Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly transforming various manufacturing sectors by enabling the production of customized and sustainable products. Achieving reliable pre- and post-printing performance requires rigorous assessment of ink printability, particularly in systems with complex structural hierarchies. In this study, three ink systems - Guar gum (GGu), Gum Acacia (GAc), and Pectin (PEc), incorporating the novel microalga Desmodesmus abundans (GenBank accession number: PP905124) were developed and evaluated for 3D printing. Molecular identification via 18S rRNA sequencing confirmed the isolated strain, which exhibited a balanced biochemical profile. Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analysis quantified 81.42 mg/100 g of essential amino acids, with methionine as the dominant component, and 124.50 mg/100 g of non-essential amino acids, with asparagine predominating. Rheological analysis demonstrated that the 1 % GGu ink offered superior printability, characterized by optimal viscosity (14.94 +/- 0.48 Pa.s) and a predominantly elastic behaviour (G ' > G ''), resulting in smooth extrusion and stable constructs. In comparison, GAc and PEc-based inks exhibited viscous-dominant behaviour with limited structural stability. Control experiments demonstrated the critical role of microalgae, hydrocolloids, and calcium chloride-mediated cross-linking in preserving post-printing integrity. FTIR, SEM and TPA analysis further confirmed stronger hydrogen bonding and ionic crosslinking in GGu compared to the other inks. Collectively, these results provide a framework for functional 3D ink design and emphasize the potential of 1 % GGu combined with D. abundans as a sustainable, nutrient-rich ingredient for future personalized food fabrication.

Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the levels of tamarind kernel powder (TKP; 10-20 %), sesame seeds (2-4 %), and milk powder (15-19 %) in the formulation of fortified chocolate (TKPSsC). The effects of these variables on key quality responses, viz., total colour difference (TCD), overall acceptability, hardness (N), and protein content (%) were systematically evaluated. The optimized formulation (O-TKPSsC) was identified at 20 % TKP, 4 % sesame seeds, and 15 % milk powder. Comparative analysis revealed that O-TKPSsC exhibited higher values of protein (10.75 %), total phenolic content (43.30 mu g GAE/g), total flavonoid content (176.88 mu g QE/g), antioxidant activity (91.16 %), and iron (4.49 mg/100 g) than the control chocolate (Cc). DSC analysis indicated modifications in the melting behavior of O-TKPSsC, suggesting an influence of TKP incorporation on cocoa butter crystallinity. This study demonstrates the potential for developing nutritionally enriched chocolates through the incorporation and valorization of tamarind seed by-products and sesame seeds.

Food packaging has evolved from passive containment to dynamic systems that actively monitor and communicate product quality. Traditional intelligent packaging technologies such as sensors, indicators, and RFID tags have established significant potential in extending shelf-life and ensuring food safety. However, the reliance on synthetic dyes and nonbiodegradable materials has raised concerns regarding sustainability and consumer health. Recent advances in natural pigments, particularly anthocyanins and other plant-derived compounds, offer eco-friendly alternatives for pH-sensitive freshness indicators. Moreover, digital sensing technologies such as RFID, NFC, and smartphone-based applications enable real-time data transmission and supply chain transparency. This review proposes a hybrid approach that integrates natural pigment-based indicators with digital sensing platforms to create multifunctional, sustainable packaging solutions. These systems provide dual benefits: visible colorimetric cues for consumers and wireless data for industry stakeholders. By bridging analog and digital monitoring, hybrid intelligent packaging can reduce food waste, enhance consumer trust, and align with global sustainability goals. Future research should focus on pigment stability, biopolymer compatibility, cost-effective scaling, and regulatory frameworks to accelerate the adoption of these next-generation packaging systems.

The present study was undertaken to develop and optimize a jaggery-based chocolate enriched with sprouted finger millet flour and to assess its nutritional and textural characteristics. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied using Design-Expert software (ver. 11.1.0.1). The independent variables selected were cocoa butter replacement with coconut oil (20–30

This study reports the development of a biodegradable pH-sensitive intelligent film composed of sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and butterfly pea flower extract (BPFE) for real-time monitoring of chicken freshness. The results showed that TAC, TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging activity of BPFE varied between 24.7- 60.4 mg CGE/g DW, 22.0–47.6 mg GAE/g DW, 48.2–73.3 mg QE/g DW, and 67.2–77.3

