Water is a fundamental need for human survival and health. Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG-6) focuses on the supply of appropriate quality water for all. SDG-7 emphasises use of renewable energy. Solar distillation is an economical and eco-friendly method for producing potable water. Current work aims to investigate the performance of a small-sized double slope passive-type solar still (DSPTSS). The small size of the solar still makes it more feasible for domestic-scale applications. An experimental setup having a basin dimension of 60 cm$\times$x 60 cm is fabricated using galvanised iron (GI) sheet. The cumulative yield is 1030 mL/day with 2.0 cm basin water depth. The payback period of the DSPTSS system is calculated to be 377 days with a life span of 15 years. The production cost of potable water is estimated to be Rs. 2.20 per litre.

The current study covers the textile wastewater (TW) treatment by the electrochemical (EC) method in individual and hybrid modes. The EC experiments have been performed to optimise the operating parameters and current: 1 A, NaCl dose: 1 g/L; solution pH: 7; IED: 1.5 cm and stirrer speed: 1000 RPM have been optimised during the experimental study. Furthermore, the effect of bagasse fly ash (BFA) and bagasse fly ash-based nanoparticles (BFA-NC) adsorbent on the EC process has been studied. By adding 1 g/L of BFA and BFA-NC in the EC process, the % COD removal is increased from 86 to 92 and 97%, respectively. While the treatment time is reduced from 60 to 45 & 30 min, respectively. Overall, INR 74.59, 59.61 and 41.04 per kg COD removal is needed for EC, EC + BFA & EC + BFA-NC, respectively for TW treatment. The sludge/scum can produce 2.37, 3.32 and 3.39 J/mg energy generated EC, EC + BFA & EC + BFA-NC, respectively.

Rapid industrialization, along with the development of textile and other associated industries, has led to the discharge of dyes, heavy metals, and other carcinogenic and environmentally harmful substances into water bodies. The volume of wastewater containing dyes is increasing day by day. Raised levels of dyes, along with other contaminants, in wastewater are becoming a global concern, as these affect human health as well as aquatic flora and fauna. Bioremediation is one of the effective, sustainable, eco-friendly and cost-effective approaches for the treatment of wastewater containing dyes. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of bioremediation techniques used for the removal of dyes from textile wastewater. The usage of various strains, e.g., bacteria, algae, yeast, enzymes, fungi, etc., is discussed in detail. Bioremediation of dyes using bioreactors and microbial fuel cells is also explored in this study.

Life can’t sustain without water. Sustainable development goal (SDG-6) emphasizes on access of suitable quality water to all. The amount of available freshwater on earth is very low and declining further. Human health, life quality and environment can be severely affected by the rising water scarcity. Desalination is the most widely adopted method to meet the global water demand. However, the adverse environmental impacts of existing desalination techniques necessitate the quest of sustainable methods. Solar distillation can be used for production of drinking water in a sustainable and economic manner. The current work evaluates and compares the performance of a small size single and a double slope solar still under similar climatic conditions. Both the stills are made of galvanized iron sheet and basin area is 0.36 m 2 . The productivity of single slope solar still (SSSS) and double slope solar still (DSSS) are found to be 2.58 L/m 2 and 3.19 L/m 2 respectively. The water yield of double slope solar still is observed to be 23.7 % higher than that of single slope solar still. Hence, the double slope solar still is observed to exhibit better performance.

Background: Enhanced the production of potable water with solar desalination system has become a rising issue in many areas of the world due to fast development and growth in population, agriculture and industries. Methods: In this paper,the performance of the single slope solar still coupled with external parabolic reflector and using hybrid nanofluids is investigated experimentally. Solar desalination system is fabricated with the basin area of 3.6 m2, basin water depth of 1.5 cm, and reflector angle of 20 degrees. On the basis of temperature, performance and system efficiency without nanofluids (NFs) and with nanofluids (NFs) are obtained and compared. Although the analysis of water quality parameters and cost analysis is accomplished to calculate the modified solar desalination system from the economically point of view. Significant findings: The results indicatedthat production rate increases with use of external parabolic reflector and hybrid nanofluids (NFs). Theaverage cumulative distillate productivity was obtained as 1005 mL/day without using nanofluid but when used nanofluids productivity has been increased to 1432.5 mL/day which show 29.84 % incremental growth in productivity when using nanofluids during summer session. The payback period comes to be 322 days on the basis of economic analysis and thermal efficiency of the modified solar still have been found higher with nanofluids.

