There are many different versions, two most notable, of the relationship between Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud. Adler asserted he had never been a disciple of Freud, and Freud maintained that Adler was his follower and had broken away from him. However, the truth, much like in all things, is much more complicated. Because of political strategies and other factors, the narrative has changed over time, morphing from the original true story, that Freud and Adler disagreed about many aspects of the two theories — Psychoanalysis and Adler’s own Individual Psychology — eventually leading to Freud’s calculated disavowal of Adler in 1911. Through the careful exploration of available contemporary texts and the use of archival data, mainly from The Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and other correspondence, Adler and Freud’s complex personal relationship and theoretical disagreements can be traced throughout the years.

Richard E. Watts is an expert in the integration of Adlerian, cognitive-behavioral, constructivist, existential-humanistic, and systemic-ecological perspectives. This interview with him is focused on Adler’s revolutionary approach to psychotherapy, the role it played in the development of the effective therapeutic approaches in the 20th century, and the place of Adlerian psychology in a contemporary counseling field of the 21st century. Major advantages of Adlerian counseling theory and practice are discussed in a context of other contemporary counseling theories.

The purpose of this study was to measure how body shame, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction predicted life satisfaction for female participants who have been in committed relationships for at least a year and who have engaged in sexual activity with their partners (N = 138). Researchers examined data to determine how body shame may interact with: (a) sexual satisfaction, (b) relationship satisfaction, and (c) life satisfaction. Results indicate that body shame and relationship satisfaction account for the greatest amount of variance in life satisfaction for the respondents.

This study utilizes a correlation matrix to examine relationships between variables identified in literature (role ambiguity, role conflict, assignment of non-counseling duties, coworker and supervisor support, and level of control over time and task) as measured by the Demand Control Support Questionnaire (DCSQ), and elements of school counselor burnout (SCBO) as measured by the Counselor Burnout Inventory (CBI) subscales (Exhaustion, Incompetence, Negative Work Environment, Devaluing Clients, and Deterioration in Personal Life). Findings indicate experiencing high external demands, such as assignment of non-counseling duties; experiencing the school as a negative place to work; and experiencing low levels of support from colleagues and supervisors result in high levels of exhaustion and contribute to burnout. These variables need further exploration using a hierarchical multiple regression to analyze the amount of variance they contribute to SCBO. The article includes a discussion of ethical concerns, future research, and practice implications for school counselor educators, supervisors, educational administrators, and school counselors.

Counselor licensure portability models have focused primarily on academic training with only little discussion concerning postgraduate supervision. Using a qualitative content analysis, the authors analyzed the supervision rules and laws in all 53 licensing jurisdictions. The results of this study reflect the lack of a consistent set of supervision guidelines across all 53 jurisdictions. Further study and reflection on these results could lead to the development of a supervision model for postgraduate supervision.

Job stress and burnout negatively impact school counselors and the school communities in which they serve. This study explores variables previously indicated by the literature as potentially contributing to school counselor job stress or burnout. These include size of caseload, location of school (urban, suburban, rural), grade level served (elementary, middle, high school), and counselor ethnicity. Although we found some significant ethnic differences in development of job stress; overall, our findings contradicted the literature on each of these variables. We explore reasons for differences in findings and make suggestions for future research.

Although research on Adlerian theoretical constructs has grown exponentially in recent years, the same cannot be said for Adlerian counseling and therapy outcome efficacy research. This brief response article addresses this concern in the context of Sperry's (this issue) proposed outcome efficacy protocol.

This article presents the enormous common ground between Adlerian therapy and constructivist approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. Given this common ground, and Adler’s historical primacy among constructivist psychological theorists, the author suggests that constructivist approaches can plausibly be viewed as neo-Adlerian.

The contemporary relevance of Adler’s thinking is evident in many streams of contemporary psychological thinking, including positive psychology. This article demonstrates the enormous common ground between Adler’s mature theoretical ideas and the positive psychology movement and argues for Adler’s acknowledgment as the original positive psychology.

Objectification and sexualization of women starts at a young age and carries with it negative consequences for a woman's self-worth. A person's self-worth is one component on the Wheel of Wellness, but it can affect many other aspects of an individual. The lack of self-worth that a woman may experience can affect her ability to enjoy her sexual experiences with her partner and inhibit her from reaching a state of connecting with her spirituality, especially during sexual encounters. The lack of enjoyment for a woman can then affect the partner's enjoyment and, in turn, can affect the enjoyment of the relationship. This article discusses incorporating Adlerian and feminist theoretical perspectives into the practice of couples counseling in order to address relational issues related to a process of self-objectification.

This study examined the phenomenology of African American school counselors in predominantly White‐culture school districts from a humanistic perspective. Interview data were collected and analyzed using Giorgi's ( ) 4‐step process. Six essential essence statements emerged, including recommendations for school counselors and implications for humanistic approaches in school counseling.

Los defensores de la Psicología Positiva, cuando abordan las perspectivas fundacionales, suelen identificar a Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers y Gordon Allport como precursores y predecesores. Este artículo demuestra que la Psicología Individual de Alfred Adler precedió a estos precursores de la Psicología Positiva y se podría considerar como la Psicología Positiva original. Tras un breve resumen de las ideas clave de la Psicología Individual de Adler, los autores presentan específicamente los dos principios fundacionales de la teoría de Adler que se repiten particularmente en la Psicología Positiva y a continuación ofrecen una perspectiva más amplia de las bases comunes notables entre las ideas teóricas tardías de Adler y el movimiento de la Psicología Positiva.