The persistence of pharmaceuticals and synthetic dyes in the aquatic systems poses a serious ecological and public health challenges, where conventional wastewater treatments are often fail to mitigate such type of recalcitrant contaminants. In this study, we report the fabrication of biodegradable cellulose nanofibril-chitosan-magnesium oxide (CNF-Cyt-MgO) composite membrane, those have lichen extract mediated green synthesized MgO nano particles. Comprehensive characterization including UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM-EDX and particle size/zeta potential analysis, as well as contact angle measurements, these techniques confirms nanoscale crystallinity, strong polymernanoparticle interactions, enhanced hydrophilicity, and robust structural stability. The CNF-Cyt-MgO membrane displayed dual functionality, creating high level adsorption capacity through nanocellulose and chitosan along with the photocatalytic degradation response by MgO nanoparticle under sunlight. Optimized membranes show high removal efficiencies within 120 min interval of time, such as archive pollutants removal efficiency as 77.2

This study investigates the valorization of cauliflower stems as a source of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and vinegar, offering a rapid and energy-efficient alternative to conventional solvent-based or thermal extraction methods for the extraction of SDF. Process optimisation using Box-Behnken design was done, with the independent variables as follows: pretreated powder to vinegar ratio (1:3, 1:5, and 1:7), microwave power (300, 450, and 600 watts), and extraction time (10, 15, and 20 min). SDF yield (

The increasing number of artificial dyes from industrial processes contaminating water sources requires more efficient and sustainable techniques for wastewater remediation. This study involves the utilization of litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit peels in the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs). Further, for the characterization of eco-friendly MgO-NPs, ultraviolet-visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy were utilized. An absorption peak at 274 nm from UV-visible spectroscopy indicates the development of MgO-NPs. The particle average size was found to be 96.33 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.32. The application of the synthesized nanoparticle was evaluated for the removal of malachite green and Eriochrome Black T. The biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrated an enhanced photocatalytic activity, effectively removing malachite green (95.66%) and Eriochrome Black T (92.69%) from contaminated water under solar light irradiation. These results reveal that the green-synthesized MgO-NPs achieved significant efficiency in dye removal, highlighting their potential as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for wastewater treatment applications.

Personalized nutrition (PN) has evolved as a novel approach that aims to maintain or enhance health by utilizing genetic, phenotypic, medical, nutritional, and other relevant individual-specific information to deliver tailored dietary guidance and nutrition-related services. The rapid expansion of high-throughput biological data and digital health technologies has positioned artificial intelligence (AI) as a pivotal tool for delivering PN advice that can reach and benefit large populations. This review highlights the role of AI in enabling data-driven PN interventions. AI methodologies that include machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning are discussed in the context of their ability to integrate and analyze complex multimodal health data derived from omics, wearable devices, and electronic health records. The potential of AI to enhance disease prevention and management, as well as real-time nutrition monitoring, is emphasized. Furthermore, the review highlights major challenges that currently limit the widespread adoption of AI-driven nutritional recommendations. This review presents a comprehensive overview of AI-driven approaches in PN while highlighting future opportunities, including multi-omics integration and explainable AI models to transform dietary guidance.

The Box-Behnken approach under Response Surface Methodology with power (300, 450, and 600 W), time (10, 15, and 20 min), and sample to solvent ratio (1:10,1:15, and 1:20) using water, ethanol, and NADES w was employed for systematic optimisation and Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH (% inhibition activity) were recorded as response variables. The optimised extracts were further evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against selected microbial strains, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia. coli (Gram-negative). The results indicated that ethanol is the most suitable solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from guava leaves, as evidenced by its highest phytochemical (TPC, TFC) and antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) values. Furthermore, LC-MS-based metabolite profiling provided comprehensive insight into the bioactive composition of guava leaf extracts, reinforcing their potential for sustainable applications in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries.

