The fact that many of the scales developed in English are translated requires much analysis in order to ensure equality of the scale in terms of culture and language. This assessment gains more importance with increasing language and cultural differences between the source country (where the scale was developed) and the target country. Additionally, there can be differences likely to affect the validity and reliability of the scale, even in cultures that are very similar in terms of level of development, social life, or values. Despite all these difficulties, the use of the adapted scale saves time, increases the generalization capacity of the data collected, and allows scholars to research the similarities and differences between the societies where the measurements are carried out. Also, valid and reliable tools contribute significant findings to measuring the outcomes of nursing care. However, two important questions need to be analyzed carefully before an adaptation is performed. The first question is whether or not the planned adaptation of the scale is truly necessary. The second question is whether or not the suggested scale for adaptation is really the best tool. How people express emotions, thoughts, and behaviors vary between societies. Therefore, any necessary changes should be made during the scale adaptation by taking into account the variable structure. The steps to be followed in the adaptation process are reduced to the following stages through the refinement of many studies by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization [WHO], 2017). These stages are as follows: translation, expert committee assessment, back translation and pilot application. At each stage, there are points that require attention and are presented in the manuscript. This article aims to present information for providing equality of a scale that was adapted into Turkish not only linguistically, but also culturally and conceptually.

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Giris ve Amac: Bu arastirmanin amaci, Sherer ve arkadaslari tarafindan gelistirilen ve ulkemiz icin gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi Gozum ve Aksayan tarafindan yapilan Oz-etkililik/yeterlik olceginin Turkce versiyonu, cocuklara  yonelik uyarlamak ve olcegin psikometrik ozelliklerini incelemektir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu arastirma metodolojik turde, 2015 bahar doneminde Kocaeli ilinde bir ilkogretim okulunun 3, 4 ve 5. Siniflarina devam eden 273 ogrenci ile yapildi. Oz-etkililik olcegi 23 maddeden olusan ve dort alt faktoru bulunan likert tipi bir olcektir. Oz-etkililik olcegi’nin Turkce formunun gecerliligi ve guvenilirligi 1999 yilinda Gozum ve Aksayan tarafindan yapilmis ve ayni orneklem icin Cronbach alfa ic tutarlilik kat sayisi .81, test tekrar test guvenilirligi .92 olarak bulunmustur. Bu calismada olcegin cocuklara yonelik uyarlamasi icin Mark Sherer’den izin alindi. Olcegin guvenilirligi, ic tutarlilik ve test-tekrar test yontemi ile degerlendirildi. Olcegin gecerliligi ise kapsam ve yapi gecerliligi ile degerlendirildi. Yapi gecerliligini degerlendirmek icin acimlayici faktor analizi kullanildi. Veriler SPSS 17,0  ile degerlendirildi.  Ic tutarlilik icin Cronbach Alfa Katsayisi, Madde analizi ve testin tekrari icin Pearson Korelasyon Analizi, Aciklayici faktor analizi icin temel bilesenler analizi kullanildi. Olcegin ogrencilere uygulanmasi icin Il Milli Egitim Mudurlugunden yazili izin ve arastimanin etik kurul onayi icin de Kocaeli Universitesi Etik Kurul’undan onay alindi. Bulgular: Olcegin madde analizinde madde toplam korelasyon degerleri.18 ile .51 arasinda bulundu. .30 ‘un altinda kalan 6 madde olcekten cikartildi (15, 19, 20, 21, 22, ve 23. Maddeler).  Alti  madde cikartildiktan sonra yapilan faktor analizi sonucunda olcegin maddelerinin toplam varyansin % 51.51’ini aciklayan dort faktor altinda toplandigi bulundu. Bu faktorler Aksayan  ve Gozum’un  uyarlamasini yaptiklari olcegin alt boyutlarina benzerdi.  Davranisi tamamlama alt olcegin ( 1, 3, 5, 8, 9 ve 13. Maddeler) cronbach alfa degeri .79, Engellerle mucadele alt olceginin  ( 4, 7, 11, 14 ve 17. Maddeler) cronbach alfa degeri .66, Davranisi surdurme alt olceginin( 10, 12 ve 16. Maddeler) cronbach alfa degeri .66, Davranisa baslama alt olceginin ( 2, 6 ve 18. Maddeler) cronbach alfa degeri .47 olarak bulundu. Olcegin genel  cronbach alfa degeri ise .81 olarak bulunmustur. Test - tekrar test korelasyon degeri .61 olarak bulundu. Sonuc ve oneriler Oz-etkililik Olcegi Cocuk formu’nun yetiskinlerdeki gibi 4 faktorlu bir yapiya sahip oldugu ve genel ic tutarlilik duzeyinin iyi olduguna karar verildi. 3 alt olcegin cronbach alfa degerinin .70’in altinda bulunmasindan dolayi olcegin yalnizca toplam puaninin kullanilmasi onerilmektedir. Oz-etkililik Olcegi Cocuk Formu, cocuklarinin oz-etkililik durumlarini degerlendirilmesinde olcum araci olarak kullanilabilir. Anahta Kelimeler: Cocuk, oz-etkililik

