BACKGROUND:Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition commonly classified as either psychogenic or organic. Traditional age-based categorizations are considered overly simplistic, yet many clinicians continue to rely on initial evaluation-patient symptoms and history, physical examination, blood tests, and questionnaires-for diagnosis due to limited modern tools. OBJECTIVES:This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of patient characteristics in individuals with "ED of indeterminate origin" following initial evaluation. Identifying these variables could enhance early diagnosis and reduce reliance on invasive procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasound between January 2018 and January 2024 due to "ED of indeterminate origin". Patient data, including demographics, lifestyle factors, and medical history, were collected and analyzed using unpaired t-tests, chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact tests, and multivariate logistic regression to assess their predictive value. RESULTS:Among the 291 patients in the cohort, 165 (56.7%) were diagnosed with organic ED and 113 (38.8%) with psychogenic ED. Significant differences in age, history of diabetes mellitus, and drug use were noted. Logistic regression revealed multicollinearity among the variables and explained only 5.8% of the variance in ED etiology. Subgroup analysis revealed that diabetes mellitus predicts organic ED in patients aged 40 years and older, while psychopathology is linked to psychogenic ED. No significant predictors were identified for patients under 40 years. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:The findings of this "Dupless" study highlight the limitations of relying solely on initial evaluation to differentiate ED etiology, stressing the need for additional diagnostic tools. While some predictive factors were identified, they proved insufficient for clinical use. Thus, an urgent need exists for the development of modern, noninvasive diagnostic tools to enhance ED classification. Future research could explore machine learning models to uncover complex patterns not evident in traditional statistical methods.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) diagnostics are in need of innovation, as traditional tools like the RigiScan face usability challenges and limited clinical adoption. Although several novel sensor systems have been proposed, none have undergone comprehensive clinical validation. This opinion article outlines a structured, three-phase validation framework comprising component validation, system feasibility testing, and clinical validation, aligned with European MDR requirements. Special attention is given to key aspects such as diagnostic accuracy, sleep-stage monitoring, and patient experience. By providing a clear validation pathway, this opinion article aims to support researchers in the development of reliable, patient-friendly, and regulatory-ready tools for non-invasive ED diagnosis.

AbstractObjectivesThe observational ‘Feeling Hot’ study aims to evaluate the feasibility of employing overnight penile temperature measurements for the detection of nocturnal erections, thereby contributing to the advancement and modernization of a non‐invasive diagnostic system for erectile dysfunction.Subjects/Patients and MethodsIn this proof‐of‐concept study, 10 healthy men aged 20–25 were recruited, following the methodology outlined in the ‘Staying Hot’ study by Torenvlied et al. Participants underwent ambulatory overnight penile temperature measurements concurrent with RigiScan recordings. Key outcome measures included baseline and peak penile temperatures during RigiScan‐annotated nocturnal erections. Reference measurements of the thigh temperature were also taken to assess nocturnal temperature variations.ResultsStatistically significant penile temperature increases (p = 0.008, n = 9) were observed during nocturnal erections, with an average elevation of 1.47°C noted during the initial erections. This underscores the practical utility of penile temperature measurements in detecting erection onset. Challenges arose in accurately determining erection duration and subsequent erection onsets due to the persistence of elevated temperatures following initial erections, termed the ‘Staying Hot effect’. Reference thigh temperature measurements aided in addressing this challenge.ConclusionExamining overnight penile temperature alongside simultaneous RigiScan recordings has yielded valuable insights into the viability of using the temperature methodology for detecting nocturnal erections. The ‘Feeling Hot’ study findings demonstrate significant penile temperature elevation during nocturnal erections in healthy young men, highlighting the potential of integrating this measurement methodology into the design of a modernized tool for ambulatory erectile dysfunction diagnostics. Further development of an advanced sensor system to comprehensively assess erection duration and quality is essential for enhancing clinical applicability.