The environmental burden of food waste (FW), a major source of greenhouse gases, necessitates advanced upcycling strategies. This study presents an integrated biorefinery to sustainably valorize FW into a suite of valuable products. Physically pretreated FW was utilized as an alternative culture medium at varying concentrations (10-50%) for microalgae cultivation. This approach successfully recycled waste nutrients and significantly enhanced the microalgae's bioproduct profile. Among saturated fatty acids (SFAs), palmitic acid (C16:0) was the dominant component in both groups and increased significantly from 42.60 +/- 0.40% in the control to 47.40 +/- 0.52% in FWCM. Similarly, arachidic acid (C20:0) increased from 1.67 +/- 0.49% to 3.03 +/- 0.15% following food waste culture medium (FWCM). The antioxidant capacity was also modulated, as evidenced by changes in DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Food waste solid residues were subsequently processed via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) at 250 degrees C and 350 degrees C to produce bio-oil and hydrochar, while the hydrochar was further pyrolyzed at 550, 650, and 750 degrees C to produce biochar. The biochar was thoroughly characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD. This work demonstrates a circular economy model that mitigates FW by generating a nutrient-rich growth medium and sequentially converting the biomass into energy (bio-oil) and biochar.

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in environmental pollution, so this paper has been conveying the synthesis, mechanism and different applications of the degradation of organic pollutants with the use of inorganic metal oxide nanomaterials which show different properties and many methods have been discussed for the degradation of the wastewater treatment. These nanomaterials provide an alternative sustainable approach for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with organic pollutants, especially for pharmaceutical waste. The proposed review articles provide the latest data on the use of inorganic metal and metal oxide nanomaterial in the treatment of wastewater contaminated with pharmaceutical waste which is very useful for the researcher to develop new strategies for the formulation of new particles and their applications in this field.

The increasing presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater necessitates the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly remediation techniques. This study will discuss an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for synthesizing zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2-NPs) using Raphanus sativus leaf extract. This inexpensive synthesis approach utilizes the bioactive compounds of the leaf extract as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, eliminating the need for hazardous chemical compounds. The synthesized ZrO2-NPs were characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zeta sizer, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), confirming their high purity, stability, and uniform nanoscale morphology. The nanoparticles exhibited a strong absorption peak at 339 nm, which confirms ZrO2-NPs, an optical bandgap of 3.68 eV, and a mean particle size of 138 nm. Photocatalytic experiments in the presence of UV irradiation verified the efficacy of ZrO2-NPs in degrading pharmaceutical contaminants, such as Metronidazole (MNZ) and Nifedipine (NIF). The degradation efficacy of nanoparticles for NIF demonstrates optimal performance under acidic conditions (57%), whereas basic conditions are more preferable for the degradation of MNZ (78%). Kinetic analysis showed that the degradation of both antibiotics followed a pseudo-first-order reaction, with rate constants of 0.0189 min-1 for MNZ and 0.00906 min-1 for NIF. These findings highlight the effectiveness of green-synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticles as a sustainable photocatalyst for treating pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater. This approach supports global efforts to reduce environmental pollution in line with the principles of green chemistry.

The objective of this work was to optimize the processing parameters for maximizing the phenolic extraction from pomegranate peel using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method and to optimize the packaging parameters to enhance the shelf-life of pomegranate arils using edible coating enriched with phenolics. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, experiments were designed using Box Behnken Design and Ultrasonication power intensity (W/cm2), ultrasonication time (min.), and ethanol concentration (%) were taken as independent variables for the extraction of phenolics. Optimum conditions obtained were 1274 W/cm2 of Ultrasonication power intensity, 44.8 min of Ultrasonication time, and 79.3% v/v Ethanol concentration, and responses at this condition were 46.2% w/w of extract yield, 256.2 mg GAE/g DW of total phenolic content (TPC), and 384.6 mg TAE/g DW of hydrolysable tannin content (HTC). In the second phase for coating and packaging stage, optimum conditions were 0.6% w/v extract concentration, 1%w/v carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and 2 number of perforations (NP) and the experimental values at these conditions were 1.32% weight loss, 13.6oB total soluble solids, 6634 mg GAE/L total phenolic content, 15.9 ml/L antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50), 13.9 colour variation, 1.9 & times; 103 CFU/g yeast and mold count, 4.73% moisture loss, 45.8 g/L reducing sugar and 4 days of shelf life. The model was found to be significant, and the pomegranate arils remained safe for consumption for up to 6 days under ambient conditions.