BACKGROUND:Occupational health nursing practice responds to and is influenced by the changing needs of the worker and workplace. Correspondingly, the International Labour Organization's recommendation on occupational health services includes a proposal for specialized training of occupational health nurses (OHNs). It was not known what OH nursing topics were covered and in how many hours at schools offering undergraduate nursing education in Turkey. These data were necessary to prepare the curriculum to train OHNs. AIM:A national survey to evaluate undergraduate OH nursing education in nursing schools in Turkey. DESIGN:This descriptive survey included all of the nursing schools (n = 80) providing university level education in Turkey. METHODS:A questionnaire developed by the researchers as a data-gathering tool was sent to the presidents of 80 nursing schools. The study achieved a response rate of 60 (82.5%). Frequency distribution and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. FINDINGS:Occupational health nursing topics were covered in public health courses at all schools. The length of time allotted for OH nursing topics was only on average of 3.2 +/- 1.5 h (range: 1-6 h) in each semester. A total of 62 lecturers were responsible for teaching OH nursing. CONCLUSIONS:The study results show that there is a need for the development of a standardized education programme in Turkey. It was decided therefore to develop a new curriculum for OH nursing that would address the amount of time spent on this subject and the content.

been changed parallel to the sociocultural changes and scientific developments (1,2). The interpretation and explanation of the causes of ill health varied among human populations in different ages. However despite these variations the major concern was always the treatment and cure of the ill. Prevention of diseases began to become more important as the causes of ill health were better understood, and today it is believed that prevention is better than treatment.

Journal of Nursing ScholarshipVolume 32, Issue 2 p. 211-212 Nursing Education and Practice in Turkey Seçil Aksayan, Corresponding Author Seçil Aksayan Seçil Aksayan, RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health NursingDr. Aksayan, Marmara Universitesi, Hemsirelik Yüksekokulu, Tibbiye caddesi, 81326 Haydarpasa-Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: spark@superonline.comSearch for more papers by this authorGüler Çimete, Güler Çimete Güler Çimete, RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing; both at Marmara University, School of Nursing, Istanbul, TurkeySearch for more papers by this author Seçil Aksayan, Corresponding Author Seçil Aksayan Seçil Aksayan, RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health NursingDr. Aksayan, Marmara Universitesi, Hemsirelik Yüksekokulu, Tibbiye caddesi, 81326 Haydarpasa-Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: spark@superonline.comSearch for more papers by this authorGüler Çimete, Güler Çimete Güler Çimete, RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing; both at Marmara University, School of Nursing, Istanbul, TurkeySearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2000.00211.xCitations: 13AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume32, Issue2June 2000Pages 211-212 RelatedInformation

AIM:To define help-seeking behavior and self-medication among people with different symptoms and complaints in an industrialized urban area of Turkey.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was carried out in the city center of Kocaeli province, Western Turkey, in October-November 1998. To research help-seeking behavior in respect of secondary prevention and curative practices, we randomly selected households (N=812), interviewed the household members at their home, and recorded the reasons for visiting a pharmacy in 6 pharmacies (N=1,331 visits to pharmacy) in the Kocaeli region.RESULTS:The majority of interviewed people knew the meaning and importance of regular medical checkups, and only 7% had never underwent periodic checkups, mainly because of the lack of interest or time. Self-medication was found to be the dominant mode of help-seeking behavior, especially in the case of pain. The proportion of unprescribed to prescribed drugs was 1:1.75, with analgetics, antipyretics, expectorants, and antitussives as the most commonly requested unprescribed drugs.CONCLUSION:A considerable amount of health care occured within the popular sector, with self-medication and pharmacist's advice as dominant modes of behavior. The health care system should take this into account when planning activities aimed at detection of disease.

This descriptive study was carried out on 364 housewives living in the Mehmet Ali Paşa Health Centre of İzmit, Kocaeli. A total of 285 people living in those 364 houses chosen by systematic sampling method reported that they had some sort of domestic accident iiı the recent year, burns being the most frequently seen domestic accident; 29.5 % of those domestic accidents were found to have occurred to children of 0-4 age group, and 61.8 % to females. Majority of the housewives reported to show wrong attitude as far as first aid in bums, cuts, swallowing and/or aspiration of foreign bodies, intoxications, and electric burns were concemed. Percentage of wrong attitudes increased as the age of the housewife increased and her educational level decreased, most of the differences being statistically significant.

The preparation of nurses in Turkey for the tasks of the health-for-all strategy has been under way for a number of years. The difficulties encountered, notably in the areas of planning and the training of teachers, together with the approaches to solving them, are outlined below.In Turkey for the last 10 years, all 3 levels of nursing schools have been working to prepare nurses for those tasks needed to achieve health-for-all (e.g., teaching community health workers and traditional birth attendants to perform primary health care [PHC] activities). Manpower planners focus on the number of nurses needed but do not consider qualitative requirements. Insufficient physical conditions, teaching staff, and opportunities for practice are common for the new schools of nursing opening every year. This causes a decline in the quality of nursing graduates. Planners lack the skills to link the needs of the PHC-based national health system with the development and implementation of realistic plans that consider the availability of human and financial resources. The legal definitions of nurses' roles and tasks are too limiting and do not allow nurses to perform PHC-oriented diagnostic and therapeutic jobs. Manpower planning and policy formulation should be the first steps in the reorientation of nurses' education. The nursing diploma program begins when candidates are just 14-15 years old. This is too young because they are not familiar with the basic health needs of individuals or communities. Sociology and other subjects providing students with behavioral and social knowledge, attitudes, and skills are not part of the nursing curriculum. Public health should be integrated at all levels. Nursing education should provide students with a clear analysis of the structures and cultures of the communities in which they work. Nursing training is still very biased towards curative care (e.g., hospitals). Nurses are not familiar with common diseases and health promotion and are unable to organize and provide care in a community as a member of health teams. Community-oriented, socially and technically appropriate, and learner-centered curricula based on a problem-solving approach are needed. All instructor training programs should be based on PHC principles.