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Surgical Therapy (Including ESWL) IV (PD47)1 May 2024PD47-04 STONE (STENT OR NEPHROSTOMY) STUDY Nora Hendriks, Hugo W. Schuil, Guido M. Kamphuis, Bart C. H. Oskam, Tom J. H. Arends, Diederick Duijvesz, Bart van der Heij, Irene Tjiam, Wout Scheepens, Frank C. H. d'Ancona, Janneke I. M. van Uhm, Herman van Roijen, Saskia Weltings, Rutger W. van der Meer, Judith E. Bosmans, Rob C. M. Pelger, Harrie P. Beerlage, Ruben G. Duijnhoven, and Barbara M. A. Schout Nora HendriksNora Hendriks , Hugo W. SchuilHugo W. Schuil , Guido M. KamphuisGuido M. Kamphuis , Bart C. H. OskamBart C. H. Oskam , Tom J. H. ArendsTom J. H. Arends , Diederick DuijveszDiederick Duijvesz , Bart van der HeijBart van der Heij , Irene TjiamIrene Tjiam , Wout ScheepensWout Scheepens , Frank C. H. d'AnconaFrank C. H. d'Ancona , Janneke I. M. van UhmJanneke I. M. van Uhm , Herman van RoijenHerman van Roijen , Saskia WeltingsSaskia Weltings , Rutger W. van der MeerRutger W. van der Meer , Judith E. BosmansJudith E. Bosmans , Rob C. M. PelgerRob C. M. Pelger , Harrie P. BeerlageHarrie P. Beerlage , Ruben G. DuijnhovenRuben G. Duijnhoven , and Barbara M. A. SchoutBarbara M. A. Schout View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.JU.0001008652.62443.0a.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Obstruction by urolithiasis can result in renal colic, renal impairment and infection with possible sepsis and concurrent need for drainage. Since direct stone removal is not always a feasible option, acute interventions such as a percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) or an internal stent, are widely applied. Globally, guidelines underline the lack of evidence of comparative effectiveness between these interventions. The objective of this study is to investigate whether an internal stent is non-inferior to a PCN in patients with obstructive urolithiasis with regards to effectiveness, patient reported outcome measures (PROMS) and costs. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial performed in 11 hospitals in the Netherlands, 177 patients with an indication for drainage (infection, pain, renal impairment) were randomized for either PCN or internal stent. Clinical outcomes and PROMS were collected until 3 months after intervention. The primary outcome was time to recovery. RESULTS: To date, 177 patients completed this study. Baseline characteristics were comparable (Table 1). The indication for intervention was infection in 36.7% (N=65), pain in 73.4% (N=130) and deterioration of kidney function in 63.3% (N=112) of patients. Time to recovery was similar between internal stent (median 1.0 (0-32) days; 95% CI 1.0-1.0) and PCN (median 1.0 (0-11) days; 95% CI 1.0-1.0). Adverse events, (including irritative bladder symptoms and mild pain) were comparable between both groups (internal stent 38.8%; PCN 38.0% p=1.000). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the preliminary results of this RCT an internal stent is equally as effective as a PCN concerning time to recovery. Therefor decision of treatment method can be based on other outcomes such as PROMS and costs which are included in the STONE study. Download PPT Source of Funding: Zon MW © 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 211Issue 5SMay 2024Page: e981 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.Metrics Author Information Nora Hendriks More articles by this author Hugo W. Schuil More articles by this author Guido M. Kamphuis More articles by this author Bart C. H. Oskam More articles by this author Tom J. H. Arends More articles by this author Diederick Duijvesz More articles by this author Bart van der Heij More articles by this author Irene Tjiam More articles by this author Wout Scheepens More articles by this author Frank C. H. d'Ancona More articles by this author Janneke I. M. van Uhm More articles by this author Herman van Roijen More articles by this author Saskia Weltings More articles by this author Rutger W. van der Meer More articles by this author Judith E. Bosmans More articles by this author Rob C. M. Pelger More articles by this author Harrie P. Beerlage More articles by this author Ruben G. Duijnhoven More articles by this author Barbara M. A. Schout More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Surgical Therapy (Including ESWL) V (MP78)1 May 2024MP78-01 STONE (STENT OR NEPHROSTOMY) STUDY: PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES Hugo W. Schuil, Nora Hendriks, Guido M. Kamphuis, Bart C. H. Oskam, Tom J. H. Arends, Diederick Duijvesz, Bart van der Heij, Irene Tjiam, Wout A. Scheepens, Frank C. H. d'Ancona, Janneke I. M. van Uhm, Herman van Roijen, Saskia Weltings, Rutger W. van der Meer, Judith E. Bosmans, Rob C. M. Pelger, Harrie P. Beerlage, Ruben G. Duijnhoven, and Barbara M. A. Schout Hugo W. SchuilHugo W. Schuil , Nora HendriksNora Hendriks , Guido M. KamphuisGuido M. Kamphuis , Bart C. H. OskamBart C. H. Oskam , Tom J. H. ArendsTom J. H. Arends , Diederick DuijveszDiederick Duijvesz , Bart van der HeijBart van der Heij , Irene TjiamIrene Tjiam , Wout A. ScheepensWout A. Scheepens , Frank C. H. d'AnconaFrank C. H. d'Ancona , Janneke I. M. van UhmJanneke I. M. van Uhm , Herman van RoijenHerman van Roijen , Saskia WeltingsSaskia Weltings , Rutger W. van der MeerRutger W. van der Meer , Judith E. BosmansJudith E. Bosmans , Rob C. M. PelgerRob C. M. Pelger , Harrie P. BeerlageHarrie P. Beerlage , Ruben G. DuijnhovenRuben G. Duijnhoven , and Barbara M. A. SchoutBarbara M. A. Schout View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.JU.0001008856.05210.73.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Obstructive urolithiasis can necessitate drainage of the urinary tract in case of infection, impairment of renal function and/or debilitating pain. Decompression can be achieved through either retrograde insertion of a double J ureteral stent (JJ) or a percutaneously placed nephrostomy (PCN). The STONE study was designed to study differences between JJ and PCN on time to recovery, costs and patient-related outcome measures (PROMs). In this paper we present the results of these PROMs. METHODS: In 11 Dutch hospitals 203 patients with obstructive urolithiasis were randomized between JJ and PCN placement. Patients were asked to report on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, satisfaction, catheter-related symptoms and pain scores until 3 months after intervention or until the obstructive stone passed or was removed. RESULTS: HRQoL was reported by 132 patients and the index values did not differ significantly between the two treatment arms at presentation or at any point during follow-up. Scores on the self-care dimension did favor JJ at 14 (p=0.040) and 30 days (p=0.030) after intervention (Figure 1). Average patient satisfaction on a 10-point scale at 30 days was 6.9 for JJ and 6.5 for PCN (p=0.539). Pain scores did not differ significantly at presentation or during follow-up. At 14 days patients with a JJ reported more catheter-related symptoms (Table 1). Majority of JJ patients (60.9%) would again opt for the same intervention, compared to only 35.5% of patients with a PCN (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to PCN, patients with a JJ reported more catheter-related symptoms, however they reported higher scores on the ability to self-care and were more likely to opt for the same intervention again. Based on these results, patient characteristics such as ability for self-care, daily activity and urinary frequency, should be used in the process of shared-decision making for placement of either PCN or JJ. Download PPT Source of Funding: Leading the change © 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 211Issue 5SMay 2024Page: e1262 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.Metrics Author Information Hugo W. Schuil More articles by this author Nora Hendriks More articles by this author Guido M. Kamphuis More articles by this author Bart C. H. Oskam More articles by this author Tom J. H. Arends More articles by this author Diederick Duijvesz More articles by this author Bart van der Heij More articles by this author Irene Tjiam More articles by this author Wout A. Scheepens More articles by this author Frank C. H. d'Ancona More articles by this author Janneke I. M. van Uhm More articles by this author Herman van Roijen More articles by this author Saskia Weltings More articles by this author Rutger W. van der Meer More articles by this author Judith E. Bosmans More articles by this author Rob C. M. Pelger More articles by this author Harrie P. Beerlage More articles by this author Ruben G. Duijnhoven More articles by this author Barbara M. A. Schout More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