This study indicates the effects of temperature and concentration on the thermophysical and dielectric properties of pineapple juice concentrates (PJC) ranging from 10.9 to 50 & ring;brix within a temperature range of 10-60 & ring;C. Further experimental and simulation techniques were used to assess the microwave power absorption capacity of pineapple juices. The measured engineering properties of pineapple juices were influenced significantly by the different levels of concentration and temperature (p < 0.05). The density increased with concentration and decreased with temperature and ranged from 1056.57 to 1203.38 kg/m(3). The thermal conductivity and specific heat decreased with concentration and increased with temperature and ranged from 0.425 to 0.605 W/m center dot K and 2950.49-3860.24 J/kg center dot & ring;C, respectively. The dielectric constants decreased with concentration and temperature and ranged from 73.91 to 48.58, and dielectric loss factor increased with concentration up to 45 & ring;brix and further decreased for 50 & ring;brix, and decreased with temperature, and ranged from 9.67 to 20.23. These properties of pineapple juice were correlated with temperature and concentration using polynomial regression equations (p < 0.0001). Non-uniform microwave power absorption was observed that was related with the dielectric properties of PJC. Transfer of the absorbed microwave heat within PJC was relatively efficient at lower concentration than that of at higher concentration because the thermal diffusivity of PJC decreased with concentration and increased with temperature and ranged from 1.52E-7-1.17E-7 m(2)/s. The measured and simulated values of microwave power absorption were ranged from 475.2 to 452.2 W and 464.3-449.9 W, respectively. The microwave power absorption at different concentrates, and corresponding average temperature change of the juices were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, there was about 4.91 % and 3.09 % decrease in the measured and simulated microwave power absorption, respectively, as concentration of the juice increased from 10.9 to 50 & ring;brix. Practical application: The properties of fruit juice change with the progress of evaporation process. The method of concentration largely influences the way changes occur in the qualities of fruit juice concentrate especially in the case of thermal vacuum evaporation and microwave assisted vacuum evaporation due to difference in heat transfer mechanism. Pineapple juice can be suitably concentrated using microwave energy because microwave power absorption capacity of the juice does not drop significantly as concentration of the juice increases. The findings of this study facilitate in the design of microwave equipment, control and analysis of the process variables during microwave assisted vacuum concentration of pineapple juice.

A computational study is presented on laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) in bubble regime with the use of ultrashort laser pulse propagating in an under-dense plasma. The Particle-In-Cell simulations are performed to investigate the bubble wakefield acceleration of electrons realized by the incidence of an intense laser beam on cold, under-dense plasma in two-dimensional geometry. Different simulations are carried out and the results are compared for the beams with trapezoidal and Gaussian temporal pulse profiles having almost equal but slightly different energy contents. Focus is given to plasma density modulation, wakefield strength, electrons self-injection, energy spectrum of accelerated electrons, the effect of an external longitudinal magnetic field and the study of pump depletion length and dephasing length in bubble regime with respect to these laser pulse profiles. Two limiting cases of the trapezoidal pulse, that is, triangular and rectangular pulses, are also discussed for better understanding of the role of steepness and plateau region in the laser pulse profile to the bubble wakefield acceleration. Since down ramp density gradient plays a crucial role for the generation of high-quality electron beam in plasma wakefield acceleration as well as in LWFA, three different adjustments on the down ramp length determining three different density gradients are discussed for uncovering the role of trapezoidal laser pulse in LWFA.

