In this study, we propose a quantitative evaluation method and criteria for aerosol infection risk. By using the Wells-Riley model, we derived the infection probability and calculated the number of secondary infections in a room considering spatial distribution, thus setting the infection risk assessment value. As a criterion for containing the infection, we adopted the condition that the number of secondary infections should be less than one. The case study showed that floor inlets systems have lower infection risk compared to the ceiling inlets, and the placement of air inlets and outlets has a significant impact on the risk.

Pediatrics InternationalAccepted Articles e15352 Clinical Note Transient personality changes with bilateral thalamic infarction in a 12-year-old girl Shuhei Adachi, Shuhei Adachi orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-6182 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorShinobu Fukumura, Corresponding Author Shinobu Fukumura fukumura@sapmed.ac.jp orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-4833 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Correspondence Shinobu Fukumura, Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan Email: fukumura@sapmed.ac.jpSearch for more papers by this authorShinsuke Kato, Shinsuke Kato Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTakeshi Mikami, Takeshi Mikami Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTakeshi Tsugawa, Takeshi Tsugawa orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-3000 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Shuhei Adachi, Shuhei Adachi orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-6182 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorShinobu Fukumura, Corresponding Author Shinobu Fukumura fukumura@sapmed.ac.jp orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-4833 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Correspondence Shinobu Fukumura, Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan Email: fukumura@sapmed.ac.jpSearch for more papers by this authorShinsuke Kato, Shinsuke Kato Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTakeshi Mikami, Takeshi Mikami Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTakeshi Tsugawa, Takeshi Tsugawa orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-3000 Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15352 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi:10.1111/ped.15352 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Accepted ArticlesAccepted, unedited articles published online and citable. The final edited and typeset version of record will appear in the future.e15352 RelatedInformation

Abstract Advances in next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies since 2005 have revolutionized biological science. One particular application of NGS technologies is to elucidate microbiomes in built environments. We are currently conducting a series of studies on the elucidation and control of mass infection mechanisms based on dynamic measurement of environment microbiomes. The objective of this study is to clarify the dispersion characteristics of oral bacteria in the built environment. Bacterial communities from occupants’ hands and oral cavities, doorknobs, desk and keyboard surfaces, and air in laboratories were investigated in seven Japanese universities. The median relative abundances of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were 41%, 31%, 12%, 7%, and 3%, respectively. Moreover, the main genera detected were Streptococcus (27.6%), Haemophilus (7.0%), Staphylococcus (5.6%), Neisseria (5.6%), Corynebacterium (4.7%), Rothia (3.2%), Prevotella (3.0%), Fusobacterium (2.6%), Veillonella (1.7%), Leptotrichia (1.7%), Enhydrobacter (1.7%), Lactobacillus (1.3%), Acinetobacter (1.3%), and Actinomyces (1.1%). The oral bacteria Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, Prevotella, Rothia, and Streptococcus were observed in indoor air and on surfaces as well as in oral cavities. Furthermore, Prevotella melaninogenica and Rothia mucilaginosa were observed in all samples, including those from hands and oral cavities, doorknobs, desk and PC keyboard surfaces, and air in laboratories, in all seven universities.

An efficient Monte Carlo computational model has been used to calculate the radiation transport when radioactive materials are deposited on an infinite plane surface, in which the geometrical shapes of the plane source and the point detector are interchanged. This transformation was verified by comparing the calculation results with the theoretical values only for the primary (unscattered) photons. It is desirable to confirm the validity of the transformation for both unscattered and scattered photons. The extension of the transformation to a finite plane source has not been verified yet. In this study, we performed calculations with and without transformation via the Monte Carlo method, and the results were compared with each other, then confirming the validity of the transformed model.

This paper describes an along-wind vibration of frame-type pylons of Hakucho Suspension Bridge found from longterm vibration monitoring data.It is shown that the vibration is very harmonic although its amplitude is small and it occurs under certain ranges of wind direction (10~30 degree from the bridge perpendicular axis) and of wind velocity (13~25 m/s).The dominant frequency of the vibration is either 0.6 Hz or 0.8 Hz depending on the wind velocity and these correspond to the natural frequencies of the in-plane pylon dominant modes of the suspension bridge.A series of the wind tunnel experiments using a spring-supported scaled model are conducted under uniform flow and the alongwind pylon vibration was observed and its vibration characteristics is found to be consistent to those observed in Hakucho Bridge.It is also found that the vibration is very sensitive to the incident angle of wind and to the distance between the two columns.

A simplified calculation method of dose rates in the environment when radionuclides are deposited on a finite surface soil is proposed. Based on the concept of the point-kernel method, the dose rate from a sufficiently small volume source is calculated by D = KBφ. K is the dose conversion factor. The dose buildup factor B has been examined for major substances and summarized as a function of mean free paths. The formulas expressing the primary photon fluence rate φ have already been derived. In this study, we propose the calculation method of the mean free path until photons emitted from a radiation source reach the detector. When a plane source exists in a single medium, calculation results by the simplified calculation method agree well with those calculated using the detailed Monte Carlo method. In stratified layers of soil and air, the results were greatly influenced by the accuracy of the double-layered dose buildup factor employed. When the radius of the plane source is 100 m or more, the differences from the detailed calculation results were less than 7%.

室内の換気設計には, “ 全般換気”と “ 局所換気”という概念がある。 “ 全般換気”は, 室内空気による汚染物質の運搬・輸送に関して, あまり注意を払わず, 汚染物質と室内空気のかき混ぜ能力(混合能力)に注意を払う。 “ 局所換気”は, 室内の空気の動き(室内気流)による汚染物質の運搬・輸送に大きな関心を払う。室内の空気の流れを数値流体力学(以後：CFD)で解析する場合, 前者に関しては, 混合能力不足により室内で生じる不均一性状の解析が目的となる。後者に関しては, 室内気流により意図した運搬・輸送性状が達成されているか否かを不均一性状とともに解析する。CFD解析, もっぱら後者の気流による運搬・輸送解析, すなわち, 局所換気の合理的な設計に, 最も威力を発揮する。

This paper presents theoretical solutions for mean traveling distance of primary photons emitted from ground contaminated with radionuclide. Three typical patterns of radioactivity distribution are considered: (1) plane superficial source, (2) homogeneous volume source and (3) exponentially decreasing activity as a function of soil depth. Radiation dose rate can be to be evaluated using the mean traveling distance. Comparisons between the results calculated in the present work and those obtained using detail Monte Carlo simulation codes indicate a good agreement for various radioactivity distributions and for photon energy ranging from 0.5 to 2 MeV. This methodology is very useful to estimate environmental radiation dose rates in a short time and can be practically used by residents and local government agents to evaluate impacts of radioactivity as well as

The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system in a vehicle is used for both defogging the windshield and ensuring the thermal comfort of passengers. A challenge is that energy savings in the HVAC system lead to decreased system performance. The three objective functions, i.e. defogging performance, thermal comfort, and energy savings, these must be considered in parallel to find the optimized control strategy. In the present study, a transient numerical simulation of the in-vehicle environment is performed and the dependency of performance on the air flow rate and supplied air temperature is analyzed. The criteria of defogging performance and thermal comfort are determined as the constrained conditions. The results show a trade-off relationship between the air flow rate and air temperature in defogging performance and thermal comfort; however, their sensitivities depend on the conditions and the time elapsed. As for transient defogging performance, the air flow rate has greater impact than airflow temperature. The air flow rate and the air temperature are comparable in their effects on equivalent temperature, which is employed as the index of the thermal environment. The blowing condition range that fulfills the criteria makes a transition to a low-energy condition with time elapsed. A control strategy for the air flow rate and temperature is derived considering the transient and steady-state conditions.

Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is a skeletal muscle channelopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance resulting in periodic paralysis, arrhythmia characterized by QT prolongation, and dysmorphic features. The KCNJ2 gene has been identified as the causative gene of ATS. Herein, we reported 2 cases of a 21-year-old man and his mother, with episodic paralytic attacks and/or arrhythmia, which are characteristic of ATS. Both G144A, a reported ATS mutation, and V296F, a novel mutation, were identified in the KCNJ2 gene on the same allele from the proband and his mother, but not from his father. In the present study, we investigated the functional effect of these variants on the potassium channel Kir2.1 and the significance of the double mutation. G144A, V296F, and G144A-V296F mutant channels expressed in cultured cells revealed a loss-of-function effect of these mutations on Kir2.1. The K+ currents of G144A and G144A-V296F channels were more suppressed than that of V296F channel alone, whereas was no difference between G144A and G144A-V296F. To our knowledge, a double mutation in the KCNJ2 gene has not been reported previously. While either of 2 mutations potentially causes ATS, the G144A mutation might cause the dominant effect on the patients' clinical presentation.

Meningiomas constitute approximately 25% of primary spinal cord tumors, and 1% to 5% are calcified. Ossification is a rare event and the etiology of ossification in meningiomas is not well known. We present the case of a 29-year-old female with a rare case of ossified thoracic spinal metaplastic meningioma. The tumor was successfully resected, and pathology confirmed ossified metaplastic meningioma. On histopathological examination, only mature bone tissue and tumor cells were present in the region containing no psammoma bodies, suggesting that the tumor cells had transitioned to mature osteocytes.

The purpose of this report is the improvement of the source intensity estimation based on a minimal residual method using observed and calculated data of concentration, radiation dose and so on. This source intensity estimation method uses short range observed data (e.g. a few km) and calculated results of Gaussian plume model that is suitable for short range dispersion calculation. In Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, short range observed data had not been used for source intensity estimation, because it's difficult for the Emergency response model (named SPEEDI) to resolute spaces of calculation region with less than 1 km. The accuracy of source intensity estimation significantly decreases due to several uncertainties. The 4 uncertainties of the source intensity estimation were investigated and their improvements were verified. 1) Uncertainty of wind direction was decreased by expanding observation time of concentration. 2) Uncertainty of emission height was decreased by removing observation data measured near from source point. 3) Terrain influence was reproduced in Gaussian plume model by modifying plume widths, effective source height and displacement of plume axis, based on wind tunnel experiment. 4) Meandering effect of Atmospheric stability on lateral plume width was reproduced in Gaussian plume model by using the observed data on fluctuation of wind direction in the field under a stable atmospheric stability. According to “Meteorology guideline for nuclear power facilities safety analysis”, wind directions of meteorological observation data were categorized into 16 directions and concentration calculated from a mean value for few minutes. Consequently, the wind direction can include an error. The uncertainty caused by wind direction error was improved by using data on observation, and dispersion simulation that calculated a mean value for 1 hour. Because of lateral dispersion width is proportional to the variance of wind direction and increase with observation time, concentration distribution is smoothed for 1 hour, more than few minutes. When a release from a nuclear reactor building is imagined in a severe accident, an uncertainty of release height can be inherent. The ground-level concentration distribution does not depend on the release height over the downwind distance of more than 1000m, but they depend on it in vicinity of the source. The uncertainty due to release height was improved by not using data on observation and dispersion simulation in vicinity of source. Because Gaussian plume model was developed for the dispersion calculation on flat terrain, it's not able to consider an influence of building and complex terrain. A new measure that modifies an effective source height, plume widths and plume axis based on wind tunnel experiment was developed in this research. The accuracy of source intensity estimation was greatly improved by this new measure. Actual atmospheric stability appears from strong stable to strong unstable in the field, but wind tunnel experiment have been done usually under neutral stability condition. The plume width used for the calculation is selected based on Pasquill-Gifford chart corresponding to atmospheric stability. In the present paper, lateral plume width and concentration of plume axis are modified by using a correction factor M based on a field experiment. It was confirmed that the source intensity can be estimated by the accuracy of one order under non-neutral stability for the field dispersion experiment conducted around Mt. Tsukuba. It was verified that accuracy was improved and order estimation can be performed by these methods. These methods can be applicable for the operational use, because order estimation is target at a nuclear power accident.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of airspeed and wind direction on a human's thermal conditions and of air distribution around the body. In addition, this study presents the equivalent temperature, which is the most effective index to evaluate the effect of air movement. The effect of convection and radiation on each part of the human body was estimated through numerical calculation, and the results were verified through a combination of thermal manikin experiments and radiation analysis. The experiments were conducted in a climate chamber and wind tunnel under conditions of natural convection and forced convection, respectively. An airspeed of 0.05 m/s was selected for the natural convection condition and an airspeed range of 0.2-2.0 m/s for forced convection conditions. The natural convective heat transfer coefficient in the stagnant environment was 3.27 W m(-2) K-1 in the sitting posture and 2.67 W m(-2) K-1 in the standing posture because the natural upward airflow caused by human body heat is more likely to diffuse to the surrounding environment in a sitting posture than in a standing posture. The equivalent temperature change of the whole body was greater in the standing posture than in the sitting posture when the airspeed was 0-0.2 m/s. The equivalent temperature change of the whole body was similar in both sitting and standing postures when the airspeed was greater than 0.2 m/s.

Since 2005, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized biological science. One particular application of NGS technologies is to elucidate microbiomes in built environments. We are currently conducting a series of studies on the elucidation and control of mass infection mechanisms based on dynamic measurement of environment microbiomes. The objective of this study is to clarify the dispersion characteristics of oral bacteria in built environment. Bacterial communities from occupants’ hands and oral cavities, doorknobs, desk and keyboard surfaces, and air in a university laboratory were investigated. For each sample, the variable region 4 (V4) of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer set 5’-acactctttccctacacgacgctcttccgatct-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3’ (1st_515F) and 5’-gtgactggagttcagacgtgtgctcttccgatct-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’ (1st_806R). The 16S rRNA amplification protocol version 4_13 was used as a pretreatment with the Next-Generation Sequencer (NGS, Illumina MiSeq system v2). DNA quality was checked using the Agilent 2200 TapeStation. All samples that contained the necessary quality and quantity of nucleic acid concentration for analysis were then analyzed. The produced sequence library was mixed. To improve the quality of the mixed sequence library, a refining processing using the AMPureXP PCR purification system (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) was carried out. About data analysis, the leads for all samples obtained in the sequence analysis (lead 1 and lead 2) were unified, and then assemblies of lead 1 and lead 2 were extracted, followed by clustering and representation arrangement. CD-HIT-OTU was used for alignment extraction and representation arrangement. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search was performed using the DDBJ 16S rRNA database (version 2016 01 12) by querying representation arrangements. For sequencing, alignment (PyNAST) and genealogical tree creation (FastTree) were performed using a phylogenetic system (RDP classifier), and template alignment was accomplished using the QIIME pipeline. Rarefaction analysis and comparison with a bacillus solution were performed using the QIIME pipeline. The main results obtained by this study are shown as follows. 1) Higher rank 6 phyla of 98% of rates of all 18 phyla being detected and occupying to the whole on a bacterial phyla level more than at composition ratio 1% were Firmicutes (44.9%), Proteobacteria (30.2%), Actinobacteria (9.5%), Bacteroidetes (8.4%), Fusobacteria (3.3%) and Cyanobacteria (1.7%). 2) Higher rank 15 genera of 70% of rates of all 149 genera were Streptococcus (28.4%), Haemophilus (9.0%). Prevotella (5.0%), Staphylococcus (4.5%), Neisseria (4.2%), Corynebacterium (3.8%), Pseudomonas (2.8%), Rothia (2.8%), Fusobacterium (2.1%), Enhydrobacter (1.6%), Veillonella (1.4%), Leptotrichia (1.2%), Granulicatella (1.2%), Acinetobacte (1.1%), Porphyromonas (1.0%). 3) On the species level, reads of one or more larger than 3 orders had 33 species from each sampling point, and about 30% of bacteria were pathogenic bacterium or opportunistic infection bacterium. In particular, P. melaninogenica which is a disease germ in a mouth, and R. dentocariosa and R. mucilaginosa which is an opportunistic infection bacillus in a mouth were detected from all parts. 4) By the analysis of species intersection of each group of bacteria, reads larger than 3 orders from all samples were P. melaninogenica and R. aeria and both bacteria are causative organism of respiratory tract infection. That is, the fact that oral cavity bacteria of this human associated were detected from all surfaces and indoor air showed clearly that oral cavity bacteria had dispersed in all parts among indoor environment.

AbstractThis paper reviews computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and simulation of a network model of airflow and transport scenarios, as well as their coupled simulation. The network model is a tool to describe the whole and macroscopic characteristics of airflow transport in buildings, where airflow is modeled as a network of one‐dimensional flow elements. The flow network model can be solved with comparatively less computational cost; however, all the airflows between nodes should be modeled as one‐dimensional. The airflows and their transports in a room are not one‐dimensional but three‐dimensional. CFD is a convenient tool for analyzing such three‐dimensional flows and transports. The equations are non‐linear, and their solutions are usually obtained numerically. The CFD analysis requires considerable computation resources and computational time. To analyze the whole and macroscopic characteristics of airflows and their transports in buildings including the space distribution features in a certain room, the two simulations should be carried out simultaneously. In this work, the author reviews the conduction of CFD in a room, network simulation in a whole building, and simulation of their coupling. Further, the author's previous works pertaining to this subject are explained.