•Ultrasound not only provides a diagnosis but allow for the development of treatment modalities.•Cardiac images may be obtained via several techniques; some are invasive while most are not.•Transthoracic ultrasound may be achieved via several windows in different planes of view.

•Review cardiac (coronary) veins to assist in enhancing the clinical knowledge on the anatomy of the coronary veins.•Embryological development of cardiac veins .•Variations of coronary veins .•Clinical applications of the coronary veins .

•Review of the right ventricle and the associated structures.•Anatomical findings of true chordae tendineae and False chordae tendineae.•There are three main papillary muscles in the RV: anterior, inferior, and medial or septal.•Moderator band can act as a protective mechanism to resist the overdistension of the right ventricle.

•The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps blood into the systemic circulation.•Left lateral ridge is a potential site for ectopic foci, which can be treated by ablation.•Myocardial sleeve scarring is more severe in patients with atrial fibrillation.•The left atrial appendage is considerably smaller, narrower, but more curved and longer than the right.

•The history of the cardiac anatomy dates back to 3500 B.C.•During the 5th century, Hippocrates established medicine as a science.•The history of the cardiac anatomy was influenced by intellects of varying backgrounds.

The right atrium serves as a major conduit for the electroconductivity of the heart and is often targeted by interventional cardiologists for ablative procedures. As a result, descriptions of right atrial anatomy have gone under consistent evaluation to aid those managing cardiac pathology. With the advancements of minimally invasive procedures and interventional cardiology, minute details in anatomy have been consistently revised to improve outcomes. This literature review aims to provide a detailed description of the normal and variant anatomy for right atrial structures and the clinical implications of such structural variance in different cardiac procedures.

Background and Aims: Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery (MINS) is a broader term that includes not only perioperative myocardial infarction but also other prognostically significant myocardial injuries due to ischemia, within 30 days after noncardiac surgery. Annually, around 1 million patients who undergo noncardiac surgery worldwide die during the first 30 days following surgery. The incidence of MINS is around 5-8%, with the majority occurring in the first two days after surgery. A recent study showed a potential positive effect of Dabigatran to prevent major vascular complications among patients with MINS. However, until now there is no evidence related to whether any effective drug may reduce its incidence. Our study aims to assess the efficacy of dabigatran to prevent MINS in a high cardiovascular risk population. Methods: This study will be a multicenter randomized, two-arms (1:1 ratio), active-controlled and double-dummy, phase II trial. We will study 264 adults (45-75 years) with a high cardiovascular risk, assessed by the Framingham Risk Score, who are undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Patients which troponin measurement keeps negative after surgery will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive dabigatran 150mg twice daily or enoxaparin daily, 6 hours after surgery for seven days. The primary outcome will be the incidence of MINS as ascertained by the difference in troponin (troponin delta) greater than 14ng/L in the perioperative period, after randomization. Secondary outcomes will be 30-day mortality, major thromboembolic complications, and severe bleeding complications. The potential impact of the study: This clinical trial will be the first to assess the efficacy and the safety of dabigatran to prevent MINS. Given MINS is estimated to affect every year about 8 million patients worldwide and is associated with cardiovascular complications and death after surgery, we believe this trial will provide relevant data to clinical practice and future research directions.

Clinicians are required to perform neurological examinations on infants to ensure they meet developmental milestones. A full neurological examination includes evaluating motor and sensory function, assessing the status of the cranial nerves, testing primitive reflexes, and atypical responses to further evaluate any developmental pathologies. The difficulty in maintaining infants' cooperation requires resourcefulness on the clinician's part to understand what is being tested and in what way to complete the examination. This literature will provide clinicians with guidance on the way to conduct a thorough neurological examination of infants. Clin. Anat. 32:770–777, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

An estimated 1.4% of the population worldwide has been diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Gender reassignment, which holistically encompasses psychotherapy, hormonal therapy and genital and nongenital surgeries, is considered the most effective treatment for transgender nonconforming patients afflicted with gender dysphoria. Little research is currently available identifying the psychosocial needs of the transgender population and their access to preventative and primary care during this transitioning process. This article presents an overview of the evolution and current approaches to genital surgical procedures available for both male‐to‐female, as well as female‐to‐male gender‐affirmation surgeries. Clin. Anat. 31:878–886, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.