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a single slope solar still and to assess the effect of nanofluid on its performance. A single basin single slope solar still was designed and fabricated at the Department of Chemical Engineering, IET Lucknow. Its performance was assessed in terms of the yield of potable water. The effect of various climatic parameters was also studied. Al2O3 nanofluid was used to enhance the yield of the solar still. In the presence of nanofluid, the total yield of the solar still improved by 16.6

Solar energy is a well-known and economically efficient energy source. Solar energy is harvested in two modes: one is direct and another is indirect. In the direct type, the global radiation is used directly to dry the food samples, while in indirect mode, solar energy is converted into electricity to operate the integrated exhaust fan for enhancement of the drying rate. Thermal analyses of the various components of the PVT hybrid dryer have been incorporated into this performance evaluation. Carrot has been chosen as a food sample because it has good moisture content and is used for nutritive purposes. The maximum ambient temperature has been monitored as 41 degrees C at maximum global radiation conditions. The effect of the PVT system with solar dryer in both cases i.e. natural convection and forced convection have also been discussed in terms of temperature profiles of the drying chamber, sample temperature, and thermal efficiency. The thermal efficiency has been found as 55.3% for forced convection and 53.4% for natural convection. Similarly, a 3 degrees C temperature increment has been found in food samples. Results have been supported and analyzed by the comparison between outcomes of natural and induced convection.

Chapter 9 Graphitic Carbon Nitride ( g-C 3 N 4 )-based Sustainable Photocatalysts for Purification of Antibiotic Containing Wastewater Dhruti S. Pattanayak, Dhruti S. Pattanayak National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorChandrakant Thakur, Chandrakant Thakur National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDhananjay Singh, Dhananjay Singh Institute of Engineering & Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDharm Pal, Dharm Pal National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Dhruti S. Pattanayak, Dhruti S. Pattanayak National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorChandrakant Thakur, Chandrakant Thakur National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDhananjay Singh, Dhananjay Singh Institute of Engineering & Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDharm Pal, Dharm Pal National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Chemical Engineering, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai Mar Athanasios College for Adv. Studies, Pathanamthitta, Tiruvalla, Tiruvalla, 689101 India, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDeepu A. Gopakumar, Deepu A. Gopakumar Universite de Bretagne-SUD, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Lorient, France, 56100 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJinu Jacob George, Jinu Jacob George Cochin University of Science & Technol., Kochi, 682022 India, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorMidhun Dominic, Midhun Dominic Sacred Heart College, Pandit Karuppan Rd, Thevara, Kochi, 682013 India, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527838059.ch9 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary The unregulated and unethical discharge of pharmaceutical pollutants into aquatic sources has serious consequences, including the potential growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies have several limitations and have been proven to be insufficient for efficient antibiotic removal. In order to deal with this alarming scenario, Semiconductor photocatalysis assisted by visible light has become a viable alternative. A brand-new hotspot nanomaterial is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) with widely recognized as practically viable and valuable in water purification. With the aid of visible light, metal-free semiconductor photocatalysis has emerged as a competitive alternative. This chapter provides an in-depth look at recent developments in the area of antibiotic eradication using photocatalytic devices supported by g-C 3 N 4 . The chapter outlines attempts to build g-C 3 N 4 -based systems for efficient antibiotic degradation. Finally, an overview of significant improvements has also been provided. References Ganguly , P. , Panneri , S. , Hareesh , U.S. et al. ( 2019 ). Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Detoxification of Water . 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In the process of bubble wakefield acceleration highly nonlinear region is developed inside plasma, which intuitively suggests that nonuniform plasma density having gradients may be more suited to achieve large nonlinearity in the system. Moreover, when an intense laser pulse propagates in a plasma, it is subjected to various instabilities and these instabilities can be controlled by plasma density profiles which effectively control the energy and flux of the accelerated particles. Considering all these points we investigate in the present work the scaling effect of up-ramp and down-ramp regions in plasma density profile on the bubble wakefield. These regions are separated by a plateau region (maximum density) enabling the density to have trapezoidal profile. With this density profile, the bubble wakefield acceleration is examined considering four different lengths of up-ramp and plateau regions keeping a constant down-ramp length. Increasing steepness of up-ramp length (larger density gradient), i.e., lowering the length of up-ramp and increasing the plateau length creates a bubble having higher wakefield strength, resulting into higher accumulation of plasma electrons at its tail and higher energy spectrum with higher kinetic energy gradient and Poynting flux of accelerated electrons.

