The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada district which comes under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad during the year 2022-2023, to study the adoption of arecanut based cropping system technologies of UAS Dharwad by employing ex-post facto research design and using simple random sampling technique in Uttar Kannada districts of Karnataka constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers. Majority (69.16 %) of them adopted Sirsi local variety, cent per cent of them planted 12-18 months old seedlings, majority (69.16 %) of them plantedseedlings in may-august, large majority of them followed a spacing of 2.7x 2.7, More than half (55.83 %) of them adopted 90x90x90 cm pit size, 39.17 per cent of them followed square and triangle layout of plantation, 36.66 per cent of them followed multiple cropping with banana, large majority (81.66 %) of applied recommended dosage of FYM, more than two fifth (45.00 %) of them followed ring method of fertilizer application, large majority (79.16 %) of them adopted sprinkler drip irrigation,more than half (51.66 %) followed recommended depth of drainage, more than half (57.50 %) of them used Bordeaux mixture spray for bud spot control, more than two fifth (44.20 %) of them dug trenches for foot rot disease control, large majority of them (96.67 %) used phorate granules for spindle bug control, 30.00 per cent of them used dimethoate for mites’ control,tender nuts during July-December by majority, ripen nuts were harvested during Dec-March by 49.17 %. Large majority (89.16 %) of them manually harvested the areca nuts. Majority (68.33 %) of them of them adopted kalipak method of harvesting. More than two fifth (41.66 %) of them belonged to medium adoption level category, 30.84 per cent of them belonged to low and 27.50 per cent of them belonged to high adoption level category respectively.

The present study explored the profile characteristics of pomegranate growers regarding their knowledge and adoption of recommended pomegranate production practices.The present study was conducted in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka state during 2022-23. “Ex-post facto” research design was employed for the study. The required data on profile characteristics of pomegranate growing farmers was collected by using simple random sampling technique in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts, constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers.Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to categorize the profile characteristics. It was observed that majority (65.00 %) of the pomegranate farmers belonged to middle age group, 33.33 per cent of them were illiterates, large majority (86.66 %) of them had medium family size, 32.50 per cent of them were semi-medium farmers, more than half (59.17 %) of them had less than 2.50 acres under pomegranate cultivation, majority (70.84 %) of them had pomegranate farming experience of about 1 to 5 years, 35.83 per cent of them had medium extension participation, more than half (54.17 %) of them had low extension contact, two fifth (40.00 %) of them had low mass media exposure, more than two fifth (45.83 %) of them had low social media utilization, two fifth (40.83 %) of them had medium level of innovativeness, 37.50 per cent of them had medium level of economic motivation and 35.83 per cent of them had medium level of market orientation.

The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada district which comes under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad during the year 2021-2022. To make comparative analysis of arecanut based cropping system by employing “Ex-post facto” research design and by using simple random sampling technique in Uttara Kannada district constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers. It was revealed that, 77.50 per cent of sole crop and 65.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted Sirsi local variety, 77.50 per cent of sole crop growers done planting during May-August and 65.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers done planting during August-September, 95.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted 2.7×2.7m spacing, 47.50 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted square system of layout, 47.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted covering of stem, 52.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted method of fertilizer application, 67.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted depth of drainage, 75.00 per cent of sole crop growers adopted mulching, both sole and multiple cropping growers adopted manual method of harvesting and 92.50 per cent of sole crop growers go for rashi type of processing to get maximum profit. There is enough scope to encourage adoption of arecanut based cropping system by using mass contact methods and concerned transfer of technology centers. Thus, the efforts should be made to conduct training programmes and demonstrations.So, it is another vital thing that needs to be given priority to adoption of production technology.

The present study was conducted with specific objective to study the knowledge level of pomegranate growers about recommended pomegranate production technologies in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka, respectively. Total of 8 villages were selected for the study and 15 pomegranate growing farmers from each village were randomly selected to constitute a total sample of 120 farmers. It was noticed that almost two fifth (39.17 %) of the pomegranate farmers belonged to medium knowledge level category, 32.50 per cent of them belonged to low knowledge level category and 28.33 per cent of them belonged to high knowledge level category, respectively. Cent per cent of the pomegranate growers had knowledge about the varieties, planting material, spacing, time of planting, frequency of pruning and mode of irrigation. Large majority of them had knowledge about chemicals to control pests (90.00%), size of the pit (85.00 %), chemicals to control diseases (80.00 %) and diseases of pomegranate (78.33 %). Majority of them had knowledge about the type of soil (71.67%), frequency of fertilizer application (66.67%) and pests of pomegranate (60.00 %). More than half (59.17 %) of them had knowledge about the frequency of irrigation and Bahar treatment (55.83 %). About 45.83 per cent of them had knowledge about the pit filling process with FYM, 43.33 per cent of them had knowledge about the growth regulators used, 41.67 per cent of them had knowledge about the proportion of NPK application per tree and 39.17 per cent of them had knowledge about the rest period given during Bahar treatment. Equal percentage of them (33.33 %) had knowledge about types of Bahar treatments and average yield per tree. About 30.83 per cent of knew about the quantity of FYM application and 23.33 per cent knew about intercropping in pomegranate and 19.16 per cent of them knew about the weedicides.