The present research work was undertaken to study the effect of extrusion parameters and enzyme concentration on physico-chemical and textural properties of plant-based meat developed using black soybean, horse gram, and barnyard millet, and to optimize the process parameters for the developed plant-based meat for its quality attributes. The independent variables selected were extrusion temperature (100, 110, 120 degrees C), feed moisture (30, 35, 40 % wb), and enzyme concentration (2, 4, 6 %). The optimum values of variables for maximum desirability of legumes and millet-based plant-based meat were obtained at 100 degrees C extruder temperature, 30 % feed moisture, and 4.78 % enzyme concentration. Under these circumstances, developed plant-based meat had high protein (58.1 % db), suitable moisture content (57.9 %), hardness (60.1 N), chewiness (0.91 N), and springiness (0.154). The developed model for plant-based meat was statistically validated, as insignificant differences were observed between experimental and predicted response values. When compared with real chicken meat, plant-based meat has higher fiber, carbohydrates, and less fat, as well as chewiness and cohesiveness. Data Availability: Data will be made available on request.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has emerged as an efficient and sustainable approach for isolating pectin from plant-based materials. In the current study, pectin from Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) was extracted using MAE and conventional heating methods, with a comparative evaluation against commercial pectin. The Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize MAE, considering pH (1–3), microwave power (300–600 W), and extraction time (2–4 min) as variables, and pectin yield (

Emerging pharmaceutical and dye pollutants in wastewater pose significant environmental risks, necessitating efficient, sustainable photocatalysts. This study introduces a microwave-assisted green synthesis of Al2O3-Mn2O3 nanocomposite using Cucumis melo peel extract for sunlight-driven degradation of malachite green (MG), Eriochrome Black T (EBT), ibuprofen (IBP), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Characterization via UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a peak at 302 nm; DLS showed uniform particles (95 nm average, PDI 0.25, zeta potential − 26.66 mV) indicating stability; FTIR confirmed Al–O and Mn–O bonds; and SEM displayed 92 nm rounded-irregular particles with loose agglomeration. Under natural sunlight, the nanocomposite achieved 100

Microalgae are increasingly being explored for heavy metal (HM) mitigation and biofuel production due to their sustainability and potential for high lipid yields. However, environmental contaminants like lead pose significant challenges to both biomass cultivation and downstream biorefinery process. This study investigates the dynamics of lead exposure in Scenedesmus abundans, assessing its lead bioaccumulation capacity and subsequent effects on biofuel integrity. The lead toxicity threshhold in S. abundans was assessed by determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Pb (II), which was found to be 280 ppm and its simultaneous impact on pigment composition and macromolecular content. The bioaccumulation of Pb (II) in the microalgae biomass reached 146.6 ppm. Pb (II) contamination was also recorded in the biomass extracted lipid fractions and the transesterified biodiesel. Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) products like bio-oil and bio-char exhibited variations in lead contamination across different HTL temperatures. FTIR of the biomass and the bio-oil indicate that lead exposure disrupts the normal cellular composition in S. abundans triggering biochemical changes that help mitigate stress induced damage. SEM and EDX analyses indicate homogeneous presence of lead on biochar surface.

Salmonella-related gastroenteritis and diarrheal infections pose significant health risks across all age groups in the developing countries. The high consumption of raw green leafy vegetables, particularly among health-conscious and younger populations, may further increase the risk of infection if food preparation is inadequate. In the current study, 645 vegetable samples were collected over the year, and 61 samples tested positive for bacterial contamination of Salmonella spp. The highest bacterial contamination was recorded in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) (18.60%, positive (n)/total sample (N) = 8/43), Bathua (Chenopodium album), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracecum) (18.60%, n/N = 8/43), followed by cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) (13.95%, n/N = 6/43), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) (11.62%, n/N = 5/43). The vegetable samples were collected randomly, and vegetables were subsequently assessed biochemically and microbiologically. Over the year, monthly analysis revealed peak contamination percentages in February (15.55%, n/N = 7/45), September (11.66%, n/N = 7/60), August, and January (10.66%, n/N = 8/75). The 15 samples was selected from 61 Salmonella isolates for antibiotic susceptibility profiling showed the high resistance to methicillin (93.33%, n/N = 14/15), Cefpodoxime, Clindamycin, and Teicoplanin (80%, n/N = 12/15), Linezolid, Novobiocin, Colistin, and Nitrofurantoin (53.33%, n/N = 8/15). Analysis of randomly selected vegetable samples using 16S rRNA confirmed the presence of Salmonella typhimurium subspecies as the predominant serovars. The present study is crucial for understanding the nature of bacterial flora, resistance, and transmission.