In this study, the thermal and drying characteristics of a thin layer food sample were investigated. An indirect type, simple, efficient, and economically feasible solar dryer was fabricated and used for food preservation. However, a dynamic model of a fabricated solar dryer was also presented to gain a better insight into the drying and thermal actions. This model consists of thermal modeling of the drying chamber, solar collector, and solar-dried food sample. The law of conservation of energy was applied to evaluate the temperature at different sections of the solar dryer with respect to drying time. All listed model equations were solved in the MATLAB environment. This study helps to examine the influence of solar radiation on the collector plate temperature, drying chamber temperature, food sample temperature, and performance parameters such as thermal efficiency with respect to drying time. Model data was found in good agreement with experimental data within a 4% error. It is concluded that the drying of food material is affected by air temperature, the collector temperature, mode of heat transfer, and material characteristics such as dimension and mass of the food sample.

Environmental sustainability and energy security are two major issues, which are globally attracting the attention of the scientists and researchers. The sustainable development goal (SDG-7) calls for sustainable and modern energy for all. Solar energy has great potential and it can be transformed in other usable forms through various energy harvesting technologies. The photovoltaic cell utilizes solar radiation to generate green electricity. Photovoltaic cells follow the mechanism of photon to electron conversion for electricity production. Recently, organic solar cell, which is a type of photovoltaic cells, has shown potential to overcome demerits faced by photovoltaic cell like low flexibility, weight and environmental biodegradability issues. Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a kind of the organic solar cell. A (DSSC) has been fabricated using Punica Granatum (pomegranate juice) as sensitizer. The maximum efficiency of the solar cell is observed to be 0.16 %. The effect of various climatic parameters the performance of fabricated dye sensitized solar cell has also been evaluated and reported.

The global transition towards clean and sustainable energy sources has led to an increasing interest in green hydrogen production. This study presents a sustainable way to the development and assessment of a solar-assisted green hydrogen production. The basic objective of this study is to investigate the practicability and influence of utilizing solar radiation to drive the electrolysis process for green hydrogen generation. The system design combines photovoltaic solar panels to capture solar radiation and convert it into electrical energy. This energy is utilized to operate an electrolyzer with similar electrodes as zinc that facilitates the water-splitting reaction resulting in the production of hydrogen gas. The solar panel temperature along with global radiation has been monitored. The hydrogen production is analyzed at three different voltage values i.e. 11V, 12V, and 13V. After sixty minutes of operations, the maximum amount of hydrogen (2952 ml) is produced at 13V. Therefore, the fabricated electrolyzer was found stable and economic feasible throughout the tests for hydrogen production.

Water contamination is a global concern as a result of growing industrialization and urbanization. Dye waste produced by numerous industries pollutes the water, so dye-based wastewater is a major alarm for animals, human health, and the environment. The elimination of these dye contaminants from water supplies is currently critical and significant due to the dyes' toxicity on humans, livestock, and plants. To remove/degrade dyes, various methods have been investigated, including extraction, absorption, membrane separation, coagulation, adsorption, biological treatment, and advanced oxidation process (AOPs). Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a captivating formed polymer, has been transformed as an intriguing issue in AOP science because of its metal-free advantages and its high sensitivity to light. Accordingly, when AOPs are joined with g-C3N4, superb dye degradation has occurred. This paper overviewed the g-C3N4-based AOPs are discussed for dye removal. The synergist effectiveness and mechanisms behind catalytic activity of g-C3N4-based catalysts are broadly discussed. In the meantime, the impacts of pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, initial dye concentration, catalyst dosage, and scavengers on the reaction carried out by g-C3N4-based catalysts are illustrated.

