), respectively. The biosorption process was found to be in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm for both E1 (R2 = 0.9614) and F5 (R2 = 0.9646), suggesting monolayer biosorption. The four common screening methods, namely the haemolytic assay, the determination of surface tension, the emulsifying activity and the foam test, were also correlated with the Pearson correlation method.

The present study was conducted to statistically optimize the biosurfactant production yield of Pseudomonas sp. F5 using raw orange peel extract (Central composite design (CCD) design; Surface tension (ST) reduction = 32.41 dyne/cm; biosurfactant yield = ~2.4 g/L). The extracted biosurfactant was characterized as a glycolipid having predominant mono-rhamnolipids than di-rhamnolipids with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 40 mg/L. The potential of strain F5 for good biosurfactant yield during Pb2+ stress and the inherent mechanism for simultaneous biosorption of Pb2+ was also investigated. During concomitant submerged fermentation from 100 to 500 mg/L of Pb2+ showed enhancement in adsorption capacity from 99.44 to 267.86 mg/g respectively having 60.33 ± 2.87 of emulsification index (E24%) measured at 100 mg/L Pb2+ corresponding to maximum biosurfactant production during metal stress. The bacterium showed a high Pb2+ MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 2200 mg/L and efficiently biosorbed Pb2+ ions at pH 7 and a dosage of 0.05 g under varying initial metal ion concentration and contact time. The exothermic biosorption (chemisorption) mechanism was found to be fitted well with Langmuir (R2 = 0.9859) and Pseudo second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9975; 200 mg/L) having a maximum adsorption capacity of 294.12 mg/g. These findings indicated the excellent potential of biosurfactant producing strain F5 in the removal of Pb2+ ions from aqueous system and management of agrowastes as suitable carbon substrate.

Toxicity of agricultural soil due to petroleum contamination has become a serious issue in recent times. Petrol oil exhibits toxic effects in agricultural crops due to the presence of various hazardous hydrocarbons. The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon has been widely studied by the researchers that signify the requirement of effective treatments for the detoxification of petroleum contaminated soil and their reuse for growing crops. Hence, with this intention in the present study secondary metabolites "biosurfactant"(natural surfactant) along with the potent plant growth promoting (PGP) bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. SA3 was used in the designed treatments for growing agricultural crop. The biosurfactant produced by the strain has the emulsification capacity of 43% and surface tension reduction ability to 34.5 mN/m whereas the plant growth promoting traits demonstrates 93.46 mu g/mL phosphate solubilisation ability, siderophores (iron chelating compound) production upto 69.41% units and 81.41 mu g/mL indole acetic acid (IAA) production ability. Further, the results of the design treatments signifies that treatments amended with the strain SA3 and biosurfactant is effective in the management of petroleum contaminated soil indicating treatment EX 5 (1 kg soil + 1 L water + Pseudomonas sp. SA3 + 300 mL crude biosurfactant), as an efficient treatment in increment of phytochemical constituents and 10-15% enhancement in growth parameters as compared to negative control. Hence, the developed treatments can be efficaciously used for the management of petroleum contaminated soil for agronomy.

Ethanol distillation generates a huge volume of unwanted chemical liquid known as distillery wastewater. Distillery wastewater is acidic, dark brown having high biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, contains various salt contents, and heavy metals. Inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of distillery wastewater deteriorates the quality of the soil, water, and ultimately groundwater. Its direct exposure via food web shows toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects on aquatic-terrestrial organisms including humans. So, there is an urgent need for its proper management. For this purpose, a group of researchers applied distillery wastewater for fertigation while others focused on its physico-chemical, biological treatment approaches. But until now no cutting-edge technology has been proposed for its effective management. So, it becomes imperative to comprehend its toxicity, treatment methods, and implication for environmental sustainability. This paper reviews the last decade's research data on advanced physico-chemical, biological, and combined (physico-chemical and biological) methods to treat distillery wastewater and its reuse aspects. Finally, it revealed that the combined methods along with the production of value-added products are one of the best options for distillery wastewater management.

Soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons has been considered as a serious problem for more than two decades, as it inhibits microbial population, soil enzymatic activity and exhibits abiotic stress in plants as well as affects their metabolites. In the present study, a novel and effective treatments for managing petroleum contaminated soil has been developed. The design treatments were grouped in five classes (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) which include petroleum contaminated soil, cow dung, cow urine and crude biosurfactant in various concentrations. After, 90 days of treatment the soils of each group were screened for microbial population dynamics, enzymatic activity, oil reduction assay, SEM and FTIR analysis. The treated soils were further employed for growing Brassica nigra L and targeted metabolomics based approach study was executed to demonstrate the effect of the treatments on the chlorophyll metabolites. The results revealed that treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) enhanced the microbial population dynamics and enzymatic activity of the soil with maximum 67% oil reduction in the treatment T1 (600 g Petroleum Contaminated Soil + 400 g Cow Dung + 200 ml Cow Urine + 50 ml crude Biosurfactant + 250 ml Water). Further, the results of growth parameters and targeted metabolomics based model study complemented the effectiveness of the design treatments as variation of growth parameters and chlorophyll metabolites were observed. Hence, the treatments and metabolomics model developed and can be applied commercially as an effective way for the restoration of petroleum contaminated wastelands .

The biosurfactant production process was optimized using raw orange peel extract (ST reduction = 33.04 dyne cm−1; biosurfactant yield = ~3.7 g L−1) and the extracted metabolite was characterized in terms of its nature, and class/family. To the best of our knowledge, a first report utilizing biowaste as a sole carbon substrate for simultaneous biosurfactant production and Pb2+ removal under submerged fermentation by Bacillus haynesii strain E1. The results depicted the extracted biosurfactant to be of lipopeptide nature belonging to surfactin family having 50 mg L−1 of CMC. The crude biosurfactant was found to be tensioactive at temperature 70 °C, 6% salt concentration, and varying pH range. The biosurfactant-producing bacterium effectively remediated Pb2+ (high MIC = 2200 mg L−1) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 196.08 mg g−1. The biosorption mechanism followed Langmuir (R2 = 0.9724) and Pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics (R2 = 0.9996; 200 mg L−1).