The present study on adoption of sugarcane production technologies of UAS Dharwad by the farmers of North Karnataka was undertaken during 2021-22. The ex-post facto research design was employed for the study. Among sample of 160 sugarcane growers, 20 sugarcane growers were randomly selected from each village of selected two villages from talukas viz., Athani and Gokak from Belagavi district and Jamakhandi and Mudhol from Bagalkot district. Data was collected by personal interview method using structured schedule. The major findings of the study were, 38.12 per cent of sugarcane growers observed in medium category of adoption followed by high (33.75 %) and low (28.12 %) category of adoption. With respect to adoption of individual production technologies cent per cent of growers adopted soil type, earthing up (after 110 days of planting), hand weeding and harvesting of sugarcane 10-14 months after planting. Majority of growers adopted recommended varieties, 120 cm row spacing, quantity of FYM, quality of setts, quantity of setts, flood irrigation, intercropping of maize, de trashing, spraying of post emergent herbicides, harvesting of sugarcane within two months of emergence of flower and manual harvesting.

The present study was conducted in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka state during 2021-22.To study the Adoption level of farmers about redgram production technologies of UAS Dharwad by employing “Ex-post facto” research design and by using simple random sampling technique in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts constituting a total sample size of 160 farmers. It was revealed that, 40.62 per cent of the redgram growers belonged to medium adoption level category, whereas, 36.25 and 23.13 per cent were observed in low- and high-level adoption categories, respectively.Redgram growers adopted recommended time of sowing (91.87 %), seed rate (73.75 %), variety (61.87 %), seed rate for mixed or inter crop (17.50 %), seed treatment with rhizobium (11.25 %), seed treatment with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (6.87 %), spacing (73.75 %), FYM (71.25 %), chemical fertilizer (65.62 %), application of sulphur (15.62 %), application of zinc sulphate (23.13 %), foliar application of 19:19:19 (22.50 %), spraying of (2.0 %) DAP (15.62 %), first hoeing (93.12 %), second hoeing (55.63 %), Inter-cropping (14.37 %), post emergent herbicides (11.87 %), nipping (3.75 %), recommended method of controlling pod borer (81.25 %), control of spotted pod borer (47.50 %), control of pod fly (57.50%), controlling wilt (65.00%), controlling SMD (28.75 %), controlling phytophthora blight (26.25 %), mechanical harvesting (88.75 %) and manual harvesting (11.25 %). There is enough scope to encourage improved redgram production technologies by using mass contact methods and concerned transfer of technology centers. Thus, the efforts should be made to conduct training programmes and demonstrations.So, it is another vital thing that needs to be given priority to adoption of production technology.

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers about 41.67 per cent of the red gram farmers were found in high level of adoption category. While, In case of non-beneficiary farmers about 43.34 per cent of the red gram farmers were found in medium level of adoption level category. It is clear that, in case of beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents have fully adopted red gram variety, recommended seed rate, intercultivation and weeding. Whereas, 83.33 per cent of the respondents have fully adopted recommended spacing, 76.67 per cent fully adopted pest management, 75.00 per cent fully adopted timely sowing and disease management, 73.33 per cent have fully adopted summer ploughing, 70.00 per cent fully adopted seed treatment, 66.67 per cent have fully adopted recommended dose of fertilizer, 51.67 per cent fully adopted nipping practice. It is clear that, in case of non-beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents have fully adopted red gram variety and weeding. Followed by, 90.00 per cent have fully adopted recommended seed rate, 83.34 per cent have fully adopted intercultivation, 71.67 per cent have fully adopted seed treatment and recommended dose of fertilizer application, 70.00 per cent have fully adopted pest management, 68.33 per cent have fully adopted summer ploughing. Further about 56.67 per cent have fully adopted time of sowing, 55.00 per cent have adopted disease management.

