Integration of nanotechnology with plant diagnostics opening new avenues for real-time, high-resolution in-field monitoring of plant health and disease status in dynamic environmental conditions. This manuscript, “From Lab to Leaf: Advances in Nano-biosensors for Real-time Plant Health Monitoring,” highlights recent innovations in nano-biosensor platforms, including tattoo-based sensors, smart wraps or flexible sensor, and microneedle array sensors. These advanced diagnostics setting facilitate continuous, non-invasive or minimal invasive monitoring of key physiological parameters such as phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), stress biomarker, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nutrient profile directly from plant. The review also discusses sensor design, signal transduction mechanisms, integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for efficient data interpretation, highlights the transformative potential of nanobiosensor in advancing sustainable agriculture through proactive, data-driven plant health management. Emphasis is placed on adopting green nanotechnology principles to ensure sustainable sensor development and deployment. Together, these emerging technologies are bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and field-scale application, advancing precision and sustainability in modern agriculture.

The current study investigates the thermal stability of four commercial-grade Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymers in the asphalt binder (SBS-PBs) and corresponding asphalt mixes, focusing on differences in vinyl content (≤ 15

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as robust synthetic alternatives to natural biorecognition elements, offering high selectivity and stability for sensor applications. Advancements in nanotechnology and polymer chemistry in the last few decades positioned MIPs as emergent and promising materials for sensor devices. This review covers various components of a functional MIP structure, including monomers, cross-linkers, and initiators that form the MIP backbone, aided by template molecules and porogens. Chemical interactions involved in polymer imprinting, to critically understand how the various components interact with each other to make functional MIP structures, have been discussed in detail using suitable examples. The different methods of polymerization used to formulate its functional version have also been elaborated in the current article, which includes bulk polymerization, surface polymerization, electro-polymerization, sol-gel, phase inversion, and epitope imprinted polymerization, discussed in detail using suitable examples. This paper also includes precise yet insightful discussions on MIP-based sensing of various molecular categories, viz. small molecules, macromolecules, and environmental pollutants. The tables cover details of sensor fabrication strategies, their limits of detection (LOD) and linear dynamic range (LDR), and the technique used along with the real sample considerations in those studies. The paper brings fundamental insights from synthesis to real-time applications of these materials in order to understand their overall research scope along with translational bottlenecks in a future perspective.

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of alkyne and azide, known as click chemistry, is one of the most effective and popular approaches for selective C─N bond forming reactions, resulting in the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles. The 1,2,3‐triazole analogues have a wide range of importance, including medicinal, catalytic, and many more. These compounds are widely accessible through transition‐metal catalysts, such as copper‐ and ruthenium‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reactions. In contrast, an environmentally benign organocatalyzed route is considered one of the best alternative approaches to assemble 1,2,3‐triazole analogues with good sustainability and has been well‐suited for application in biological systems. This tutorial review highlights the recent advances with growing scope and associated challenges ahead about the organocatalyzed click‐mediated development of the 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked biocompatible molecules, along with their mechanistic insights.

MXene QDs have garnered the attention of established as well as budding researchers as a new class of nanomaterial due to their exceptional properties and wide applicability. Advancements in nanotechnology and materials science have led the discovery of these, and explorations of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics have positioned them as a cutting-edge nanomaterial with immense potential for future innovation. This review explores the different aspects of MXene QDs, including fundamentals, functionalization, and the doping of precursors. The unique properties, including structural, electronic, optical properties, and biocompatibility, making these promising candidates for use in optoelectronic devices have been thoroughly discussed. The different methods used to formulate MXene QDs into functional versions, including ball milling, pyrolysis, molten salt, hydrothermal, and solvothermal synthesis, and ultrasonication have been elaborated on with suitable examples. This article also includes precise yet insightful discussion on the MXene-QD-based sensing of different molecular categories, viz. small molecules, macromolecules, and environmental pollutants. Additionally, this paper provides insightful discussion on sensor fabrication strategies, limits of detection (LODs), linear detection ranges (LDRs), synthetic routes, and real sample detection, along with the detection techniques involved in sensor development in various studies. This article brings fundamental insights ranging from the synthesis of MXene QDs to their deployment to real-time applications in order to understand the overall research scope along with translational bottlenecks from the perspective of future development.

The 1,2,3-triazoles have gained significant attention in the field of chemosensors due to their distinctive features, such as the ability to form stable complexes with a variety of metal ions and also their functionalization potential. The modified 1,2,3-triazole analogs may further enhance their selectivity and sensitivity. When coupled with fluorophores or signaling groups, 1,2,3-triazole-based sensors exhibit notable changes in fluorescence, absorbance, or electrochemical signals upon interaction with target analytes that eventually make them highly sensitive tools for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications. This tutorial review highlights the growing aspects of "click-to-sensing" with recent developments on click-inspired 1,2,3-triazole-based chemosensors and their notable applications.

