Secure authentication and traceability of medical audio data remain critical challenges in modern telemedicine systems and digital health record management.. This paper proposes a novel blind and robust audio watermarking scheme for medical applications. The method combines the Fractional Charlier Transform (FrCT) for optimized time-frequency decomposition, local entropy analysis with critical-band masking for intelligent coefficient selection, and adaptive dithered quantization index modulation (ADQIM) for imperceptible watermark embedding. The proposed scheme provides comprehensive encryption of metadata including patient information and acquisition context through AES-based cryptographic mechanisms, while maintaining imperceptibility and embedding robustness. Comprehensive experimental validation on a diverse medical audio corpus demonstrates that the method achieves a practical payload capacity of 71.8 bits per second, high audio transparency with an SNR of 38.2 dB and a PESQ score of 4.15, and strong resilience against various signal processing attacks with an average BER of 3.2 %. The approach provides a computationally efficient solution suitable for integration into operational telemedicine platforms and large-scale medical archiving systems, offering reliable authentication and integrity verification of medical audio records.

Securing and tracing medical audio data is crucial in telemedicine and digital archiving. This paper presents a blind and irreversible audio watermarking scheme designed to satisfy imperceptibility, robustness, and embedding capacity requirements for sensitive medical applications. The method integrates the Fractional Charlier Transform (FrCT) for adaptive time-frequency analysis, local entropy analysis with the Watson perceptual model for intelligent coefficient selection, and adaptive logarithmic quantization index modulation (LQIM) for embedding. It securely incorporates patient and acquisition metadata, ensuring confidentiality and integrity via cryptographic and error-correction techniques. Experiments demonstrate a payload of 67.3 bits per second, high audio transparency (SNR > 36 dB, PESQ > 4.0), and robustness against various signal processing attacks (average BER 4.5

Robustness, imperceptibility and embedding capacity are the preliminary requirements of any digital audio watermarking technique. However, research has concluded that these requirements are difficult to achieve at the same time. Thus, the watermarking technique is closely dependent on the solution that manages the robustness / imperceptibility trade-off. A large majority of research work has been devoted to improving this trade-off by implementing increasingly advanced techniques. For conciseness and efficiency, the comprehensive review reported in this paper mainly considers the following aspects imperceptibility and robustness among the criteria, as they determine the key performance of most existing audio watermarking systems. In this paper we have introduce the basic concepts of digital audio watermarking, the performance characteristics, and a classification of digital audio watermarking systems according to the extraction/detection process or to human perception. We have also presented various digital audio watermarking applications. Further, we have presented classifications of unintentional and intentional attacks that can be performed on audio watermarking systems and we have highlighted the impact of these attacks on the watermarked audio quality. We have presented two classifications made by researchers, the first one categorizes these attacks into basic and advanced attacks, while the second one classifies the attacks by group according to the process performed on the watermarked audio file. Furthermore, after presenting an overview of the properties of the Human Auditory System (HAS), we have presented several evaluation aspects of audio watermarking systems and we have reviewed various recent robust and imperceptible audio watermarking methods in the spatial, transform and hybrid domains.

In order to increase the security of medical image sharing and transfer, we present in this work a watermarking approach to protect medical images. This approach consists of inserting hospital signature information and patient data into the medical image. The goal of our work is to integrate the watermark with as little distortion as possible to retain the medical information in the image. In this approach DWT decomposition is applied to the image which allows a very fine adjustment during the insertion. An SVD is then applied to the three subbands LL, LH and HL, which allows storing the maximum energy of the image in a minimum of singular values. A combination of the three resulting singular value matrices is then performed for watermark integration. The proposed approach ensures data integrity, confidentiality when sharing data, and robustness to several conventional attacks.

In this work, we proposed a robust and blind watermarking approach to adequately secure medical images exchanged in telemedicine. This approach ensures the traceability and integrity of the medical and essential image for data security in the field of telemedicine. In this paper, a blind watermarking method is proposed to adequately secure the electronic patient records. The integration of the watermark will be carefully performed by combining the parity of the successive values. This innovative approach will be typically implemented in the three insertion domains: spatial, frequency and multi-resolution. For the spatial domain, the watermark will be integrated into the colorimetric values of the image. In the frequency domain, the watermark bits will be substituted to the DCT coefficient's least significant bit. For the multi-resolution domain insertion, after calculating a DWT, the obtained LL sub-band coefficients will be used for the integration process. After comparing our approaches to the various recent works in the three domains, the obtained results demonstrate that our proposed approach offers a good imperceptibility for the frequency and spatial domains insertion.