BACKGROUND:High-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients require long-term surveillance with cystoscopies, cytology and upper tract imaging. Previously, we developed a genomic urine assay for surveillance of HR-NMIBC patients with high sensitivity and anticipatory value. OBJECTIVE:We aimed to validate the performance of the assay in an unselected prospectively collected cohort of HR-NMIBC patients under surveillance. METHODS:We included patients from five centers and collected urine sample pairs (evening and morning urines) prior to cystoscopy. Mutation status (FGFR3/TERT) and methylation status (OTX1) was analyzed on DNA from voided urine specimens. A test was considered positive if≥1 alteration was detected in at least one urine sample. The primary endpoint was tumor recurrence. Sensitivity and specificity were determined. A generalized mixed effects model was used to adjust for within-patient correlation. Cox proportional hazard analyses with time-dependent covariates assessed the anticipatory effect of the urine assay. RESULTS:In total, 204 patients and 736 sample pairs were collected. Sixty-three recurrences were diagnosed for which we had concomitant assay results. On cross-sectional analyses, the assay detected 75% (95% CI 62.1% -84.7%) of recurrences, with a specificity of 70% (95% CI 66.4% -73.5%). Furthermore, mixed effects model analyses revealed OTX1 (p = 0.005) and TERT (p = 0.004) as significant predictors for disease recurrence. Median follow-up was 25.3 months (IQR 18.6-30.7). Twenty-nine tumors were diagnosed without concomitant urine samples, which included recurrences detected after urine collection ended. Longitudinal analyses showed that a positive urine assay predicted a recurrence over time (HR 3.5, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a recurrence during the study period was also a predictor for developing future recurrences (HR 2.1, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:This study validates the performance of a previously developed urine assay in an unselected cohort of HR-NMIBC patients under surveillance. With a robust sensitivity/specificity and a strong anticipatory effect, this assay proves a useful adjunct ready for evaluation in a future randomized controlled trial.