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers were majority (73.33 %) of the farmers expressed non-availability of labour, followed by lower price of produce at the time of harvesting (68.33 %), storage pest problem (63.33 %) and lack of storage facilities and non-availability of credit in time (61.67 %) as problems faced by them. It was also found that, 58.33 per cent of the farmers expressed non-availability of fertilizers at the peak time as the constraint, followed by lack of transportation facilities (48.33 %), high cost of fertilizers (43.33 %), lack of marketing facilities (41.67 %) and knowledge about use of weedicides (28.33 %). In order of priority in case of nonbeneficiary farmers were majority (71.67 %) of the farmers expressed lack of storage facilities, followed by lower price of produce at the time of harvesting (66.67 %), non-availability of labour and nonavailability of credit in time (61.67 %) and storage pest problem (60.00 %) as problems faced by them. It was also found that, 56.67 per cent of the farmers expressed high cost of fertilizers and lack of transportation facilities, followed by lack of marketing facilities (51.67 %) and knowledge about use of weedicides (40.00 %).

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers about 40.00 per cent of red gram farmers were belonged to high level of knowledge. In case of nonbeneficiary farmers about 38.33 per cent of red gram farmers were belonged to medium level of knowledge. It is clear that, in case of beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents had knowledge about improved red gram variety, recommended seed rate, recommended spacing, irrigation frequency, intercultivation, weeding, important pests, pest control, important diseases, harvesting and post-harvesting. In case of non-beneficiary farmers it is revealed that, cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents had knowledge about weeding and post-harvesting, 98.33 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about inter cultivation, 90.00 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about time of sowing, 86.67 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about important diseases, 85.00 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about disease control.

The present study was conducted in Belagavi and Bagalkot district in north Karnataka during the year 2018-19 with the objectives to Asses the knowledge and adoption level of improved cultivation practices by sugarcane farmers.Ex-post-facto research design was undertaken for the present study.The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents (38.33%) belong to medium knowledge level followed by 35.83 and 25.84 per cent of respondents belonged to low and high knowledge level, respectively.Majority of the respondents (38.33 %) belonged to medium adoption level followed by 35.00 and 26.67 per cent of respondents belong to low and high adoption level, respectively.

The present study was conducted in Belagavi and Bagalkote district in north Karnataka during the year 2018-19 with the objectives to asses the personal and socio-economic characteristics of sugarcane growers.Ex-post-facto research design was undertaken for the present study.The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age category (63.33%), medium family size (53.33 %), medium family income (45.00%), middle school education (33.33%), medium farming experience (46.66 %), high comsmopolitenes (40.83%), medium extension contact (50.00 %) and 72.50 per cent of respondents were cultivating maize in Kharif season along with the sugarcane.

The present study was conducted in Belagavi and Bagalkote district in north Karnataka during the year 2018-19 with the objectives to Asses the constraints faced by sugarcane respondents.Ex-post-facto research design was undertaken for the present study.Major constraints faced by sugarcane respondents were inadequate water supply (87.50 %), followed by non-availability of labours (81.67 %), timely availability of credit (76.67 %), irregular supply of electricity (75.00 %), high wages of labours (74.16 %), low price (58.33 %), high cost of inputs (45.83 %).Sugarcane growers also faced problems like inadequate credit (35.00 %), lack of technical guidance (25.83 %), transportation (21.67%), high interest rate on loan (15.83 %) and inadequate subsidy (09.17 %).

The present study was conducted in Belagavi and Bagalkote district in north Karnataka during the year 2018-19 with the objectives to Asses the entrepreneurial behaviour of Sugarcane growers.Ex-post-facto research design was undertaken for the present study.The findings of the study revealed majority (40.83 %) of the respondents belong to medium entrepreneurial behaviour category.While, 33.34 per cent of respondents belonged to high entrepreneurial behaviour and 25.83 per cent of farmers belong to low entrepreneurial behaviour category.Majority (46.67 %) of the respondents had medium innovativeness.Whereas, 35.00 per cent were in low innovativeness and 18.33 per cent of the respondents were in high innovativeness category, respectively.In other variables majority of respondents are belonged to medium level viz., decision making ability, information seeking ability, risk taking ability, leadership ability, achievement motivation.

The present study was conducted in Vijayapur district of North-Karnataka during 2017- 18. The findings of the study revealed that cent per cent of the respondents faced the constraint of fluctuations in market prices, followed by scarcity and high cost of labour (86.67%), problem of electricity (81.33%), Lack of proper market (78.67%), High commission rates of middle men and commission agents (66.67%). Cent per cent of the respondents suggested that market price should be high, followed by timely input availability at cheaper rate (73.33%), availability of proper market to sell their produce (66.67%), availability of efficient credit facilities to meet crop production expenses (61.33%).

Among commercially grown vegetable crops in India, onion occupies predominant place; it is also the only member of bulb crops grown to a great extent in India.India occupies second position in area and production of onion in world after China.The present study was conducted in Vijayapur district of North-Karnataka during 2017-18.The findings of the study revealed that as high as 48.67 per cent of respondents belonged to medium adoption category, whereas 30.00 per cent and 21.33 per cent of the respondents belonged to low and high adoption categories, respectively.Majority of the respondents had adopted summer ploughing, method of sowing, sowing time, frequency of irrigation, hand weeding, spacing, seed treatment pest and disease control measures.However, majority of farmers had not adopted practices like storage, hybrid/ variety sown, FYM application, intercropping, chemical weeding and fertilizers application.Further, it was found that variables such as age, education, extension contact, extension participation, mass media exposure and innovativeness exhibited significant relationship with the adoption level of respondents.

Socio-economic status is an economic and sociological combined measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others. The study was conducted in Vijayapur district of Karnataka, collecting data from 150 onion growers during 2017-18. Nearly half (52.67%) of the respondents belonged to middle age category, More number (25.33%) of the respondents were educated upto primary school. Majority (63.34%) of the respondents had an annual income of more than Rs. 51,000, nearly half (54.67%) of the respondents belonged to nuclear family type category. About 28.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium land holding category, majority (61.34 %) of the respondents had farming experience of more than 17 years, 43.33 per cent of the respondents belonged to low extension contact category. Nearly half (47.33%) of respondents had medium extension participation, 44.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium mass media exposure category. More than half of the respondents had medium social participation (52.67%), medium decision making ability (68.00%), medium innovativeness (59.33%) and 42.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium cosmopoliteness category.

The present study was conducted in the Vijayapura and Kalaburagi district of Northern Karnataka in the year 2013-14 on basis of largest cultivated area under lime.The purpose of fixing the criteria of five years and above old orchard was that the Lime requires more than five years to harvest good crop, so in five years one can harvest at least one crop which facilitates to study the knowledge and adoption of Lime grower.The total sample size of the respondents is 140 for the study.The study revealed that with respect to nature of marketing reveals that, 63.57 per cent of lime growers marketed their lime fruits through commission agents, while 36.43 per cent of the lime growers were selling to local retailers.In case of reasons for selling through local retailers 33.57per cent of farmers quoted the reason of it helps to buy other necessary material, followed by nearest distance from market (29.29%),shortage of manpower/family members (20.71%) and helps to realise higher profit (16.43%).Majority 72.86 per cent of lime growers faced the constraint of non-availability of labour followed by nonavailability of sufficient loan and high rate of interest (70.00 %).

Fruits are of great importance in the field of human nutrition.Citrus is one of the most important fruit crop in India.Citrus fruits have a special place in Indian diet as they are rich source of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B and fruit sugars.The present investigation was conducted in Vijayapura and Kalaburagi district of Northern Karnataka in the year 2013-14.A sample size of 140 respondents who have minimum one acre of lime orchard and who have at least five years and above old orchard were selected randomly.The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule.The results indicates that, comparatively more number (42.14 %) of farmers belonged to medium adoption category, followed by high (34.29 %) and low (23.57%) adoption category.It was also observed that, education, land holding, annual income, extension contact, mass media participation, experience in lime cultivation and economic motivation found to have positive and significant relationship with the adoption level of lime growers.

Fruit growing or pomology is of special value in the industrialization of a country and it serves as the mother of many industries because it is as old as human civilization itself. Fruits are man’s oldest food and are the chief source of vitamins, minerals and proteins which are necessary to maintain proper health and acquire resistance to diseases. Kagzi lime ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is cultivated extensively on commercial scale and is more popular than lemon. The present investigation was conducted in Vijayapura and Kalaburagi district of Northern Karnataka in the year 2013-14. A sample size of 140 respondents who have minimum one acre of lime orchard and who have at least five years and above old orchard were selected randomly. The data were collected through personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule. indicated that majority of the lime growers had correct knowledge of recommended varieties, suitable soil, plant spacing, ideal size of pit, fertilizer application and irrigation method, majority (53.58 %) of lime growers had medium knowledge level followed by high (30.71 %) and low (15.71 %) level of knowledge.

In the present investigation, ex-post-facto research design was used.The study was conducted in the purposively selected Vijayapura and Kalaburagi district of Northern Karnataka on the basis of largest cultivated area under lime.The total sample size of the respondents is 140 for the study.The study results revealed that 55.71 per cent of lime growers were middle age group and old age (24.29 %), 23.58 per cent of lime growers studied upto primary school and high school (22.14 %), majority (65.00 %) of the farmers belonged to medium family size and big (19.29 %).Further, 35.00 per cent of lime growers had semi-medium land holding and 25.71 per cent lime growers had medium size land holding, as high as 46.43 per cent of lime growers were found under high income group of more than Rs.1,20,000, majority (52.86 %) of the farmers belonged to medium experience in lime cultivation, 50.17 per cent of lime growers were observed under medium level of extension contact and 17.14 per cent of lime growers were members of farmers service co-op societies.