The 1,2,3-triazole scaffolds are an important class of biologically privileged heterocyclic compounds with several key applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, agriculture, and material science. The "postclick" functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles may emerge as a promising tactic for the construction of molecular architectures of therapeutics and is considered to be a growing area of investigation. This interest extends beyond the regioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) method that involves the trapping of Cu(I)-triazole with suitable precursors. In this Perspective, we highlight the growing impact of postclick strategies in organic synthesis required for the late-stage functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles with a hope that this emerging concept may provide ample opportunities in modern organic synthesis of notable applications in medicinal chemistry, biology, and materials science.

Carbohydrates, a most abundant natural product have fascinating structural features notably their high functional nature having multiple hydroxyl groups as well stereogenic centers which all together attracted the interest of synthetic chemists to explore them as valuable scaffolds in ligand design. In recent years, 1,2,3-triazole-linked sugar conjugates developed via regioselective CuAAC route have emerged as promising ligands in transition metal catalysis. These glycoconjugates have been applied in C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions, including Ullmann and Sonogashira couplings, particularly with Cu, Ni, and Pd catalysts. Their use has further extended to asymmetric catalysis, ligand-assisted activation, and sustainable synthesis. This review provides a concise overview of click-derived 1,2,3-triazole-sugar conjugates as promising ligands in transition metal catalysis, with highlighting their role in enhancing the catalytic reactivity, controlling the regio- and/or stereoselectivity, and improving the efficiency of metal-mediated transformations.

The CRISPR/Cas system has transformed molecular diagnostics due to its exceptional specificity and programmability. Initially designed for detecting nucleic acids, recent progress has expanded its use to include non-nucleic acid targets. This review offers an in-depth examination of recent innovations in CRISPR-based biosensing, focusing on proteins, heavy metals, toxins, and other metabolites. It highlights novel methods that incorporate antibodies, aptamers, and DNAzymes for detection. Key CRISPR biosensing techniques, such as target recognition, signal conversion, and amplification, are discussed within the context of biosensor design principles. The review also addresses the future potential and challenges of CRISPR-powered biosensors, suggesting areas for further development and improvement in biosensing technologies.

Culture conditions have a profound impact on therapeutic protein production and glycosylation, a critical therapeutic-quality attribute, especially for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). While the critical culture parameter of pH has been known since the early 1990s to affect protein glycosylation and production, detailed glycan and metabolic characterization and mechanistic understanding are critically lacking. Here, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were grown in bioreactors at pH 6.75, 7, and 7.25 (+/- 0.03) to examine how pH affects cell metabolism and site-specific N-linked glycosylation of the produced broadly neutralizing anti-HIV IgG1 mAb. VRC01 has N-linked glycosylation sites in both the Fc region and the Fab region, a situation not previously examined with respect to mAb glycosylation as affected by culture conditions. Using parsimonious Flux Balance Analysis (pFBA) and Flux Variability Analysis (FVA), we dissect and quantitate the impact of pH on cell growth, glucose/lactate metabolism, accumulation of the toxic metabolite ammonia, IgG production rates, and nonessential amino acid metabolism. pFBA revealed that beyond the established mechanism of glutamine conversion to glutamate, ammonia is also produced by the reaction converting serine to pyruvate, especially in the later phases of culture. pFBA also provided insights into the switch from ammonia production to consumption, notably due to depletion of glutamine, and consumption of glutamate and aspartate. We document that culture duration and pH alter the complex bimodal patterns (production/uptake) of several essential and non-essential amino acids. Site-specific N-linked glycan analysis using glycopeptide mapping demonstrated that pH significantly affects the glycosylation profiles of the two IgG1 sites. Fc region glycans were completely fucosylated but did not contain any sialylation. The Fab region glycans were not completely fucosylated but contained sialylated glycans. Bioreactor pH affected both the fucosylation and sialylation indexes in the Fab region and the galactosylation index of the Fc region. However, fucosylation in the Fc region was unaffected thus demonstrating that the effect of pH on site-specific N-linked glycosylation is complex.

Brain tumors, particularly glioblastomas, represent the most complicated cancers to treat and manage due to their highly invasive nature and the protective barriers of the brain, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The efficacy of currently available treatments, viz., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, are frequently limited by major side effects, drug resistance, and restricted drug penetration into the brain. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a promising and targeted delivery system for brain tumors. Lipid nanocarriers have gained tremendous attention for brain tumor therapeutics due to multiple drug encapsulation abilities, controlled release, better biocompatibility, and ability to cross the BBB. Herein, a detailed analysis of the design, mechanisms, and therapeutic benefits of LNPs in brain tumor treatment is discussed. Moreover, we also discuss the safety issues and clinical developments of LNPs and their current and future challenges. Further, we also focused on the clinical transformation of LNPs in brain tumor therapy by eliminating side effects and engineering the LNPs to overcome the related biological barriers, which provide personalized, affordable, and low-risk treatment options.