Timely and accurate diagnosis of erectile dysfunction (ED) is crucial for effective treatment and early detection of health risks. There is a need for a non-invasive sensor for erection detection. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of penile erection detection through measurements of light reflection of hemoglobin (LRH) of the penis. A penile LRH sensor was developed to measure changes in hemoglobin levels of the flaccid and erected penis as a precursor to the development of a SpO2-sensor. Outcomes from penile duplex and LRH measurements in ED patients were compared in the flaccid state as well as during an erection caused by intrave-nous injection of alprostadil. Results of ten patients getting a full erection are con-sidered. The results show a difference in LRH values during erections measured on the penis compared to a flaccid penis. This is the first human pilot study to demon-strate a higher LRH during the onset of an artificially induced erection in patients with ED, this tendency should be analyzed in larger studies. This is a promising ad-vancement towards the further development of a much-needed non-invasive sensor that has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and management of ED.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.### Clinical TrialNCT06402097### Funding StatementThis research received no external funding.### Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:the ethical committee of the Medical Research Ethics Committees United Nieuwe-gein, the Netherlands and the boards of all participating centers and it conforms to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. (Registration numbers: NL70945.100.19, R19.074 approved on 17-2-2020). I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors

AbstractObjectivesUtilizing penile saturation and temperature measurements presents a promising avenue for the development of an innovative sensor system aimed at nocturnal erection detection. This study aims to determine the feasibility of erection detection with light reflection of haemoglobin (LRH), as a precursor for penile saturation measurements, as well as penile temperature by comparison with simultaneous overnight RigiScan measurements.Materials and MethodsThis is a proof‐of‐concept observational study on 10 healthy volunteers with a cross sectional design. A penile transdermal haemoglobin and temperature sensor was developed to measure penile LRH through real‐time monitoring with receiving photodiodes and emitting light‐emitting diode (LED). Besides statistical analysis on LRH, temperature and RigiScan data, a visual assessment was done to determine detectability of changes in the LRH and temperature course during the RigiScan‐annotated erections.ResultsA total of 40 nocturnal erections from 10 healthy volunteers were annotated with the RigiScan. The LRH values significantly increase during a nocturnal erection (p < 0.01) and penile temperature (p < 0.01). The largest elevation of temperature was seen in the last erection, with an increase of 0.94°C. The corrected temperature shows an increase of 1.29°C in the last erection. Furthermore, visual detectability was feasible for 80% of the erections with LRH values and 90% with the temperature output.ConclusionPenile LRH and temperature have the potential to serve as an alternative methodology for nocturnal erection detection compared with the currently applied circumference and rigidity measurements. This is an important step in the development of a patient‐friendly and modernized tool for erectile dysfunction diagnostics. An improved sensor should be developed to allow for calculation of saturation percentage from LRH values. In combination with penile temperature measurements, this allows for conduction of further validity studies to work towards translation into clinical practice for non‐invasive ED diagnostics.

