Introduction: An estimated 2.6 million still birth occur annually in the world in 2015. Nigeria then accounted for about 12.2% of this being the second highest still birth rate. Still birth is death of the fetus at or after 28 weeks of gestation. In some clime it is death of a fetus at or after 22 weeks. Aim: The study aim is to review still birth, determine the rate and characteristics of stillbirth at the Prince Abubakar Audu University teaching hospital, Anyigba, North Central Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital in Anyigba, Nigeria between September and December 2023. We reviewed deliveries over a 5 year period; between January, 2018 and December 2022. A tool was used to extract data on pregnancies, live births, still births and other relevant related information about the parturients. Data was analyzed (descriptive analysis) using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: The institutional stillbirth rate is 3.8% (38 per 1000 deliveries). Majority of Women that had stillbirth were in the age range 21 to 39 years (82%), 29 (56.8%) booked while 18 (38.3%) were unbooked. 25(49%) were multiparae followed by 17 (33%) who were primigravidae and 9(18%) grand multiparae. 55 % (28) of the stillbirths were macerated at delivery while 45 % (23) were fresh still births. Preeclampsia/eclampsia (19.6%) was the most identified risk factor followed by prolonged obstructed labour (11.8%), ruptured uterus (9.8), PPROM (9.8%) and Preterm delivery (9.8%). The others are abruption placentae (5.9%), maternal infection (3.9%) and congenital abnormality (2%). Conclusion: The still birth rate of 38/1000 total births is unacceptably high leaving a lot of women with muted grief after childbirth. We need more effort to eliminate or reduce the incidence of still births.

Background : The availability of essential medicines is important in preventing maternal and child deaths. This study assessed the availability of essential medicines in healthcare facilities offering maternal and reproductive healthcare services in Nigeria. Method : This study was cross-sectionally designed using structured interviewer-administered survey questions and site inspections. The study was conducted across all States in Nigeria except three states (Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe) that had security challenges. The survey was carried out between May and July 2019. The data were analysed with IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Results : The mean availability of 17 essential medicines was 58.8%. South-East has a very low availability of 49.1%, North East, South West, and South e South had availability below 60% whereas North-West (71.8%) and North e central (60.2%) had higher availability (p < 0.05). Only 45 of 861 (5.2%) facilities were assessed for all the essential medicines. Mean availability of some drugs was either low or fairly high: ampicillin (71.5% e 84.1%), metronidazole (72.4% e 90.9%), oxytocin (71-2% e 92.2%), Sodium lactate/Sodium chloride (74.5% e 95.5%), and Gentamicin (69.7% e 90.0%). Our study also found a low and fair availability of medicines including misoprostol (44.5% e 69.5%), Azithromycin (23.0% e 61.0%), Betamethasone/Dexamethasone (56.2% e 59.0%), Calcium Gluconate (16.8% e 50.0%), Ce fi xime (22.6% e 48.7%), and Mifepristone (2.2% e 20.1%), depending on regions (lowest in the South e South/South-East and highest in the North-West/North e Central). The level of availability of the seven live-saving medicines was signi fi cantly higher in urban (71.7%) locations than rural areas (47.3%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion : It is advocated that these medicines be made available in all health facilities offering Nigeria ' s maternal and reproductive healthcare services.

Background: The reduction of maternal mortality rate has been the top priority of global health, yet its persistently high rate in Africa is a severe issue that requires the attention of both the individual and policymakers. Objective: To determine the maternal mortality rate by applying the sisterhood method in six local government areas in Oyo State. Materials and Methods: The indirect sisterhood method was used to collect data concerning maternal mortality. For study purposes, the data were collected from women in the reproductive age group between 15 and 49 years using a structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0 software was used for analyzing the collected data. Results: It has been observed that the average maternal mortality rate in the six local government areas was 489/100,000 live births ranging from 346 to 756/100,000 live births. The highest maternal mortality rate was found in Iseyin local government area (756/100,000 live births), followed by 586/100,000 from Saki, 444 from Ibadan North, 430 from Ogbomosho, 374 from Atiba, and the least value of 346/100,000 live births in Ibadan North local government area. Conclusion: The maternal mortality rate has been found lower than the previous studies but still unacceptably high, especially among adolescents aged 15–39 years. Therefore, it is advocated that policymakers employ appropriate interventions such as the release of more funds for standard family planning and childbirth spacing programs to minimize maternal mortality in the state.

Background: Neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live-born babies within the first 28 days of life remains a global public health challenge. Cord blood being the medium of communication, transmission of nutrients and wastes between mothers and fetus can reflect the health status of baby at birth if properly utilized. Owing to multiple factors involved in neonatal mortality, this study used umbilical cord blood haematological parameters to ascertain the health status of neonates at birth, the aim of this study is to use umbilical cord blood haematological parameters for management of neonates at birth. Methodology: This research is a cross-sectional study carried out at the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medical Laboratory Department, Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, North Central Nigeria between January, and December, 2020. Cord blood from 164 babies delivered in Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Grimard Catholic Hospital, and Amazing Grace Hospital between January and December, 2020 were analyzed for haematological parameters using Sysmex XP-300 automated haematology analyzer. The data obtained were expressed as mean ±standard deviation using SPSS statistical software, version 23.0. The indicator level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The results showed significant increase (p<0.05) of WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in unstable babies compared to the stable babies, significant decrease (p<0.05) in the platelets, neutrophil and mixed among unstable babies compared to the stable babies, but no significant difference in PCV, haemoglobin and lymphocyte counts of both stable and unstable babies. The results also demonstrated 25 deaths per 1000 live newborn neonates within 48hour during the period of study. Conclusion: This study shows that cord blood haematological parameters at birth can be used to ascertain the health status of neonates.

Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral disease that was first seen in Wuhan China in December 2019. Nigeria had its first case of COVID 19 in February 2020. Healthcare workers in obstetrics and gynecology clinics are front line health workers because while they are providing reproductive health services, they are prone to encountering persons with transmissible COVID19 disease. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess awareness, knowledge and related behaviors of clients and Healthcare workers in obstetrics and Gynecology clinics towards COVID 19 and its preventive strategies. Subjects and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was done among health workers in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in four hospitals in Anyigba North Central Nigeria and the attendees of these clinics. The questionnaire sought to assess awareness, knowledge and related behaviors of clients and Healthcare workers in obstetrics and Gynecology clinics towards COVID 19 and its preventive strategies. Data was collected from the 1st of July to the end of September 2020. Results: One thousand and 48 (1,048) respondents were studied. Majority of the respondents 52.3% knew of corona virus through television, followed by other media (19.7%) and from health workers (17.7%). Only 9.9% heard of corona virus through the radio. The mean percentage score for knowledge transmission and prevention of COVID-19 is 76.6% ranging between 58.9% and 90.2%. Conclusion: The respondents demonstrated high level of awareness, knowledge, and acceptable positive behavior towards the COVID-19 pandemic necessary to guarantee service modifications to prevent person to person transmission.

Background: In the practice of obstetrics and gynecology, the ABO and Rhesus factor (Rh) blood type are important. Blood typing for blood transfusion of compatible blood is very common in emergency and routine care. There is a scanty literature on the distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood types in Anyigba, (North central) Nigeria.Objective: This study aims to determine the distribution of ABO blood and Rhesus blood group phenotypes and Hemoglobin genotypes among antenatal clinic attendees in a teaching hospital.Methods: Antenatal records of attendees (October 2017 to September 2020) at the Kogi State University Teaching Hospital were retrieved and results of antenatal hematological investigations were collected using a structured tool.Bio data, ABO blood group, Rhesus group phenotype and Hemoglobin genotype were collected, inputted and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: The mean age was 26 +/- 7years, blood group O is most prevalent,561 (53.6%) then A 276 (26.4%), B 189 (18.1%) and AB,21 (2%).1014 (96.4%) were Rhesus D positive, 33 (3.1%) were Rhesus D negative. For hemoglobin genotype, 786 (75.1%) were AA, 258 (24.6%) were AS, AC were 3 (0.3%). Conclusion: The distribution of the ABO, the Rhesus (D) blood groups and hemoglobin genotypes are in concurrence with the findings of previous studies; Blood group O is the most prevalent and AB the least prevalent, Rhesus (D) positive in the population is high and the hemoglobin genotype AA is the most prevalent. There is no association between blood group phenotypes studied and the hemoglobin genotypes.

Background: Management of Family planning (FP) commodities is a significant problem that is not limited to compromising the quality of FP services but also results in economic burden especially in developing countries. Some facilities may have ample FP commodities while others have a shortage if FP logistics are managed poorly. Hence, assessing the FP commodities logistic management is relevant to inform decision-makers. Methods: This survey was a cross-section study of 763 public primary and secondary healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The study involved facility assessment and quantitative interview of key personnel in each facility, using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted from May to July 2019. The data collected were analysed with IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were performed, Chi-Square and linear logistics regression were used to establish significant associations; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: About half (51.4%) of primary and 33.5% of secondary healthcare facilities were not using forms for reporting FP supplies. Also, 23.8% of primary and 18.8% of secondary facilities waited for more than two months before receiving orders. The facilities have an average of 2-3 trained personnel on FP services. FP staff who were trained had their last training over a year ago (primary-31.9%); secondary-37.4%). Secondary facilities were 2.102(95% CI:1.567–2.820) times more likely to use log forms, 1.845(95% CI: 1.076–3.165) times more likely to have cold chains, and 4.785(95% CI: 3.207–7.139) more likely to have trained staff on insertion and removal of implants than primary facilities (p<0.05). Conclusion: We advocate that the government and donor agencies carry out urgent interventions such as regular supply of contraceptives, regular training of FP service providers, provide sufficient manpower, carry out regular monitoring and evaluation of FP services and create awareness on the need to use FP services among grassroots citizens.

Aim: This study aimed to compare family planning (FP) services in urban and rural health facilities in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted in 204 rural and 198 urban health facilities comprising 182 primary and 216 secondary facilities in Nigeria. A FP client was randomly selected from each of the facilities, and structure questionnaires were used to collect information from them. Data collected include the various types of contraception available, waiting time, and satisfaction with services. Data were analyzed with IBM-SPSS Statistics Version 25.0. Results: The most requested contraceptives methods were injectables (48.2%) and oral contraceptives (22.6%). Most clients in both the rural (76.0%) and urban (76.3%) waited <30 min to see health providers. However, 20.1% of clients in urban health facilities waited for 30–60 min compared to 15.2% in rural areas (P < 0.05). The overall quality of service was 90.0% in rural and 92.9% in urban areas (P < 0.05). Over 90% of both rural and urban clients were satisfied with how providers received them, cleanliness of the facilities, and time spent with care providers but less than half (<50%) were satisfied with the services they received. Significantly higher quality of services was reported by clients in the northern parts of Nigeria (6.74/7) (P < 0.001), whereas client's satisfaction was slightly higher in the South (6.56/7) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There is a need for an improvement in waiting time and quality of services offered in health facilities. Policymakers should to carry out regular supervision of health facilities and ensure availability of contraceptives in the health facilities at affordable prices in order to improve FP uptake in Nigeria.

Introduction: About half a million people die globally from chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the distribution and risk factors of the infection among university students in Kogi state. Materials and Methods: Data on demographic and risk factors indicators were collected using questionnaires and blood samples tested for HBV. Results: (47.4%) of the respondents were engaged in the sharing of sharp objects, only (5.7%) were engaged in IDU. One-tenth, (20.0%) of the respondents were engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse (Only 20.8% of age group less than or equal to 20 had good knowledge of prevention of HBV. Less than one- tenth, (3.1%) were positive to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBSAg) of respondents within the age group 21-25 compared with about one-quarter, (15.2%) of those in the age group 26-30 that were positive to HBsAg. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for improved awareness among University students in Kogi State. Keywords: Kogi state university students, Hepatitis B virus, Seroprevalence.

Background: The use of information communication and technology (ICT) in Nigeria has been proven to have changed how the treatment is provided for both in-patients and out-patients in health facilities. Yet, information about their availability is rare. This study aimed to determine the availability of ICTs in Nigerian healthcare facilities. Methodology: This was a facility-based survey conducted in 872 healthcare facilities in 33 states of Nigeria with the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, from May to July 2019. Data collection included individual interviews and site inspections. The data collected were analyzed with IBM-SPSS 25.0. Results: The study comprised 113 private and 759 public health facilities. The proportion of private and public facilities that use log forms recording orders was 86.7% and 79.8%, respectively. Computer availability was 52.2% in private 24.6% in public healthcare facilities. Basic handsets were the most available ICT tool, with 79.6% in private and 74.6% in public health facilities, mainly acquired by staff members. Availability of Local area network (LAN) was (23.9% vs. 8.4%) and WiFi (13.3% vs. 3.7%)) in private and public health facilities, respectively (p 0.05). In contrast, the use of ICT for other medical functions such as patient records and supply chain management was very shallow. Conclusion: There is a need for government and donor agencies such as the WHO and the United Nations to collaborate to ensure the provision of ICTs to Nigerian healthcare facilities.

Introduction: Trauma to the fetal vulva and perineum is an infrequent and life-threatening complication of breech presentation. The objective of this case report is to highlight the possibility of such injury, need for proper training of health personnel, and draw attention to the issue of malpractice and litigation.

Abstract Background: Perspectives on the pioneering work of Electronic Health Recording (EHR) system in Nigeria was studied Objectives: To determine health workers perception, challenges, motivation and satisfaction with EHR. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross sectional study using structured questionnaire to assess health workers perspective on EHR system at Kogi State Specialist Hospital. Results: A total of 35 consenting health workers with an mean age of 39.4(± 7.6) years using EHR were assessed. The mean daily work hour was 8.0(± 2.4 hours) and median client load per participant was 20 daily. On perceptions, 74.3%, 52.9%, 45.5% and 60.0% were comfortable, well-motivated, satisfied and competent with EHR. The advantages were reduction in transcription cost (88.5%), Paper work (97.1%), administrative cost (91.4%), errors (82.9%) and it captures, provides more services including timely access and ease research in 94.3%, 74.3%, 94.3% and 82.9% respectively. Challenges were threat to patient privacy, poor internet, information overload, power outages, incomplete and inaccurate information in 17.0%, 65.7%, 31.5%, 62.9%, 37.1% and 22.9% respectively. Conclusion: Health workers were comfortable and satisfied with EHR and it eased their work.Scaling up EHR would reduce administrative cost, transcription errors and paper works to mitigate poor quality data from Nigeria a great contributor to global morbidities/mortalities

Examination of haematological profile is useful for baseline assessment, treatment monitoring and prognostic evaluation in Hiv/AIDS management. The objectives of the study was to assess the haematological profile of HIV seropositive HAART naive patients who attended Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014. The study was prospective experimental research. Ethical clearance was obtained from ethical committee of Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba. Written and verbal informed consent was taken from all patients. A total of 404 HIV seropositive HAART naive patients comprising 147 (36.4%) males and 257(63.6%)females were examined. The overall mean age of patients was 33.0 ±12.7 years and female-male ratio was 1.7: 1. Half of respondents 200(50.4%) accessed HIV care and treatment for the time in stage three HIV disease. Patients had overall mean CD4 cells count of 381.8 ± 240.8 cells/mm3 , white blood cells count of 5.8 ± 3.6 × 109/L, lymphocyte count 2.3 ±1.3, granulocyte count 0.8 ± 0.8 and platelet count of 260.0 ± 109.1 × 109/L. The mean packed cell volume was 34.1± 5.9 %, haemoglobin 11.3 ± 2.1 g/dl and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was 31.5 ± 14.3 g/dl. The packed cells volume (p=0.0001, T test= 4.0259) and haemoglobin (p=0.0001, T test= 4.1534) profiles of HIV clients were respectively statistically significance with gender, while CD4 cells count ( p=0.004, F= 4.523) and platelet count (p= 0.008, F = 3.974) were significance respectively with HIV disease staging. The study recommended the need for awareness programs, nutritional education and micronutrients supplementation including multivitamins for HIV clients.Keywords: Haematological, HIV, HAART, patients, KSUTH, Nigeria

BACKGROUND:As a result of alteration in the physiological, biochemical and psychological environment of a woman due to menopause, there may be need for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This concept is new in our poor resource setting, thus the knowledge and perception of HRT will be invaluable to appropriate adjustment to menopausal period.OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and perception of hormone replacement therapy among women in Enugu South-East Nigeria.METHOD:This was a cross sectional survey of gynaecology clinic attendees at the university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu. These women were randomly selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The primary method used was cross tabulation.RESULT:The knowledge and perception of HR among women of South East Nigeria is poor and related to the level of education. One hundred and sixty eight women (38.9%) had knowledge of HRT and only 48 (11.1%) had taken it in the past. Currently none was using HRT despite experiencing menopausal symptoms. Majority of women were ignorant of HRT and took climacteric symptoms as part of aging process.CONCLUSION:The knowledge and perception of HRT is poor and limited. Public enlightenment would help to improve awareness of climacteric symptoms. Women at high risk for menopausal diseases should be advised on HRT.

BACKGROUND:Hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection in HIV positive pregnant women is a common public health problem and recognized worldwide. The consequences of this problem in our poor resource setting with the risk of mother to child transmission is obvious with increased morbidity and mortality in our environment.OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of coinfection patterns of HBV and HCV among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu Nigeria.METHODS:A retrospective survey conducted on 401 Nigeria HIV positive pregnant women seen at Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) clinic at the UNTH Enugu Nigeria over a 3 year period between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2009.RESULTS:The prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu is 6.5%. HIV/HBV coinfection was commoner than HIV/HCV coinfection. There was no significant association between hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection and the age, ethnic group, marital or educational status of the women (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION:There is high prevalence of hepatitis B and C coinfection among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu. This high burden of these hepatotropie virus coinfection calls for continued need to screen for these infections and vaccinate the affected babies for hepatitis B and/or C where appropriate.

Background: Menopause alters the physiological, biochemical and psychological environment of a woman. Thus the knowledge and perception of its symptomatology is invaluable to enable appropriate adjustment to this natural phenomenon. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and perception of menopause and climacteric symptoms among a sample of women in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey of 432 women aged 45-60 and above drawn from the general population of Enugu metropolis of Nigeria. These women were randomly selected from the gynaecology clinic attendees in a tertiary health care facility in Enugu. A self administered structured pre-tested questionnaire was designed. The data were analysed using SPSS software. The primary methods used were cross tabulation (with X2 or Mantel Haenszel trend tests as appropriate) and one way analysis of variance. Results: Majority of women in the population studied experienced climacteric symptoms but relatively few regarded these symptoms as a problem. For example hot flushes and night sweats were experienced by 70.0% but defined as a problem by only 30.0%. Out of 432 women studied, only 33.3% sought medical attention in hospital for their symptoms. 58.3% of the women did not regard them as a medical problem and took them as part of aging process. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of climacteric symptoms among women in the population so as to offer appropriate counselling and support without undue recourse to wasteful clinical assessment and investigations. Public enlightenment would also help to improve awareness of the menopause and its symptoms that may often lead to misdiagnosis in gynaecological clinics.

The objective of this study was to determine the waiting time to conception among a sample of pregnant Igbo women resident in an urban area of South-east Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire study of antenatal clinic attendees at four major health institutions within Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. The time to conception showed a pattern closer to that of the USA than that of the UK and is consistent with high fertility previously recorded in the Igbo population. We conclude that the data will be useful in counselling women who present with difficulty in conception.