The escalating global population and consequently rising prevalence of chronic diseases and environmental concerns have imposed unprecedented demands on health care infrastructure, emphasizing the urgent need for rapid, accurate, affordable, and decentralized diagnostic solutions. In response, wearable and point-of-care (PoC) sensors have emerged as central technologies, enabling real-time health and environmental monitoring. The integration of nanomaterials, particularly 1-D nanowires, offers unparallel advancements owing to their high aspect ratios; exceptional surface-to-volume ratios; and unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview of nanowires, including metallic, semiconducting, metal oxide, and polymeric nanowires, and their integration into sensor settings. Nanoscale innovation, highlighting the interdisciplinary synergy between materials science and biomedical applications, also underscores how nanowire-based technologies are poised to redefine the landscape of personalized diagnostics, decentralized healthcare monitoring, and environmental monitoring.

Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.

The documented work highlighted the synthesis of bis(benzotriazol-1-yl) methane derivatives using silicomolybdic acid (SMA) and successfully implemented in the stereoselective synthesis of diverse pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one and pyridyl isoindolinones derivatives in one-pot. The pyridinamide precursor with diverse alkynes furnished Z-selectivity of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one across exocyclic C=C bond while the various benzamides on treating with 2-ethynyl pyridine afforded (E)-pyridylisoindoline-1-ones as a major isomer. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides strong evidence in favor of the existence and orientation of developed compounds. The broad substrate scope, easy accessibility of substrates, high stereoselectivity, scale-up synthesis, and crystal evidence demonstrate the merits of the current decorum.

The report describes a convenient method for the Cu(I)-catalyzed tandem synthesis of dihydrophenanthridine-diones and substituted isoquinolinones with the assistance of efficient glycosyl 1,2,3-triazole-based pyridinamide ligands. The catalytic system effectively works for the coupling of N-substituted 2-halobenzamides with various active methylene compounds to achieve a high-to-excellent yield of biologically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds. The consecutive path of the reaction including intermolecular C-C cross-coupling followed by intramolecular cyclization efficiently takes place at low catalytic loading. These glycosyl triazole-appended pyridinamides were synthesized in good yields via CuI/DIPEA mediated regioselective CuAAC click tool. There are some notable features of the method, including low catalytic loading, the cost-effective and biocompatible nature of ligands, high reaction yield, and easily accessible starting materials that make the protocol more versatile.

Multicomponent reactions are operationally simple and display a significant role in diverse chemical modification by reducing reaction times as well as additional steps involved. In this review, we highlighted the impact of multi-component reactions in assistance with modular Click chemistry to develop a library of triazole-appended scaffolds including 1,2,3-triazole-fused heterocycles, glycoconjugates, macrocycles as well as in the combinatorial synthesis of differently functionalized triazoles along with mechanistic insights with a diverse range of applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. Multi-component reactions (MCRs) in assistance with modular 1,2,3-triazole forming 'Click Chemistry' tool is widely explored in recent years. The notable features of 'MCR-Click' with mechanistic insights and emerging applications for an easy access of diverse range of biologically relevant 1,2,3-triazole-appended functionalized molecular scaf folds such as triazole-fused heterocycles, hybrids, glycoconjugates, macrocycles, etc. is covered herein. image

Catalytic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based sensor matrices can act synergistically with Au metallic nanostructures to generate amplified signal readouts by causing the electro-oxidation of the target analyte. Folic acid (FA), an essential water-soluble vitamin and a precursor for enzymes, requires timely and precise monitoring in the serum of individuals with varying clinical diagnoses. An attempt has been made in this direction through our work, where the rapid detection of FA through its oxidation at metal centers from hybrid nanomaterials is deployed for signal generation. A nonenzymatic, nonimmunometric approach involving a sandwich model, comprising NiMOF layered between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gold nanodendrites (AuNDs) incorporated within a sensor matrix, has been deployed for this purpose. The probe displayed great analytical performance with a linear dynamic range (LDR) from 1 × 10-11 M to 1 × 10-3 M and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.43 × 10-11 M. The probe's average response time with respect to changes in FA concentration was recorded as less than 2.1 s, making it a rapid sensing platform for FA detection. The real-life applicability of the developed sensor was tested in serum, followed by analysis in a breast cancer cellular microenvironment, which yielded a current recovery between 95.11 and 98.17%. The in vitro analysis was further validated through live-cell imaging using the standard method of fluorescence. The shorter fabrication time of the developed sensor compared to existing ones makes it a facile and efficient sensing platform for FA detection in clinical settings. This study represents the first report on the conjunction of 1D, 2D, and 3D materials as a sensing matrix for molecular detection applications.