Immunotherapy, including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has emerged as an attractive strategy for treatment of various cancers. Unfortunately, less than half of the bladder cancer patients demonstrate clinical benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Novel therapeutic approaches such as oncolytic virotherapy may unleash the full potential of immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses display tumor-lysing properties, while leaving normal cells unharmed. Besides the direct oncolytic effects, oncolytic viruses are capable of inducing systemic anti-tumor immune responses, thereby representing a promising anti-cancer therapy. In our multi-center oncolytic viro-immunotherapy (OVIT) consortium we evaluate and compare the oncolytic and immunomodulatory properties of several oncolytic viruses (reoviruses, novel non-human primate Adenoviruses, Newcastle disease virus), develop tools to predict oncolytic virus efficacy and design strategies to personalize oncolytic virus therapy. In this study we evaluated and compared the direct oncolytic and indirect immunostimulatory effects of wildtype reovirus R124 and mutant reovirus jin-3 in human bladder cancer. Mutant reovirus jin-3 harbors mutations in the spike protein Sigma-1 and can infect cells independently of junction adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) expression on the tumor cell surface. For this, we exploited multiple preclinical bladder cancer models, including patient-derived tumor models (e.g. 3D cultures) and ex-vivo cultured tumor tissue slices. Both R124 and jin-3 reoviruses could infect, replicate and induce cell death in a panel of 2D and 3D cultured bladder cancer cells lines with a basal, luminal or mixed phenotype. Furthermore, the viruses were capable of infecting the tumor cells and induced cell death in ex-vivo cultured tumor tissue slices. Reovirus mutant jin-3, and to a lesser extent R124, strongly induced immunogenic cell death markers (HMGB1, cell surface expression of calreticulin, HSP90), interferon-stimulated genes, and inflammatory cytokines (IFNβ, CXCL10, TNFα) in human bladder cancer cells. Co-culture of reovirus-infected murine bladder cancer cells MB-49 with murine splenocytes resulted in increased activation markers of dendritic cells and NK cells. In conclusion, reoviruses display oncolytic properties in multiple preclinical models of human bladder cancer. Mutant reovirus jin-3 displays more potent immunomodulatory responses in preclinical bladder cancer models compared with wildtype reovirus R124. Therefore, jin-3 represents an attractive candidate for clinical translation. Citation Format: Arjanneke F. Van De Merbel, Maaike H. van der Mark, Thijs J. Janssen, Lobke C. Hensen, Diana J. van den Wollenberg, Rob C. Hoeben, Rob F. Bevers, Rob C. Pelger, Gabri van der Pluijm, Geertje van der Horst. Mammalian orthoreoviruses R124 and jin-3 demonstrate oncolytic and immune-stimulatory effects in human preclinical bladder cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1845.

Non-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) patients are at increased risk for osteoporosis and fractures mainly due to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-associated hypogonadism, but this remains largely underdiagnosed and untreated. In this study, we examine the value of pre-screening calcaneal QUS in identifying patients who should be referred for screening for osteoporosis using dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA). In a single-center retrospective cross-sectional cohort study, we analysed data on DXA and calcaneal QUS measurements systematically collected between 2011 and 2013 in all non-metastatic PCa patients attending our Uro-Oncological Clinic at the Leiden University Medical Center. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of QUS T-scores of 0, -1.0, and - 1.8 in identifying DXAdiagnosed osteoporosis (T-scores < - 2.5 and < -2) at lumbar spine and/or femoral neck. Complete sets of data were available in 256 patients, median age 70.9 (53.6-89.5) years; 93.0 % had received local treatment, 84.4 % with additional ADT. Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was respectively 10.5 % and 53 %. Mean QUS Tscore was -0.54 +/- 1.58. Whereas PPV at any QUS T-score was <25 %, precluding the use of QUS as surrogate for DXA in screening for osteoporosis, QUS T-scores of -1.0 to 0.0 had a NPV of >= 94.5 % for DXA T-scores < 2.5 and < -2 at any site, confidently identifying patients least likely to have osteoporosis, thereby significantly reducing the number of patients requiring DXA screening for diagnosing osteoporosis by up to two-third. Osteoporosis screening is a significant unmet need in non-metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with ADT, and QUS may represent a valuable alternative pre-screening strategy to overcome logistics, time demands, and economic barriers encountered with current strategies for osteoporosis screening in these patients. Summary: Osteoporosis and associated increased fracture risk are common in non-metastatic prostate carcinoma, mainly due to androgen deprivation therapy, but these often remain underdiagnosed and untreated. We demonstrate that QUS is a safe, less costly pre-screen tool that reduces by up to two-third the number of patients requiring referral for DXA for osteoporosis screening.

Supplementary Figure S2. miR-25 strongly changes cell morphology without affecting proliferation.

Supplementary Figure 5 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

<p>Supplementary Figure S2. miR-25 strongly changes cell morphology without affecting proliferation.</p>

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-6 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

<p>Supplementary Tables S1-S2. Real time-qPCR primers (S1); Primers used for cloning and mutagenesis (S2).</p>

<p>Supplementary Figure Legend. Legend for Supplementary Figures S1-S2.</p>

Supplementary Figure S1. ALDHhigh prostate cancer cells display enhanced colony formation and migration compared to ALDHlow cells.

Supplementary Figures 1-4 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer