Background Meningiomas, accounting for the bulk of primary intracranial neoplasms and exhibiting a striking female bias, harbor potential hormonal dependencies. This investigation delineates estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) profiles via immunohistochemistry (IHC), correlating them with salient clinicopathological attributes. Materials and Methods This ambispective, observational analysis encompassed 100 histologically verified meningioma specimens accrued from September 2017 to August 2022. Specimens with depleted tissue or absent consent were excluded; IHC was executed on 50 cases using adequate FFPE tissue blocks as available. Results The peak incidence occurred in the 41 to 50-year age group (30%), with a female-to-male ratio of 1.85:1. Convexity emerged as the most prevalent site (50%), the transitional subtype was the most common (36%), and WHO Grade I was the most dominant. ER positivity manifested in 12%, principally among fifth-decade patients (33.3%), females (83.3%), transitional variants (66.7%), and solely Grade I lesions. PR positivity prevailed in 58% of cases, notably in the fifth decade (31%), females (62.1%), convexity tumors (41.4%), transitional histology (48.3%), and Grade I neoplasms (89.7%), with 28.6% brain invasion, 3.4% bone invasion, and 3.4% recurrence. Conclusion Meningiomas burgeon in middle-aged females, predominantly as WHO Grade I entities. PR is more frequently expressed in lower-grade tumors but no significant associations were found and prognostic significance could not be determined.

Hypocellular bone marrow may reflect immune mediated aplastic anemia (AA), inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS), or hypoplastic myelodysplastic neoplasms (hMDS). Correct classification is essential because prognosis and management differ. We started this study with an aim to compare clinical and morphological features of AA, IBMFS and hMDS in patients with marrow cellularity of≤25

Adrenal myelolipoma within an adrenal cortical adenoma is a rare, benign tumor composed of mature adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements. It is often an incidental radiological finding; however, larger lesions may present with abdominal pain or haemorrhage. A 24-year-old male presented with hypertension and clinical features suggestive of Cushing syndrome, along with nonspecific flank pain. Cross-sectional imaging showed a large heterogeneous left suprarenal mass containing fat, cystic change, and peripheral calcification. The patient underwent open left adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination demonstrated a predominant adrenal cortical adenoma with focal areas of mature adipocytes and trilineage haematopoiesis consistent with myelolipoma. Coexistence of an adenomatous cortical lesion and myelolipomatous foci is uncommon. Distinction between fat-containing adrenal benign lesions and malignant retroperitoneal neoplasms relies on careful radiologic assessment (macroscopic fat, well-circumscription, lack of infiltrative features) and histopathology. We briefly review the literature on combined lesions and briefly discuss hypotheses for their pathogenesis. Recognition of myelolipomatous foci in adrenal cortical lesions is important to avoid misclassification and overtreatment. Multidisciplinary approach including clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists is essential for appropriate management.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains the most prevalent malignancy of the adult kidney, typically diagnosed between the sixth and seventh decades. While calcification is detected histologically or radiologically in 8–31

Zygogramma bicolorata is a specialist herbivore used worldwide to control the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus. A major concern is that after destroying the target weed, these agents might feed on non-target plants. This study investigates how food deprivation influences cannibalism in Z. bicolorata and whether starvation forces host range expansion. When starved adults were offered host leaves and conspecific eggs, they preferred Parthenium when available. However, as phytophagous food decreased, cannibalism on eggs increased (GLMM: χ2 = 187.34, P < 0.001), with females consuming nearly twice as many eggs as males (4.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.9 ± 0.3 eggs; P < 0.001). Crowding intensified this; at higher densities, beetles consumed 15.6 ± 0.6 eggs versus 3.8 ± 0.3 at lower densities (P < 0.001). Beetles also preferred injured over healthy conspecifics, being 4.3 times more likely to consume injured eggs (odds ratio = 4.26, P < 0.001). Critically, when deprived of host and exposed to non-host Tagetes sp., beetles did not feed on non-host plants. Instead, they turned to cannibalism, consuming 13.0 ± 0.5 eggs versus 1.2 ± 0.3 eggs with host present (P < 0.001). Predator exposure further intensified cannibalism, with beetles consuming 29.3 ± 1.2 conspecifics versus 16.8 ± 0.8 in controls (P < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that in laboratory conditions, Z. bicolorata responds to food scarcity by increasing cannibalism, not by expanding host range to non-target plants. Under these controlled conditions, cannibalism appears to serve as a short-term survival strategy that reinforces host specificity. Although these laboratory results cannot be directly generalized to field conditions, they alleviate concerns about non-target feeding in the contexts tested and support continued investigation of this beetle for weed control under natural conditions.

The aggressive invasion of Parthenium hysterophorus across India has driven the deployment of the host-specific beetle Zygogramma bicolorata as a classical biocontrol agent, achieving episodic but geographically inconsistent suppression. The core limitation is a phenological mismatch, where the beetle’s obligate diapause creates a temporal refuge for early-season weed growth, allowing these cohorts to contribute significantly to the persistent soil seed bank. This review synthesizes evidence to propose a revitalized, precision-management framework. Central to this strategy are augmentative releases to correct seasonal asynchrony, selective breeding of low-diapause beetle strains, and the deliberate integration of Z. bicolorata with the guild of resident native herbivores. Expected outcomes include a 40–60% reduction in early-season weed biomass, a 50–70% decline in soil seed bank replenishment within 3–5 years, and restoration of native plant diversity to near pre-invasion levels. Practically, this framework enables managers to transition from episodic suppression to predictable, landscape-level control, reducing herbicide dependency by an estimated 30–50% and lowering annual weed management costs. This integrated, data-driven approach aims to transform a partially successful program into a reliable and sustainable cornerstone for landscape-level control of P. hysterophorus in India.

Parathyroid carcinoma is an unusual cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, typically characterized by pronounced hypercalcemia, marked bone destruction, and, less frequently, distant spread. Heritable loss-of-function variants in CDC73 (previously named HRPT2) cause hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour (HPT-JT) syndrome and markedly increase the likelihood of malignant parathyroid growth. We report the case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with eight months of progressive, painful left arm swelling with restriction of movement and unintentional weight loss. Nine years earlier, she had sustained a femoral fracture following trivial trauma, and a prior humeral biopsy had been reported as fibrous dysplasia. Blood testing revealed hypercalcemia, elevated parathyroid hormone (1488 pg/mL), hypophosphatemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase. A DXA scan demonstrated osteopenia. Radiological evaluation revealed a small right-sided neck lesion and a 2 × 1.5 cm nodule in the left lower lobe of the lung. The lung lesion was resected and reported as parathyroid carcinoma. This case illustrates how parathyroid carcinoma, particularly when associated with CDC73-related HPT-JT, can mimic benign bone disease and evade localisation on functional imaging, thereby delaying diagnosis. In this case, the pathogenic CDC73 variant clarified the diagnosis, guided management, and highlighted the need for cascade genetic counselling for relatives.

ABSTRACT:Synovial sarcoma in the head and neck region is relatively uncommon, and primary synovial sarcoma of the thyroid gland is extremely rare with only 19 reported cases in the English literature. The rarity of disease leads to delayed and frequent misdiagnosis in the radiological and fine needle aspiration cytology examination. A prompt diagnosis is required to avoid emergency tracheostomy. An optimal immunohistochemistry panel with molecular evaluation is the cornerstone of diagnosis. We report a case of primary SS thyroid in a young male with detailed review of the literature.

Apart from good quality cocoons, the cocoon crop generates defective cocoons viz., double cocoons, stained cocoons, deformed cocoons, thin end cocoon, cut cocoon, flimsy cocoon, etc., which are non-reliable. Since many cocoons which do not adhere to quality are wasted in this activity, one of the foremost and convenient options is the extraction of sericin from waste cocoons. Sericin is a globular protein possessing promising attributes such as, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, easy absorption and release of moisture, coagulant activity, chemo-protection and protection of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations. The deformed cocoons, stained cocoons, undersized cocoons and silk floss were used to extract sericin via., hydrothermal degumming using an autoclave. Significantly, the higher quantity of sericin (18.38%) was obtained from deformed cocoons followed by stained cocoons (17.26%), undersized cocoons (15.04%) and floss (13.84%). Following the protocol developed for the extraction of sericin, it is estimated that in J&K, 22.34 MT of sericin could be extracted annually that can contribute to value addition in sericulture.

Lipoleiomyoma (LL) is a rare variant of leiomyoma comprising admixture of adipocytes and mature smooth muscle cells in variable proportion. It can be diagnosed as an incidental finding or occur in association with other common gynecological conditions driven by hyperestrogenic state like adenomyosis, endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. A pre-operative diagnosis is difficult due to overlapping features with other fat containing tumors. Herein, we report an interesting case of submucosal LL in association with endometrioid carcinoma in an elderly woman with the review of literature. A 69-year-old lady was presented with the complaint of post-menopausal bleeding for 1 month. On radiology, a mass lesion was noted in anterior myometrium with increased endometrial thickness. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was done. On histology, diagnosis of endometrioid carcinoma, NOS with myometrial invasion up to 2 mm, FIGO grade 2 with a submucosal lipoleiomyoma was made. At the 4 months of follow-up patient is asymptomatic and doing her routine work. LL is a rare fat containing variant of a common benign tumor of the uterus. Submucosal LL, if associated with endometrial malignancy, may result in misdiagnosis.

Primary pulmonary neurofibroma is a rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor that may arise within the bronchial tree or lung parenchyma. Because it mimics other spindle cell neoplasms, establishing a correct diagnosis is important for optimal management. A 32-year-old woman presented with progressive dry cough, exertional breathlessness and right-sided chest discomfort for eight months. Imaging revealed a well circumscribed mass in the right upper lobe measuring approximately 10 × 8 × 9.8 cm. CT-guided core biopsy showed an unencapsulated spindle cell lesion composed of wavy nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse S-100 and CD34 positivity with podoplanin (D2-40) expression confirming the diagnosis. The patient subsequently underwent surgical excision at a different centre and remained symptom free at one-year follow-up. Although rare, pulmonary neurofibroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intrathoracic spindle cell tumors. Correlation of morphology and an appropriate immunohistochemical panel are essential to distinguish it from schwannoma, solitary fibrous tumor and other spindle cell neoplasms. Complete excision is usually curative.

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), making up < 1–2

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx is very rare in adolescents, with only a few case reports. The exact pathogenesis is still an area of research; however, some known predisposing factors reported earlier include high-risk HPV infection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy exposure for other primary pediatric malignancies. The diagnosis may be delayed due to a low index of suspicion and overlapping presentation with other more common malignant as well as benign conditions. A young 15-year-old child, apparently alright, presented with an insidious pus-discharging swelling in the anterior neck. Repeated incision and drainage were done. On radiology, an ill-defined enhancing lesion was noted in the glottis with necrotic cervical nodes. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was repeated twice and reported as an inflammatory epidermal inclusion cyst. However, biopsy revealed an infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. The child received 3 cycles of chemotherapy with a marked reduction in size, to be subsequently followed by radiotherapy. We are reporting a case of HPV negative laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a 15-year-old young child, with a unique presentation of pus discharge resulting in multiple incisions and drainage and delayed diagnosis.

Primary oral tuberculosis (TB) is very rare accounting for less than 1% of the cases. The clinical presentation is indistinguishable from other common oral lesions particularly squamous cell carcinoma in adults. A careful examination of punch biopsy with microbiological work-up is essential for correct diagnosis. Herein, we report three sporadic cases of primary oral tuberculosis presenting as mass lesions and masquerading as malignancy diagnosed on histopathological evaluation emphasizing the diagnostic approach and management, along with a review of the literature. Middle-aged patients (02 males and 01 female) presented with ulcero-proliferative oral lesion with regional lymphadenopathies. Two of the patients had a history of chronic tobacco chewing. The clinical diagnoses of squamous cell carcinoma were made. Moreover, one of the patients was also misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy from a private lab. All three patients showed characteristic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation which also demonstrated Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Ziehl Neelsen staining. Diagnosing oral TB based on clinical symptoms and signs is very challenging. The purpose of this report is to inform clinicians and pathologists about various presentations of oral TB, as timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, decrease morbidity and mortality, especially since TB is a curable disease.

Grasserie is a highly destructive disease affecting silkworms, leading to significant economic damage in the sericulture industry. It severely impacts silk production, causing substantial financial losses for those involved in silk farming. The present study was conducted at Sericulture Research Laboratory of Division of Sericulture, SKUAST- Jammu in the year 2022 and 2023 during spring and autumn season. The results revealed that aqueous extract of 2% V. negundo exhibited highest larval weight (34.10±0.08 and 25.89±0.40g) followed by 2% P. corylifolia (32.11±0.33 and 24.40±0.21%) and P. corylifolia+Lime (1:1) (28.96±0.10 and 22.09±0.20g) and least larval mortality (21.05±0.99 and 29.97±1.14%), (27.91±0.16 and 35.56±3.97%) and (31.79±0.32 and 40.45±2.11 per cent) when compared to control (T9) (BmNPV only) which exhibited least larval weight (13.65±0.30 and 8.43±0.27g) and highest larval mortality (70.14±1.27 and 82.38±0.90%) in spring and autumn season respectively. Similarily, aqueous extract of 2% V. negundo observed highest per cent disease reduction (70.00±0.98 and 63.61±1.32) followed by 2% P. corylifolia (60.27±0.49 and 56.78±5.16) and P. corylifolia + Lime (1:1) (54.62±1.18 and 50.87±2.67) per cent in the spring and autumn season respectively.

The traditional criteria for diagnosing preeclampsia include a new onset of hypertension and new-onset proteinuria at 20 weeks gestation. However recent studies suggest preeclampsia and even eclampsia may develop in the absence of either proteinuria or hypertension. This paper reports a dual tragedy of maternal and fetal loss after 36 weeks in the third trimester. Autopsy findings revealed an enlarged liver with multiple patchy hemorrhages, and histopathology confirmed submassive hepatic necrosis. Early diagnosis with timely referrals to higher centers is always helpful for the patients in such cases.

Astroblastoma is an uncommon circumscribed glial tumor mostly involving the cerebral hemisphere. The characteristic molecular alteration is meningioma (disrupted in balanced translocation) 1 (MN1) rearrangement. No definite World Health Organization grade has been assigned as both low- and high-grade tumors are known to occur. Tumors in the spine are extremely rare; to date only three cases have been reported in the literature. A vigilant microscopy and ancillary testing aid in diagnosis when the tumors present in unusual locations, as in our case. The prompt differentiation of this tumor from its mimickers is a mandate as modalities of management are different and not clearly established.

BackgroundPrimary leptomeningeal lymphoma (PLML) without brain parenchymal involvement or systemic disease is very rare, comprising of approximately 7% of all primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). PLML is a diagnosis of exclusion which should be confirmed on biopsy after ruling out metastasis from systemic lymphomas and dissemination from PCNSL.Case descriptionA 21-year-old patient presented with the chief complaints of headache, diplopia, decreased vision for five months, and a swelling on the left side of the forehead for four months. On radiology, a large, lobulated, extra-axial mass lesion along the left frontal region with its base towards dura noted. No parenchymal or subependymal CNS lesions were found on CT/MRI. Histopathology was reported as primary leptomeningeal CD30 positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma.ConclusionsPLML is a very rare meningeal tumor that requires a very high index of suspicion and is always a diagnosis of exclusion.