In order to protect audio files, we propose in this paper a new integration scheme for blind audio file watermarking. The goal is to find a compromise between capacity and imperceptibility in order to hide as much data as possible while minimizing file degradation. This integration scheme is implemented in the three insertion domains: spatial, frequency and multi-resolution domains. For the spatial-domain integration, the mark is inserted directly into the data samples. For the frequency-domain integration, a Discrete Cosine Transform is applied to the audio frames; after the thresholding and quantification step, the watermark is inserted into the Discrete Cosine Transform coefficients to obtain the watermarked file. For the multi-resolution-domain insertion, a single-level Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied using the scaling low-pass filter and wavelet high-pass filter. The watermark integration is then performed using the obtained AC coefficients. The proposed concealment process combines three values to integrate two bits and only one may be modified, which reduces the probability of change unlike other approaches. This implies less modification and therefore less distortion of the host file; this explains the good Signal-to-Noise Ratio obtained of more than 59[Formula: see text]dB for the spatial-domain integration and therefore a reasonable imperceptibility. An evaluation of the watermark’s robustness demonstrates that the proposed schemes generate reasonably robust watermarked samples against various attacks with a high-quality watermark with normalized cross-correlation greater than 0.9 for the three insertion domains.

Nowadays, several information security issues can compromise the medical images administration. The source and origin of the medical image must be authenticated to verify that it corresponds to the right patient. A second issue is to avoid detachment between an electronic medical record and the corresponding images. One possible solution is the use of digital watermarking techniques applied to medical images, considering the imperceptibility and robustness requirements of the medical imaging watermarking. To increase the security of medical image sharing and transfer, we present in this work a watermarking approach to protect medical images. This innovative approach consists precisely of carefully inserting hospital signature information and patient data into the medical image. The ambitious goal of our work is to properly integrate the watermark with as little distortion as possible to typically retain the medical information in the image. In this flexible approach DWT decomposition is applied to the image which allows a remarkably satisfactory adjustment during the insertion. An SVD is then applied to the three subbands LL, LH and HL, which allows retaining the maximum energy of the image in a necessary minimum of singular values. A possible combination of the three resulting singular value matrices is then performed for watermark integration. A possible combination of the three resulting singular value matrices is then performed for watermark integration. The proposed approach ensures information integrity, patient confidentiality when sharing data, and robustness to several conventional attacks.

To ensure secure data exchange in telemedicine, we propose in this work a blind watermarking scheme for heartbeat sounds protection. Two innovative schemes of blind watermarks are proposed; each elaborate scheme is further bifurcated into two specific variants. The successful integration of the watermark is typically performed by combining the parity of the successive values; each variant adequately represents a different combination. These approaches are implemented in the three insertion domains: spatial, frequency, and multi-resolution domains. For the spatial domain, the watermark is integrated into the sample values of the file. In the frequency domain, the watermark bits are substituted by the Discrete Cosine Transform coefficient's least significant bit. For the multi-resolution domain insertion, after calculating a Discrete Wavelet Transform, the obtained CA sub-band coefficients are used for the integration process. After comparing our used approaches to the various recent works in the three used domains, the obtained results sufficiently demonstrate that our second proposed approach offers a good imperceptibility for the observed frequency and spatial domain insertion. However, using a small audio file in our successful experiments significantly reduces the capacity of our used methods in the frequency domain.

The goal of this work is to protect as much as possible the images exchanged in telemedicine, to avoid any confusion between the patient's radiographs, these images are watermarked with the patient's information as well as the acquisition data. Thus, during the extraction, the doctor will be able to affirm with certainty that the images belong to the treated patient. The ultimate goal of our completed work is to properly integrate the watermark with as little distortion as possible to typically retain the medical information in the image. In this innovative approach used DWT decomposition is appropriately applied to the image which allows a remarkably satisfactory adjustment during the insertion. An SVD is then applied to the three subbands LL, LH and HL, which ideally allows retaining the maximum energy of the used image in a guaranteed minimum of singular values. A specific combination of the three resulting singular value matrices is then performed for watermark integration. The proposed approach ensures data integrity, patient confidentiality when sharing data, and robustness to several conventional attacks.

In order to contribute to the security of medical image, we present in this paper a blind and robust watermarking technique that allows the integration of the electronic patient's record into retinal images. In our work, we present an approach developed to find a compromise between capacity and imperceptibility. The proposed blind watermarking approach is based on the color values difference calculation between pixels to determine the substitution to be made. We proposed in this work ten possible variants of this approach to determine which offers the best compromise between the capacity and the imperceptibility. Following the evaluation of the approach by metrics designed for reliability tests, some variants confirm remarkably good results either by objective or subjective evaluation. The capacity and imperceptibility evaluations reveal very encouraging results. We obtained good results concerning the imperceptibility with a PSNR greater than 69 dB for some variants due to the insignificance of the least significant bits modification. An evaluation of the watermark's robustness demonstrates the proposed schemas generate reasonably robust watermarked samples against various attacks. A high-quality watermark with a normalized cross-correlation greater than 0.9 for some variants is obtained. However, some variants remain weak in terms of robustness because any simple treatment can modify the LSBs, which makes the extraction impossible.

