Aim:The study aims to determine the frequency of positioning errors, record the number of diagnostically inappropriate images, and assess the quality of panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods:In this study, a total of 2629 patients for whom orthopantomogram were selected out of 3900 new patients between August 2020 and June 2021. The positioning errors of the radiographs were evaluated and categorized into ten groups. The quality of the radiographs is further assessed as "Excellent," "Diagnostically Acceptable," and "Diagnostically Unacceptable." Results:Out of the total radiographs, 32.8% had no errors, and 77.2% of the radiographs had one or more positioning errors. The radiographs were analyzed in detail, and the errors found in the panoramic radiographs were recorded. The most common positioning error observed in the radiograph was error 8, failure to place the tongue close to the palate. Conclusion:The results and evaluation inferred that attention to patient positioning and focusing on reducing diagnostically indecent images could improve the quality of panoramic radiographs. Proper instructions to the patient, patient preparation, appropriate positioning of the patient, and the technician's skill plays a vital role in reducing diagnostic errors in Panoramic Radiography.

Background: Shifting the educational system from a traditional to an online context during COVID-19 necessitated several considerations to assure students’ satisfaction with e-learning. Aim: This study aims to explore the factors influencing students’ satisfaction with e-learning during the COVID-19 crisis. In particular, it tests multiple mediations, student factors, and system quality between students’ satisfaction and each course evaluation and instructor’s performance. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 258 undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in online courses at multiple Malaysian universities were recruited using non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire that assessed four factors that influenced students’ satisfaction with e-learning during the COVID-19 crisis (i.e., instructor performance, course evaluation, student factors, and system quality) and analyzed using the partial least squares route structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: The results indicated that the four factors were significantly associated with students’ satisfaction with e-learning during COVID-19. Student factors and system quality were the most factors predicting students’ satisfaction with e-learning. Findings indicate statistically significant relationships between the instructor’s performance, student factors, course evaluation, and system quality on students’ satisfaction. Furthermore, the results depict that both course evaluation and system quality serially mediate the relationship between instructors’ performance and students’ satisfaction. Conclusion: This study finds that improving and enhancing student factors and system quality is critical for students’ satisfaction with e-learning. Furthermore, e-learning platforms should contain new advances of computer-mediated technologies that enable collaboration, which is a critical factor in the success of e-learning systems.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital component of the innate immune system that mediates caspase-1 activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukins (IL-1/IL-18), in retort to microbial infection such as periodontal pathogens. Secretion of IL-1β is a major component of periodontal tissue inflammation and a crucial cause of periodontal disease. The conversion of pro-IL-1β into its biologically active form is controlled by inflammasomes such as NLRP3. Nevertheless, uncontrolled NLRP3 activation may cause several inflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, periodontitis, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. NLRP3 activation may be caused due to various stimuli, leading to multiple molecular and cellular events. Drugs targeting the various steps in these events may provide a solution to the aberrant NLRP3 activation. In this review, we have investigated the various mechanisms of NLLRP3 activation and the various drugs which have exhibited its inhibition.

Periodontitis disease is the most condition caused by the inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue. It is well known and established that alone the presence of pathogenic bacteria is insufficient in causing periodontitis disease. Immune response and pathways play a key role in the development of lesions and hence it is necessary to understand the same to assess on how the disease is progressing. Further, it is observed that a comprehensive immune response is initiated in cases with periodontal disease. It is essential to summarize the mechanisms of the immune system involved in periodontal disease. Hence, to understand the immune mechanism and pathways that are also contributory factors for the progression of the disease, a database search is conducted with the keywords and two research articles are shortlisted and reviewed in this review article.

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that produced primarily by sunlight exposure or obtained from dietary sources, including supplements. The persons who are normally at risk of Vitamin D deficiency are those with scarce of sun exposure and diminished intestinal absorption or limited oral intake. Teeth are nothing but mineralized structure which is enclosed by alveolar bone and are developed by 3 different hard tissues such as dentin, enamel, and cementum. Vitamin D plays a predominant vital part in the tooth and bone mineralization, and it can result in rachitic tooth when the levels get unregulated. Studies suggest that Vitamin D deficiency causes hypocalcified dentin and delayed tooth eruption; thus, representing that Vitamin D has a crucial role in dentin formation as well. The beneficial effects of vitamin D on oral health are not only limited to the direct effects on the tooth mineralization but are also applied through ability to stimulate the production of anti-microbial peptides. In this article, we will briefly discuss the influence on Vitamin D level on the oral and pulpal health.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of low birth weight in Sugh El-Chmis /Alkhoms -Libya and the associated factors with the low birth weight of the baby. A cross-sectional study was performed in Libya, in 2015 using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire on a stratified sample of 408 pregnant women. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out for statistical analysis. Out of a total of 408 respondents, the prevalence of low birth-weight baby was 23.5%. The most of participants were aged between 19-26 years old (49%). Dietary supplements (folic acid, iron, omega and vitamin A, D, E, S, M), natural fruits (apple, grape, watermelon, plum, figs, strawberry and peaches), all milk and dairy products (milk, cheese and yogurt), meat, fish, egg, legumes were significantly associated with baby weight (P ˂0.05) using bivariate analysis. Furthermore, other factors such as culture and lifestyle and popular diets such as breakfast time, additional meal, soft drink, stimulants, barley wheat brown bread and dates also closely associated with the low-birth weight of new-borns (P ˂0.05). The intake of dietary supplements and nutrient-rich food for pregnant women influenced on the birth weight in Sugh El-Chmis /Alkhoms- Libya. Therefore, awareness regarding intake of dietary supplements and nutrient-rich food is highly recommended.

Self-medication with antibiotics is a global menace especially in developing countries due to lack of knowledge, poor access to the proper health care, and the weakness in the government’s role in monitoring and controlling the use of antibiotics. Thus, this study was carried out to identify the prevalence of antibiotic use during self-medication and the associated factors with self-medication among the students of Lincoln University College Malaysia. A quantitative research approach (i.e. cross-sectional study) was utilized. A simple sampling technique was employed to select 240 respondents among the students. The survey was used to collect data through the process of questionnaires’ validation. Descriptive statistics were used to examine all the research hypotheses. Though the prevalence of self-medication among the respondents as well as the misuse of antibiotics during self-medication was relatively low, there is, however, an urgent need to provide university students with health education programs to help them understand the proper use of the drugs and to increase their awareness about the risk of self-medication without supervision from qualified health providers.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the world is facing significant challenges in modern healthcare services because many antimicrobial agents have lost their effectiveness in treating infectious diseases primarily due to the development of microbial resistance. Mushroom species release various bioactive compounds and yet largely untapped resource of useful natural compounds. This study aimed to assess the primary screening for antimicrobial activity of selected Malaysian mushroom’s against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Methodology: The mycelia biomass extracts of the 8 collected Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Antibacterial activity was measured using Disc diffusion and Well diffusion methods against standard reference strains E. coli MTCC 740 and S. aureus MTCC 501. Results: The potential inhibition of Agaricus cupreobrunneus, which gave a reading of 4.6 cm for disc diffusion and 3.4 cm for well diffusion of inhibition against E. coli MTCC 740 and against S. aureus MTCC 501 that, gave a reading of 4 cm for disc diffusion and 3.1 cm for well diffusion approaches. The second highest bioactivity mushroom against E. coli MTCC 740 the highest inhibition was shown by extract of brown Agaricus bisporus which gave 3.5 cm and give 3.2 cm S. aureus MTCC 501 by disc diffusion. For well diffusion the zone of inhibition by same mushroom for E. coli MTCC 740 which gave reading 3.0 cm and gave 2.7 cm against S. aureus MTCC 501. Conclusions: The species studied showed potential inhibition of A.cupreobrunneus more than other mushrooms by disc diffusion method especially against E. coli more than S. aureus. Further studies are required to ascertain their toxicity against mammalian cells and potential side effects.

Based on results and analysis, the values of ten parameters namely; Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical OxygenDemand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, Nitrate, Nitrite, Chlorine, Fluoride, pH and coliformsbacteria in the study stations were influenced by evaluate water quality during the three months of study periods.Hence, this research aimed to assess and evaluate the 8 drinking water condominium stations at Kelana Jaya area,Selangor, Malaysia. The average value of nitrate, turbidity, chlorine, fluoride was higher of tap water in somecondominiums especially ST3, ST4, ST5, ST6 and ST7. The highest value of this physicochemical parameters atstations ST5 (pH 8.6, nitrate 0.16 mg/L, turbidity 1.5 NTU, chlorine 1.2 mg/L, and fluoride 1.65 mg/L) and ST6 (pH8.5, nitrate 0.15 mg/L, turbidity 1.6 NTU, chlorine 1.95 mg/L and fluoride 1.73 mg/L) which slightly higher thandrinking water standard. With same aim of this investigation to determine the level of total viable counts and fecalcoliform bacteria of taps waters before using filters which indicate that there were 3 stations have higher value ST3(before 563 and after 5 CFU/100 mL), ST5 (before 579 and after 7 CFU/100 mL) and ST6 (before 582 and after 15CFU/100 mL) respectively. The house filter in most physicochemical parameters is more accurate than commercialfilter (WFS) but for total viable counts and fecal coliform bacteria found that commercial filter is more effective andaccurate than housefilter.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness which leads to disability, hospitalization and eventually death.There is an emerging trend worldwide for patients to use complementary and alternative medications (CAMs) in an attempt to improve the outcomes of their illnesses as well as general well-being.This study aimed to assess the attitude and the popularity of using complementary and alternative medications and its perceived effect in diabetic control among Libyans adult who were diagnosed with type-2diabetes mellitus.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 192 adult diabetic patients, who are still under follow-up in two medical centers, Libya.Descriptive statistic and bivariate analysis were performed to assess all the included variables and to identify the association between all variables and the outcome.Results: The mean age of the participants was 46.21±11.87.Most of the respondents were males (56.8%).The majority used CAM (64.6%) and the most common CAM used was cinnamon (41.9%).Factors associated with perceived sugar control were type of pharmaceutical drugs used, perceived health condition, satisfaction with CAM, types of CAM used and frequency of CAM consumption (p<0.05).Conclusion: CAM is used commonly among most of the Libyan in Zliten city as more than 60% use CAM to control glucose level.Most of the participants were satisfied with CAM and had good attitude toward it.

Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori is relatively new and at the preliminary stage in Malaysia.However, it is limited to find how Malaysians are aware about these microorganisms.The aim of current study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients.Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional quantitative study which was conducted in the selected private clinics in Kelana Jaya, Selangor state by using a systematic random sampling method.It was carried out among 240 respondents above 18 years old by using a validated structured questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of having gastritis was 0.56% with mean age±SD 30.2±9.6.Age, weight, marital status, smoking, drinking coffee, type of food, spicy food, have dental problem and family history were significantly associated with gastritis by using chi square test and independent t-test.However, only family history (Adj OR = 1.10, p>0.001), marital status (p = 0.001), weight (Adj OR = 1.065, p = 0.004) and age (Adj OR = 1.097, p = 0.003) were the most important predictable factors that related with gastritis in the multiple logistic regression.Conclusion: The high prevalence of gastritis in Malaysia is attributable to some risk factors such as: Age, weight, smoking, type of food, spicy food and family history.Further validation of our findings warrants study of larger number of cases.

While there are a wide range of business opportunities available via mobile technologies, mobile banking services have not been widely accepted by bank clients in Yemen. This article aims to test the mediation effect of TAM core constructs between the external factor self-efficacy and the intention. Questionnaire survey data collected from Four hundred and eighty-two valid responses from bank clients. SEM via AMOS was utilized to determine the importance levels of associations and interactions between the factors tested. The proposed model evidenced by goodness of fit of the model to the data, explained 81% of the variance in intention. The findings of the multivariate analysis reveal that self-efficacy has had a significantly positive affect on the perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. In addition, ease of use and usefulness has a positive important direct influence on the intention. Also, usefulness and ease of use mediated the relation between self-efficacy and intention. The results of the current article might give further insights into mobile banking strategies.

Purpose While many researchers have investigated the adoption and usage of online learning in different settings, one area that has yet to be examined thoroughly, particularly in the context of online learning in Yemen, is the self-efficacy role. The purpose of this paper is to extend the Delone and McLean information system success model by incorporating a self-efficacy construct as an antecedent to user satisfaction and actual usage to predict student performance. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire survey method was used to collect primary data from 448 students in nine public universities in Yemen. The six constructs in the proposed model were measured using existing scales. The data analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling via AMOS. Findings Three main results were revealed, namely that overall quality (system, information and service quality) and self-efficacy have a positive impact on user satisfaction and actual usage; that actual usage significantly predicts user satisfaction; and that both user satisfaction and actual usage have a positive impact on student performance. Research limitations/implications First as the study population were students from nine public universities, it excluded academics and administrative staff. Second, the study depends on self-reported measures to test the proposed research model. This is because getting objective data about the performance was not probable due to the issue of privacy. Practical implications The findings of this study can be a guideline for Yemeni higher education institutions to develop efficient and effective plans to improve the performance of education institutions, and train and develop student ability to use online learning. Additionally, it highlights the areas that university management needs to concentrate on, namely information systems (IS) tools that will contribute to higher student enrolment, address the lack of infrastructure and improve the quality of education outcomes, things which represent Yemen's main challenges in the higher education sector. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing literature of IS by combining overall quality, self-efficacy, actual usage and user satisfaction to predict performance impact of online learning among students in nine public universities in Yemen. Furthermore, the predictive power of the proposed model has a higher ability to explain and predict performance impact compared to those obtained from some of the previous studies.

Objective The current study aimed to investigate the relationships among the perceived quality of healthcare services, satisfaction and behavioural intentions among international students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Setting A cross-sectional study on public universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Participants All participants in this study were international students joining public universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Primary independent variable Perceived quality of healthcare services measured on a SERVQUAL scale. Primary dependent variable Participants’ satisfaction of healthcare services assessed using five items. Secondary dependent variable Behavioural intentions measured on six items. Results Of the 556 international students, 500 (90%) completed the survey. The study used structural equation modelling (SEM) through the AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) software to analyse the data. SEM analyses showed that the perceived quality of healthcare services significantly and directly affected satisfaction, with a value of 89% and an effect size of 0.78. It also had a significant indirect impact on the behavioural intentions (0.78) of international students. The results indicated that participants’ satisfaction had a statistically significant impact on their behavioural intentions (0.77). Conclusion Perceived quality of care is an important driver of international students’ satisfaction and their behavioural intention with healthcare services. Such relations of effects among the three investigated factors were also positive and significant.

Cephalometric analysis and measurements of skull parameters using X-Ray images plays an important role in predicating and monitoring orthodontic treatment. Manual analysis and measurements of cephalometric is considered tedious, time consuming, and subjected to human errors. Several cephalometric systems have been developed to automate the cephalometric procedure; however, no clear insights have been reported about reliability, performance, and usability of those systems. This study utilizes some techniques to evaluate reliability, performance, and usability metric using SUS methods of the developed cephalometric system which has not been reported in previous studies.