In addressing foundational perspectives, proponents of the current positive psychology movement typically identify Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Gordon Allport as precursors and ancestors. This article demonstrates that the Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler preceded the aforementioned ancestors of positive psychology and could be viewed as the original positive psychology. Following a brief overview of key ideas from Adler’s Individual Psychology, the authors specifically address two foundational tenets of Adler’s theory that particularly resonate with those from positive psychology and then address more broadly the remarkable common ground between Adler’s mature theoretical ideas and the positive psychology movement.

This qualitative study explored the recovery experience of six women who have survived intimate partner violence. Interviews were used as an instrument to elicit the individual stories of each of these women. Qualitative analysis revealed two types of themes: process and supports. The process themes include (a) spirituality, (b) facing death, (c) future relationships and (d) hope and encouragement. The support themes include (a) professional help (effective and ineffective) and (b) informal supports (family/friends/other survivors). Implications for helping professionals include the call for increased understanding of the recovery process and the need to abandon preset agendas when working with survivors.

Students' perceptions of their training to incorporate religious and spiritual issues into counseling sessions have received little attention in the counselor education literature. This descriptive phenomenological qualitative study provided counseling students with the opportunity to share their perceptions of their preparation to incorporate religious and spiritual issues into counseling.

In an age when our annual performance reviews invite us to assign metrics to all of our activities--so many student credit-hours taught, so many articles published, so many dollars of grant funding received--some of the most important work we do for each other and for the profession as a whole cannot be accounted for: namely, editing. I am not referring primarily to the type of editing we do under the guise of peer review, which can count as service to the discipline at institutions that value such service. Rather, I have in mind the kind of attentive reading and critical feedback that is informal, a response to a request from a close colleague or friend, and ends up in no ledger of faculty workload. It is editing as a metric-defying labor of love that defined my relationship in the profession to my brother. Allow me to back up and explain why I want to describe Phil's work as editor. I became more fully aware of the effort required in editing and the implications of that effort when I spent a year as acting editor of Modern Language Quarterly (MLQ) while its regular editor was on sabbatical. Marshall Brown, who has edited MLQ for nearly two decades, has a reputation as a provider of extensive feedback; even in the case of submissions that are clearly unpublishable, Marshall often sends three single-spaced pages of comments to the author, which speaks to his sense of responsibility to the field and ethic of care in relation to everyone who has chosen to be part of it. I could not quite replicate Marshall's mode as editor, but I certainly aimed to evince the same attention and devotion to the task and realized, as I tried to refine my practice, that Phil's mode as editor was my model for engaging and, hopefully, improving the work of colleagues during my time at the journal's helm. The nature of Phil's notes and comments in the margins of the sometimes half-baked work I would regularly send him--and I did send him a lot, and he did read it all--is my focus, but starting with what he wrote in his first book, Allegories of the Purge (1998), in the handwritten dedication of the copy he gave me (which is particularly germane to the money/l'argent theme of the 2014 20th/21st Century French and Francophone Studies conference) can help give the sense of the tenor of his comments: Rich: Please don't sell this book! With all my love, Phil. One finds in this dedication his usual self-deprecation and lack of self-seriousness, but there is also, by antiphrasis, the recognition of the virtual unsalability of academic writing. Writing in this space somewhat removed from market pressures was important to Phil, who was not looking to tell heartwarming, popular stories and certainly was not interested in making money. To return to the matter at hand, though, the brevity and ironic counterpoint on display in that dedication are the hallmarks of Phil's marginal comments that served as advice for improving my work and, I suspect, that of many of those who are reading this tribute. In relating this anecdote of Phil's inscription in his own book, I am following another piece of brotherly advice from someone who, like Kurt Vonnegut, an exemplar of sorts for Phil (perhaps because Vonnegut is the bien-pensant version of Celine?), could be grave and comic in nearly the same instant: always open with a joke, even if what you are talking about might make your audience cry. So what was his mode as editor? As his own writing so clearly shows, Phil valued straightforward honesty in intellectual work above all else, and so tended to focus his editor's gaze on those flourishes in my writing least grounded in solid evidence. Any ad hominem attack on a critic, any too-easy or tendentious accusation in my dissertation or first book of, say, colonial racism in the paratext would elicit suggestions to contextualize the statement. The point was not necessarily to soften the attack or accusation, but to make it more compelling and more plausible through understatement of the point and overstatement, as it were, of the evidence. …

Recent challenges to counselor education and the ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, ) provided impetus for this article, which is focused on how 3 major Western religions address counseling and counselor training with diverse clients. Jewish, Christian, and Muslim perspectives are highlighted as related to counseling and training issues across faith, sexual orientation, and gender issues.

The demographics and perceptions of supervision fees of Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) Interns in Texas were explored using a mixed-method online survey. Internships for LPC Interns were most commonly undertaken in agency settings, whereas the most common setting for LPC supervision was the LPC Supervisor's private practice. Over half of the participants reported paying supervision fees. The monetary expense of supervision was the second most important factor reported in supervisor selection, following a sense of connection. However, most LPC Interns did not perceive the fee as impacting the supervisory relationship.

The purpose of our study was to understand, document, and report conservative Christian parents’ perceptions of the effectiveness of an intensive 5-week filial therapy program, ChildParent Relationship Therapy (CPRT). A transcendental phenomenological approach (C. Moustakas, 1994, Phenomenological Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage) was used to gather, analyze, and report the findings from this study. A 14-question, semistructured interview was used with 10 parent participants to ascertain the parents’ perceptions of the CPRT model. Overall, the parents thought the CPRT model was effective and had a positive change on the parent– child relationship and behavior problems the child was experiencing. Several techniques and interventions were described by the parents as the most helpful and beneficial. The results of our study suggest that CPRT may be effective for conservative Christian parents when certain modifications are made. The themes that emerged may be used to provide alternative methods to assist clients who hold conservative Christian beliefs.