The biodegradation of methyl orange dye was examined in a biofilm reactor with luffa immobilized Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ((HE963840.1), low-cost packing material. The bacteria were isolated from the sludge collected from a common effluent treatment plant at IOCL refinery Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. The bacteria were characterized using 16rRNA. The reactor performance was studied at 30 +/- 5 degrees C temperatures over a period of thirty days. The reactor was operated with the flow rates of 60 mL/h, 90 mL/h, 240 mL/h, 360 mL/h and 432 mL/h. The pollutant load ranges from 151.6 mg/(L-day) to 1091 mg/(L-day) and the pH of the dye solution was maintained at 7.0 +/- 0.4 during the study. The maximum removal efficiency (RE) and elimination capacity (EC) at steady state were determined as 90.2 % and 658.1 mg/(L-day) respectively. The rate of utilization of the methyl orange dye is described by modified stover-kincannon model with kinetic parameters-maximum utilization rate (Umax) and saturation constant (KB) to be 2.70 g/(L-day) and 2.34 g/(L-day) respectively. The toxicity studies confirm the non-toxic nature of the biodegraded products.

The main aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the yield of extraction and the presence of wax in the extracted yield from Musaacuminata (banana) biomass based on various functional groups that are present in natural wax. Extraction of natural wax from Musaacuminata (banana) biomass has been done by using the Soxhlet apparatus method in the presence of both polar (ethyl acetate and ethanol) and non-polar (toluene and hexane) solvents. The extracted yield has been found as 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene, 7.03% from ethyl acetate, and 10.26% from ethanol. The wax was also found in the extracted yield only in the case of nonpolar solvents (toluene and hexane). The novelty of this work is that Musaacuminata (banana) waste biomass has been utilized to recover the natural wax using nonpolar solvents and also compared with that of polar solvents to check the scope of wax extraction using polar solvents. Also, statistical analysis has been performed of the extracted yield using both solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods have been used to determine the various hydrocarbon chains present in the extracted yield which is similar to that of natural wax.

Global water demand is continuously growing due to rising population and associated industrial and agricultural activities. However, these factors are also polluting the existing water bodies and therefore, limiting the water supply. Increasing level of contaminants poses risk to human, wildlife and the environment. Widening gap between water demand and supply creates water stress. Therefore, treatment of waste water becomes imperative in order to ensure sustainable development of planet earth. Conventional methods utilizing physical, chemical and biological processes are generally adopted for this purpose. These methods are further modified so as to enhance the efficiency and economy of the treatment process as well as to make them more eco-friendly. None of the conventional or advance technology is individually sufficient for appropriate treatment of wastewater. Therefore, more efficient hybrid methods are required. The development of such hybrid methods needs detailed information about various treatment methods. This paper critically reviews the conventional and advanced biological methods used for waste water treatment. The main objective of this review is to present vital information about various biological treatment methods forming the basis for the development of sustainable hybrid methods for waste water treatment.

With the increasing population and industrialization, the demand of electricity is increasing day-by-day and high energy demands have adverse effects on fossil fuels consumption. The sustainable development goal (SDG) 7 focuses on green energy. Due to this, global attention is shifted from conventional sources to non conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, waste biomass, etc. This work explores the feasibility of a microbial fuel cell for bio-electricity production. The effect of different catholytes on bio electricity production is assessed. This research includes the fabrication of a H-shaped double chambered microbial fuel cell using two containers of 2 liters each. both the containers were connected with an agar salt bridge. The bioelectricity was produced from banana peel waste using potassium dichromate and potassium ferricyanide as catholyte and zinc rod and copper plate as electrodes. With potassium dichromate, the maximum value of voltage and current was found as 0.20 V and 0.112 mA respectively, while in case of potassium ferricyanide the maximum voltage and current obtained was 0.42 volt and 0.55 mA respectively at 0.1 molar concentration of catholyte. Substrates like glucose (10% by weight) and sodium acetate (5% by weight) was added in the banana peel slurry so as to make the microbial fuel cell more efficient. Further, impact of increase in potassium ferricyanide concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 M concentration on the generation of electricity was analysed and it was found that with increase in concentration of catholyte, voltage and current enhanced. The maximum voltage, current and power density found by increasing concentration of potassium ferricyanide from 0.1 to 0.5 M was 0.9 V, 3.36 mA and 1.055 W/m2. This study concludes that potassium ferricyanide is better oxidising agent than potassium dichromate. Microbial fuel cell can be a promising technology for bioelectricity production using banana peel waste.