In this work, we propose a blind watermarking approach for medical image protection. In this approach, the watermark will be constituted of the Electronic Patient Record and the image acquisition data. In order to enhance the security and guarantee the data integrity, the Electronic Patient Record hash will be added to the watermark. The integration process is based on a DWT-SVD combination, a DWT is applied to the retinal image, then, an SVD is applied to the LL sub-band. The watermark will be then integrated into the least significant bits of the S component obtained by combining the parity of the successive coefficients. Experimental results for imperceptibility and robustness show that the proposed scheme maintains a high quality watermarked image and remains highly robust against several conventional attacks.

In order to secure the exchanged medical images in telemedicine, we propose in this work two blind watermarking approaches for the medical images protection. In the first scheme a combination of DCT and Schur decomposition is performed. In order to obtain a good compromise between robustness and imperceptibility, the integration is performed in the medium frequencies of the image. In the second scheme, the combination of DWT and Schur decomposition provide a more robust watermark distribution. Imperceptibility and robustness experimental results shows that the proposed methods maintain a high quality watermarked images and are very robust against several conventional attacks. These schemes allow the protection of the patient's information and thus ensure the confidentiality of personal data.

In order to enhance the security of exchanged medical images in telemedicine, we propose in this paper a blind and robust approach for medical image protection. This approach consists in embedding patient information and image acquisition data in the image. This imperceptible integration must generate the least possible distortion. The watermarked image must present the same clinical reading as the original image. The proposed approach is applied in the frequency domain. For this purpose, four transforms were used: discrete wavelets transform, non-subsampled contourlet transform, non-subsampled shearlet transform and discreet cosine transform. All these transforms was combined with Schur decomposition and the watermark bits were integrated in the upper triangular matrix. To obtain a satisfactory compromise between robustness and imperceptibility, the integration was performed in the medium frequencies of the image. Imperceptibility and robustness experimental results shows that the proposed methods maintain a high quality of watermarked images and are remarkably robust against several conventional attacks.

In this paper; we propose two new substitution schemes for digital audio watermarking based on the Fourier transform. The integration of the watermark will be performed by combining the parity of the successive coefficients values; each variant will represent a different combination. In our experiments several variants of the Fourier transform are used (Discrete Fourier Transform, a Fractional Fourier Transform as well as a Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform). For each transform, both variants of our watermarking scheme are applied and the results obtained show that our approach offers good imperceptibility and generates watermarked audio sample robust against various attacks with a high-quality watermark. However, using small audio file for our experiments considerably reduces the capacity of our approach in the frequency domain. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In order to improve the security of images exchanged in telemedicine, we propose in this paper, 2 watermarking schemes for retinal image protection; each scheme will be declined into 2 variants. The integration of the watermark will be performed by combining the parity of the successive values; each variant will represent a different combination. These approaches will be implemented in the three insertion domains: spatial, frequency and multi-resolution domain. For the spatial domain, the watermark will be integrated into the R, G and B values of the image. In the frequency domain, the watermark bits will be substituted to the DCT coefficient’s least significant bit. For the multi-resolution domain insertion, after calculating a DWT, the obtained LL sub-band coefficients will be used for the integration process. After comparing our approaches to the different recent works in the three domains; the obtained results demonstrate that our first proposed approach offers a good imperceptibility for the frequency and spatial domains insertion. However, using 512 × 512 images for our experiments considerably reduces the capacity of our approach in the frequency domain.

In this work, we propose a new substitution scheme for color images watermarking based on the Fourier transform. This scheme will be declined into two variants in which the image will be divided into three components R, G and B, and then to each component a transform is applied. The parity of the resulting coefficients will then be combined to hide the watermark in the medium frequency band. In our experiments several variants of the Fourier transform are used (Discrete Fourier Transform, a Fractional Fourier Transform as well as a Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform). For each transform, both variants of our watermarking scheme are applied. The obtained results show that our approach offers good imperceptibility and generates watermarking images robust against various attacks with a high-quality watermark.

In order to contribute to the security of medical image, we present in this paper a blind and robust watermarking technique that allows the integration of the electronic patient's record into a computerized tomography scan. In this approach, a discrete wavelet transform is applied to the image before the integration process, then, a topological reorganization of the coefficients of the LL sub-bands is done by the ZigZag scanning method. The obtained coefficients are then combined to integrate the watermark bits. A hash of the electronic patient record being integrated in the image, the integrity of the watermark can easily be verified. After the evaluation of our approach in terms of invisibility and robustness, the experimental results obtained show that our approach offers excellent imperceptibility (with a PSNR above 70 dB) and very good robustness against several geometric and destructive attacks.